[J-89-2014][M.O. – Stevens, J.]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
EASTERN DISTRICT
SAYLOR, C.J., EAKIN, BAER, TODD, STEVENS, JJ.
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 691 CAP
:
Appellee : Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence
: entered on 5/24/12 (amended post-
: sentence motions denied on 11/27/13)
v. : in the Court of Common Pleas, Criminal
: Division of Northampton County at CP-
: 48-CR-0003415-2011
GEORGE HITCHO, JR., :
:
Appellant : SUBMITTED: September 22, 2014
CONCURRING OPINION
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR DECIDED: September 29, 2015
I concur in the result but have difficulty with a number of the lines of the majority’s
reasoning.
For example, I would address, on the merits, Appellant’s challenge to the trial
court’s denial of his motion in limine seeking to exclude evidence of firearms in his
house which were not used in the murder, rather than turning immediately to a
harmless-error assessment. See Majority Opinion, slip op. at 22-24. In this regard, I
believe that this Court could provide salient guidance relative to the balancing of the
probative value of such evidence versus the potential for unfair prejudice. See Pa.R.E.
403.
As to the probative value of the Commonwealth’s other-weapons evidence, the
trial court accepted the theory that the evidence was relevant to demonstrate that
Appellant purposely selected the most lethal of the multiple deadly weapons at his
disposal in confronting Officer Lasso. See Commonwealth v. Hitcho, No. 3415-2011,
slip op. at 49 (C.P. Northampton Nov. 27, 2013). From my point of view, however, the
Commonwealth presented a compelling case for first-degree murder without the need to
develop these sorts of collateral theories to bolster it. The evidence of specific intent to
kill was enhanced by a favorable permissible presumption, since Appellant shot Officer
Lasso in the back of the head from a distance of five feet with a shotgun. In light of the
strength of the Commonwealth’s other proofs, I simply do not see the necessity for the
presentation of evidence that other firearms were located in Appellant’s house in the
first instance.1
I believe that the presentation of other-weapons evidence is attended by a fairly
high risk of undue prejudice, and, therefore, courts should refrain from sanctioning
admission absent a strong and legitimate probative purpose justifying its introduction.
To the degree that modest probative connections are accepted as sufficient, the general
rule against admissibility is effectively rendered impotent.
Presently, I am more amenable to the Commonwealth’s alternate theory of
admissibility, which was to demonstrate Appellant’s familiarity with weapons, given that
he claimed to have failed to recognize a uniformed policeman as an officer of the law
and, more particularly, to have mistaken the yellow-striped taser gun in the officer’s
hand for a handgun. See, e.g., N.T., May 16, 2012, at 125. In any event, in light of the
1
In particular, I am not persuaded that the testimony concerning unloaded weapons
positioned remotely from corresponding ammunition bore the sort of relevance that
would merit admission over and against the general rule against it. For example,
evidence was introduced that an unloaded rifle with a mounted scope was displayed on
the wall in Appellant’s living room, whereas the ammunition was located in a second-
floor bedroom. See N.T., May 14, 2012, at 44-60, 87-90 (discussing the other firearms
located in Appellant’s house).
[J-89-2014][M.O. – Stevens, J.] - 2
compelling case for first-degree murder,2 the fact that other evidence had been properly
adduced which reflected irascibility and propensity toward violence on Appellant’s part,3
the inconsistent and unbelievable account of the events which Appellant related to the
jury,4 and the weakness of a defense short of insanity premised on anger management
issues and reduced impulse control, I ultimately agree with the majority that the
admission of the other-weapons evidence did not make the kind of difference in this
case which would undermine confidence in the verdict.
2
See, e.g., N.T., May 17, 2012 (reflecting the prosecutor’s closing remarks to the jurors,
as follows: “Ladies and gentlemen, we have a police officer shot in the back of the head
here. Let’s not lose sight of this, a police officer shot in the back of the head.”).
3
This included relevant evidence of Appellant’s possession of a makeshift weapon in an
aggressive confrontation with a neighbor immediately before the killing, see, e.g., N.T.,
May 14, 2012, at 81, 90, 96, 107, 117-19; unopposed testimony that another makeshift
weapon (a baseball bat with protruding spikes) was found in Appellant’s dining room,
see N.T., May 15, 2012, at 42; and testimony from a psychiatrist undergirding the
defense case that Appellant lacked control over his emotions and temper, albeit he was
not legally incompetent to be tried or be held accountable for his actions, see, e.g., N.T.,
May 17, 2012, at 19, 26-27, 32, 103-104.
4
For example, while Appellant was acquainted with Officer Lasso, he denied having
recognized the officer on the day of the killing, although, in Appellant’s own version of
the events, the two men spoke from a distance of fifteen feet before Appellant went into
his house, see, e.g., N.T., May 16, 2012, at 148-49; whereas he knew that a uniformed
police officer was outside the back of his house waiting to speak with him, Appellant
testified that he nevertheless believed that an unknown intruder was simultaneously
attempting to enter the house through the back door, see id. at 167 (“I thought it was
somebody else breaking into my house.”); and the prosecutor, at trial, graphically
exposed Appellant’s misleading of the jury, see, e.g., id. at 196-205 (reflecting
Appellant’s denial of having made a particular statement because “I don’t use that kind
of profanity,” followed by the prosecutor’s playing of a videotape of Appellant making the
statement, which was rife with profanity).
[J-89-2014][M.O. – Stevens, J.] - 3
Commonwealth v. Hitcho, G., Aplt.
Combined Opinion