J-S34041-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
JEREMY S. HOSTETTER
Appellant No. 1844 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered October 2, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
Criminal Division at No: CP-36-CR-0004778-2013
BEFORE: BOWES, OTT, and STABILE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 25, 2015
Appellant Jeremy S. Hostetter appeals from the October 2, 2014
judgment of sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster
County (“trial court”) following his jury conviction for attempted homicide,
aggravated assault, and arson.1 Upon review, we affirm.
The facts and procedural history underlying this appeal are
undisputed.2 On September 22, 2013, Appellant and his friend, Marlin J.
Dyer, were involved in a physical altercation in the area of North Decatur
Street and Wasp Street in Marietta, East Donegal Township, Lancaster
County. Appellant, who was carrying a container with ignitable fluid, then
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1
18 Pa.C.S. §§ 901 and 2501, 2702(a)(1), and 3301(a)(1)(i).
2
Unless another source is cited, the facts are taken from the trial court’s
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, 12/1/14, at 1-3.
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intentionally doused Dyer’s clothing and person with the accelerant and set
Dyer on fire. As a result, Dyer suffered life-threatening injuries.
On September 23, 2013, Appellant was charged with attempted
murder, aggravated assault, and arson. The case proceeded to a jury trial.
On the third day of trial, Appellant sought to present the testimony of his
mother, Robin Leed. At side bar, the following exchange between the
parties occurred:
[Defense counsel:] Your Honor, the defense would be offering as
a witness Ms. Robin Leed, who is the mother of [Appellant]. Ms.
Reed [sic] would be called solely to testify that when [Appellant]
was a young boy, he had a serious physical issue which required
surgery and which affected his life and his ability to run,
participate in sports, or essentially those two things or anything
else she might say about that. Those two matters, I believe, are
relevant and probative to [Appellant’s] ability to retreat with
complete safety.
[Trial court:] Be more specific about the physical issue you are
referring to.
[Defense counsel:] I’m trying to have her say where she’s not
going to get into the specifics, but I think she actually could—
[Trial court:] I think she’s going to have to, because I suspect
the Commonwealth is going to want to –
[Defense counsel:] That’s fine.
[Trial court:] What is it we’re talking about?
[Defense counsel:] He had two hip surgeries. He had surgery in
one hip with a pin placed in the surgery and another hip with a
pin placed in it. Then at least one pin broke, and then the other
pin was removed. I think he actually still has the pin in him.
And as a result of that, he has never been able to really run,
engage in sports activity.
[Trial court:] Your objection?
[Commonwealth:] I’ve got a couple problems. One, based on
what [defense counsel] said, these are childhood injuries.
There’s nothing current. Furthermore, a lot of this is medical
testimony, which I would think would require a medical doctor. I
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don’t think the mom is competent to testify to these issues to a
degree that would, I think, be reliable to a jury.
[The trial court:] [Defense counsel], I have a problem with it
from the medical standpoint. I think if you’re going to be
arguing that he physically and medically cannot run, I think
more than mom saying he had a childhood issue is appropriate.
[Defense counsel:] I would suggest to the [trial court] that the
mother would be able to testify as to what she observed in him
as a child.
[Trial court:] Well, what his condition was as a child is not
relevant to what he is—how old is he now?
[Commonwealth:] He’s 37.
[Trial court:] He’s 37 years old.
[Defense counsel:] She would testify that as a child, she
observed him going through these procedures. As a result of
going through these procedures, he has not been able to do
things that other people do.
[Trial court:] Is she going to testify about his ability to run when
he was 36 years old?
[Defense counsel:] She’ll testify that she’s never seen him run
after these operations.
[Commonwealth:] Your Honor, I’m not sure when a mother
would see a 37-year-old man run. I think I have real concerns
about this.
[Trial court:] Counsel, I’m not going to allow it. I think this
requires medical testimony about his ability to run and the
Commonwealth’s ability to respond to it. A mother’s testimony
regarding a childhood injury which may or may not have
resolved and his ability to run when he’s 36 years old, I’m not
going to permit it.
[Defense counsel:] For the record, I just want it to be clear that
I believe it’s probative for his ability to retreat with complete
safety, and the mother would testify that since this
happened she has not been able to observe him do any of
that from the time that he was 13 or whatever until he
was 37.
N.T. Trial, 7/28/14-7/30/14, at 431-34 (emphasis added). Appellant sought
to introduce Ms. Leed’s testimony to establish he lacked the ability to retreat
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and, therefore, acted in self-defense when he doused the victim with the
accelerant and set the victim on fire. Ultimately, the jury found Appellant
guilty of all charged offenses. On October 2, 2014, the trial court sentenced
Appellant to 10 to 20 years’ imprisonment for attempted homicide. The
court also imposed a concurrent sentence of 4 to 8 years’ imprisonment for
arson. Appellant timely appealed to this Court.3
In his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement of errors complained of on appeal,
Appellant asserted, inter alia, that the trial court abused its discretion in
disallowing Ms. Leed “to testify that after having several hip surgeries as a
child, [Appellant] was no longer able to run, and that this physical disability
continued to the present day” because Ms. Leed was not a medical expert.
Rule 1925(b) Statement, 11/24/14, at ¶ 2. In response, the trial court
issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, concluding that it did not err in
disallowing Ms. Leed to testify about Appellant’s ability to run following the
surgeries. Specifically, the trial court concluded Ms. Leed was not
competent to offer a medical opinion about Appellant’s disability. Trial Court
Opinion, 12/1/14, at 6-7.
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3
We note Appellant’s pre-sentence investigation report is part of the original
record. It should be noted that pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 703 a pre-sentence
investigation report is “confidential, and not of public record,” which is
available only to the authorities or the individuals listed therein. See
Pa.R.Crim.P. 703. Accordingly, the Lancaster County Clerk of Courts should
take all necessary steps to preserve the confidential nature of the pre-
sentence investigation report by sealing it.
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On appeal, Appellant challenges only the trial court’s decision to
disallow Ms. Leed’s testimony.
Traditionally, in reviewing a trial court’s decision regarding the
admissibility of lay testimony, we determine whether the trial court has
abused its discretion. See Commonwealth v. Huggins, 68 A.3d 962, 966
(Pa. Super. 2013), appeal denied, 80 A.3d 775 (Pa. 2013). Thus, a ruling
disallowing evidence “‘will not be disturbed on appeal unless that ruling
reflects manifest unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will,
or such lack of support to be clearly erroneous.’” Id. (citation omitted).
Although Appellant couches his argument under Pennsylvania Rule of
Evidence 701, which governs opinion testimony by lay witnesses, we
construe it to implicate Rule 602, which provides in part that “[a] witness
may testify to a matter only if evidence is introduced sufficient to support a
finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter.” Pa.R.E.
602 (emphasis added). “Firsthand or personal knowledge is a universal
requirement of the law of evidence.” Pa.R.E. 602, Comment, citing
Johnson v. Peoples Cab Co., 126 A.2d 720, 721 (Pa. 1956).
Instantly, based on our review of the record, we conclude the trial
court abused its discretion in disallowing Appellant’s mother, Ms. Leed, to
testify about Appellant’s ability to run following childhood hip surgeries. As
the transcript indicates, Ms. Leed was competent to testify that she had not
seen Appellant run from the time Appellant was thirteen-years old to the
present. This proposed testimony is fact-based, not opinion testimony under
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Rule 701. Being Appellant’s mother, Ms. Leed had first-hand knowledge
about whether Appellant could run after the surgeries. Ms. Leed’s proffered
testimony also would have been relevant to establish an element of self-
defense, i.e., whether Appellant could retreat with complete safety. See 18
Pa.C.S.A. 505(b)(2)(ii).
To the extent the Commonwealth argues that Ms. Leed’s testimony
would have amounted to an impermissible expert opinion, we disagree.
Here, Ms. Leed’s testimony was not proffered to establish that Appellant’s
inability to run was caused by the hip surgeries. Rather, the testimony was
proffered only to establish that Ms. Leed had not seen her son, Appellant, be
able to run since he had the surgeries. Based on the foregoing, the trial
court abused its discretion in excluding Ms. Leed’s testimony.
Our inquiry, however, does not terminate here. In determining
whether the trial court’s error requires the grant of a new trial, we must
consider whether the error was harmless.4
In Commonwealth v. Cooley, __ A.3d __, 2015 WL 4068720 (Pa.
2015), our Supreme Court explained that “[a]n error is harmless if it could
not have contributed to the verdict. In other words, an error cannot be
harmless if there is a reasonable possibility the error might have contributed
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4
“The harmless error doctrine, as adopted in Pennsylvania, reflects the
reality that the accused is entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect trial.”
Commonwealth v. Reese, 31 A.3d 708, 719 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en banc)
(citation omitted).
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to the conviction.” Cooley, 2015 WL 4068720, at *8 (citation omitted); see
also Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 839 A.2d 202, 214-15 (Pa. 2003) (“An
error will be deemed harmless where the appellate court concludes beyond a
reasonable doubt that the error could not have contributed to the verdict.”).
Harmless error exists where: (1) the error did not prejudice the
defendant or the prejudice was de minimis; (2) the erroneously
admitted evidence was merely cumulative of other untainted
evidence which was substantially similar to the erroneously
admitted evidence; or (3) the properly admitted and
uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so overwhelming and the
prejudicial effect of the error was so insignificant by comparison
that the error could not have contributed to the verdict.
Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 811 A.2d 556, 561 (Pa. 2002) (citation
omitted).
As noted above, Appellant here sought to introduce his mother’s (Ms.
Leed) testimony to establish that he set the victim ablaze in self-defense
because he could not retreat with complete safety given his inability to run.
It is settled that to invoke a claim of self-defense, the following three
conditions, as provided by statute and as interpreted by our case law, must
be satisfied:
a) the slayer was free from fault in provoking or continuing the
difficulty which resulted in the slaying; b) that the slayer must
have reasonably believed that he was in imminent danger of
death or great bodily harm, and that there was a necessity to
use such force in order to save himself therefrom; and c) the
slayer did not violate any duty to retreat or to avoid the danger.
Commonwealth v. Hansley, 24 A.3d 410, 421 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citing
Commonwealth v. Mayfield, 585 A.2d 1069, 1070-71 (Pa. Super. 1991)
(en banc)); 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 505.
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Here, Appellant’s claim that he could not retreat with complete safety
is belied by the record. The victim, Marlin J. Dyer, testified that he had been
friends with Appellant for “seven to ten years” and that Appellant worked for
the victim’s son’s automotive business. N.T. Trial, 7/28/14, at 82. The
victim testified that, on September 22, 2013, he treated Appellant to
breakfast because Appellant had put a windshield wiper motor in the victim’s
car the day before. Id. at 83. The victim testified that after breakfast,
Appellant stopped by the victim’s house between noon and 1 p.m., because
the victim had invited Appellant for a cookout. Id. at 85. When Appellant
arrived, the victim, Debra, Kelly, and Jay were at the residence. Id. The
victim identified Jay as his best friend and Kelly as his roommate with whom
he had been involved romantically. Id. at 82. The victim identified Debra
as his friend whom he had been seeing for seven years and with whom he
was romantically involved at the time. Id. at 86-87. The victim testified
that while everyone was watching TV, Kelly complained that “her back was
killing her.” Id. at 87. In response, Appellant “put his hand down her
blouse and was rubbing her back. And then he put her blouse up around her
shoulders and opened her bra and was massaging her back. And she was
sitting there half naked.” Id. at 87-88. The victim testified that Kelly did
not have a problem with Appellant’s actions, because she “did not say
anything.” Id. at 88.
Problems, however, ensued. The victim testified:
And then [Appellant] got up and walked over to Debbie for some
reason and staggered over to her and put his hand down her
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back and started rubbing her back and tried to put his hands
down her front. She says knock it off, Jeremy. She says,
Marlin, she says, get him off of me.
....
And I didn’t even get out of my chair. Alls I said was, Jeremy,
look, get your hands off my girlfriend. And then [Appellant] was
upset and, yes, sir. And you know, more or less, you know, got
out, left. He was all pissed off because I wouldn’t let him
manhandle her. It didn’t make any sense to me.
Id. at 88. The victim testified that several hours later, between 6:30 p.m.
and 7 p.m., Appellant returned to his house. Id. at 89. The victim testified
that Kelly told him Appellant was on the porch with two gas cans, threating
to burn down the house. Id. at 90-91. The victim testified that when he
found out about Appellant’s threat, he was in a pair of silk shorts performing
work in his bathroom. Id. at 92. He changed into jeans and put on a T-
shirt and went out to the porch to confront Appellant. Id. Appellant,
however, was no longer there. Id.
Fearing Appellant would return to torch his house, the victim asked
Kelly to give him a ride to Appellant’s house. Id. at 96. The victim testified
that, on the way to Appellant’s house, they spotted Appellant “in the
distance walking with two cans of gas in each hand.” Id. The victim
testified that he told Kelly to pull over. Id. at 98. “I jumped out and started
like kind of jogging a little bit towards [Appellant] yelling, Jeremy,
Jeremy[,]” the victim testified. Id. Describing Appellant’s reaction, the
victim testified:
[Appellant] just kept walking. He looked back at me and kept
walking. So I walked up. I said, we got to talk. I says, we got
to talk. I says, what’s wrong, what’s going through your head?
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And [Appellant] just said, stay back, just get away. Get away,
get away.
Id. at 98. The victim testified that “when I finally got up to [Appellant], he
still wouldn’t talk to me or nothing. He just kept, you know, walking. Then
[Appellant] spun around at one point, and I guess I tapped him in his—hit
him in his forehead, I guess, one time.” Id. at 99. The victim then clarified
that he had “punched [Appellant] in the forehead, but [he] didn’t knock
[Appellant] down or nothing.” Id. at 100. The victim explained that he was
friends with Appellant and that, by punching the Appellant, he had
attempted to get Appellant’s attention to inquire about what was happening.
Id.
Describing what occurred following the punch, the victim testified:
[Appellant] spun around. He dropped the one can and spun
around, turned his back. I see [Appellant] going like this. And I
didn’t know what he was going to do. I had no idea. So he
threw the cap down and went like this, like he was going to
squeeze it on me. So I ran as fast as I could, which ain’t real
fast. [Appellant] caught up with me. I was up to the edge of
the road. And he squeezed it all over me and said, there, you
sick fuck, and took a pack of matches and lit the whole pack up.
Alls I was thinking, when I get in my vehicle, it’s going to smell
like gas the rest of its life. I’m going to have to get rid of it.
That’s all I thought it was, you know. I’m already doused with
gas. When I see that pack of matches got—him whip a couple
out of the pack and strike it, throw it on my chest, I went up in
14-foot flames.
Id. at 100-01. The victim emphasized that after Appellant had doused him,
he “was trying to get away from [Appellant],” running towards his truck. Id.
at 102-03. Appellant, however, chased him and lit him on fire. Id. at 104-
05.
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Peter Elser, a young landscaper who was acquainted with Appellant,
testified that on the evening of the incident, he encountered Appellant at the
corner of Wasp Street and Decatur Street. Id. at 158. Appellant was
walking while holding a black, quart-size bottle. Id. at 158-59. Elser
testified that as he was walking with Appellant, “a truck pulled up and
somebody got out of the truck.” Id. at 161. “[W]hoever was in the truck
was yelling something out of the truck. And when it stopped, a large white
male got out and approached us.” Id. at 163. Elser testified that the male
yelled something about “you’re going to burn down my trailer or something
like that.” Id. at 163-64. Elser testified that the large while male, later
identified as the victim, walked briskly towards Elser and Appellant, who
were stopped. Id. at 165-66. According to Elser’s testimony, Appellant
rejected the victim’s accusation that Appellant was going to burn down the
trailer. Id. at 167. Following the verbal exchange, Elser testified that the
victim pushed Appellant in the head from a distance of two to three feet.
Id. at 168-69. The push caused Appellant “to [move to] the side a little bit,
there wasn’t enough force to knock him down.” Id. at 169-70. Appellant
retaliated. Id. at 169. Elser testified that the victim and Appellant “had a
brief scuffle,” but no “punches” were thrown. Id. “They were just like
pushing each other. And there might have been a few—like they threw their
arms, but no punches.” Id. at 170. Elser testified that during the scuffle,
Appellant held the bottle in his hand. Id. at 171. The scuffle lasted fifteen
to twenty seconds. Id. After the scuffle ended, Appellant and the victim
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stood further apart—three to four feet. Id. at 173. Elser testified that, at
this point, he observed Appellant make “an underhanded throwing type of
motion.” Id. at 172-73. Upon observing the motion, Elser testified that
“liquid went on [the victim’s] chest and face[.]” Id. at 174. “[The victim]
kind of looked like he had something in his eyes and he stepped back like
this and kind of went like this.” Id. Specifically, Elser testified that the
victim “took several steps backwards.” Id. When the victim was hit with
the liquid, he was approximately six feet away from Appellant. Id. at 175.
Appellant then went “up to [the victim.]” Id. Elser testified that he
observed Appellant make a motion with his hand and “saw [the victim] go
up in flames instantly.” Id. at 176.
On cross-examination, Elser acknowledged that barely three to four
seconds lapsed between the time the victim was doused and set ablaze. Id.
at 193. Elser also acknowledged that he did not know whether Appellant or
the victim backed up following the scuffle, prior to the dousing. Id. at 201.
Audrey Flanagan, an eyewitness to the incident in question, testified
that she was a passenger in a car, heading back to her parents’ house. Id.
at 222-23. As she saw two young men walking on the shoulder of the road,
she observed something unusual. Id. at 223. Flanagan testified that she
observed “a black pickup truck that was coming toward us . . . . [a]nd the
door, passenger door, of said black truck flew open before the truck had
time to park or stop.” Id. Flanagan testified that she saw “an older
gentleman,” later identified as the victim, exit the truck, hurriedly going in
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the direction of the young men, one of whom was identified as Appellant.5
Id. at 225-26. Flanagan testified that when the truck stopped, the
pedestrians kept on walking. Id. at 228. She testified that the victim
caught up to the pedestrians. Id. at 229. The victim took [Appellant’s]
head and shoved it.” Id. at 230. Flanagan testified that she observed
Appellant “shove[] the [the victim] back.” Id. at 231. The victim then
“tried to go back across toward the truck again, and [Appellant] followed
him. There was some shoving going on there, as well[,]” Flanagan testified.
According to her testimony, the next thing she observed was a sudden
“explosion of flame.” Id. at 233. Flanagan testified that “I had hoped at
first that it was the truck, but when I saw the ball of fire come back across
the road, then I knew it was a person.” Id.
Based on the evidence, we conclude that Appellant could not have
established self-defense. Specifically, Appellant fails to establish that he
reasonably believed that he was in imminent danger of death or great bodily
harm, and that there was a necessity to use such force to save himself
therefrom. See Hansley, supra. Similarly, Appellant fails to establish that
he did not violate any duty to retreat or to avoid the danger. Id.
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5
The transcript indicates that Flanagan observed much of the incident from
the “rearview window” of the moving car in which she was a passenger.
N.T. Trial, 7/28/14, at 225-33.
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The undisputed facts here do not reveal that Appellant was in
imminent danger of death or great bodily injury. Rather, the facts indicate
only that Appellant and the victim engaged in a brief scuffle, following which
Appellant doused the victim with ignitable fluid. Moreover, the undisputed
facts indicate that after Appellant doused the victim with the fluid, the victim
moved away from Appellant toward his truck. At this point, it was Appellant
who followed the victim to set the victim on fire. Based on these facts, it is
of no moment whether Appellant had the ability to run for purposes of
retreating when it was Appellant who pursued the victim after the victim
moved away from Appellant. Thus, the uncontradicted evidence against
Appellant’s claim of self-defense mitigates against any prejudicial effect of
the trial court’s error, i.e., the disallowance Ms. Leed’s testimony, so that the
error beyond a reasonable doubt could not have contributed to the verdict.
See Hutchinson, supra. Accordingly, we consider the trial court’s error in
excluding Ms. Leed’s testimony to be harmless. See Commonwealth v.
Allshouse, 36 A.3d 163, 182 (Pa. 2012) (Appellate courts may affirm a
judgment based on harmless error even if such an argument is not raised by
the parties); see also Commonwealth v. Johnson, 941 A.2d 1286, 1290
n.2 (Pa. Super. 2008) (reiterating appellate court can uphold trial court’s
decision if there is any proper basis for result reached; appellate court is not
constrained to affirm on grounds relied upon by trial court) (citation
omitted).
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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Judge Ott joins the memorandum.
Judge Bowes concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/25/2015
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