Darrell Church v. City of Alvin, Texas

Opinion issued September 29, 2015

In The

Court of Appeals
For The

First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-13-00865-CV
———————————
DARRELL CHURCH, Appellant
V.
CITY OF ALVIN, TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from County Court at Law No. 2 & Probate Court
Brazoria County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. CI047129

MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REHEARING

This inverse condemnation suit arises out of a bridge replacement project in

Brazoria County that affected a driveway entrance. In his suit against the City of

Alvin, Church alleges that the new bridge, which more closely abuts his driveway

entrance and provides less maneuverability for a turn, prevents him from entering
and exiting his property with his 40-foot gooseneck trailer when traveling in the

lane nearest the driveway. He further alleges that the bridge construction impaired

the drainage on his property and killed several trees on his land.

Church sought damages from the City for inverse condemnation and a

violation of the Texas Water Code, among other causes of action. The trial court

granted the City’s plea to the jurisdiction based on governmental immunity.

Church appeals that ruling with respect to the Water Code and inverse

condemnation claims, contending that the evidence raises fact issues on the

jurisdictional question. Because Church (1) cannot establish a waiver of

governmental immunity for a violation of the Water Code and (2) failed to adduce

facts that support either a compensable taking or a substantial impairment of his

existing access to his property, we conclude that the trial court properly granted the

City’s plea.1

Background

In 2001, Church purchased a seven acre tract of land located along County

Road (CR) 172. A bridge is part of CR 172 as it approaches Church’s property and

runs partly in front of it. Between the paved surface of CR 172 and Church’s

property is a government-maintained open bar ditch that runs alongside the paved

1
Church has filed a motion for rehearing in connection with our opinion and
judgment issued June 25, 2015. We grant the motion, withdraw that opinion and
judgment and issue this opinion and judgment in their stead. Our disposition
remains unchanged.

2
road. Driveway access to Church’s property is via an entrance across that ditch. It

consists of a box culvert drain placed within the ditch, with a driveway apron built

on top of it in the right-of-way.

The bridge construction project

The Federal Department of Transportation provides funding to the states to

replace obsolete bridges. See 23 C.F.R. §§ 650.405, 650.413; 43 TEX. ADMIN.

CODE § 16.153(a)(1)(B), (a)(6). In Texas, the Texas Department of Transportation

(TxDOT) administers the expenditure of these federal funds through its Highway

Bridge Program. In 2005, TxDOT identified ten obsolete bridges in and around

Brazoria County for replacement, including the bridge on CR 172 that abuts

Church’s property within the City of Alvin. The City of Alvin City Council

authorized the City to contract with TxDOT to replace the CR 172 bridge and five

other bridges and approved TxDOT’s recommendation that the City take

responsibility for replacing the four remaining bridges.

Under the City/TxDOT agreement, the City was responsible for acquiring all

necessary rights of way for the TxDOT bridge projects. TxDOT bore the

responsibility to perform the bridge replacements. The agreement provides that

TxDOT would administer the contracts for construction, including the bridge

design. The agreement expresses that TxDOT is not the City’s agent for purposes

of the project:

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 The parties to this Agreement agree that no party is an agent, servant,
or employee of the other party and each party agrees it is responsible
for its individual acts and deeds as well as the acts and deeds of its
contractors, employees, representatives, and agents.

Pursuant to the agreement, TxDOT hired Klotz Associates, Inc. to design the new

CR 172 bridge and Tom-Mac, Inc. to build it.

James Nance, the City’s project manager, monitored the project’s status and

served as the City liaison to the project. In an affidavit proffered by the City in

support of its plea to the jurisdiction, Nance averred that,

[a]s the City’s Project Representative, I did not have any control over
any aspect of the Project, did not direct the engineers on how to
design the project, and did not direct the construction contractor on
how to build it. In addition, I reviewed the records of the City
regarding the Project. As a TxDOT project, the City did not provide
any employees to perform work on the Project for the general
contractor [Tom-Mac, Inc.] or for the engineering firm [Klotz
Associates, Inc.].

The driveway dispute

Work began in January 2010. Church informed the City’s public works

director, David Kocurek, that he was concerned that the bridge expansion was

going to interfere with his existing driveway entrance. Church told Kocurek that

he uses a 40-foot horse trailer for business and recreation and that he housed the

trailer on his property. Church testified that, as a result of these discussions,

Kocurek agreed that the City would construct a new 40-foot asphalt driveway on

Church’s private property and install new fencing across the area where the

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original driveway had been located. Kocurek and Church prepared and initialed a

drawing of Church’s property containing handwritten notes that described the

fencing and the relocation of Church’s driveway. However, Thomas Peebles, the

City’s Clerk, proffered an affidavit in which he averred that the City Council never

authorized this agreement. The hand-drawn map was not a part of the Council’s

resolution approving the bridge construction or any subsequent resolution.

The proposed driveway relocation also did not appear in the TxDOT

engineering firm’s plans for the new bridge. Instead, the new bridge was planned

so that it would stop short of Church’s existing driveway entrance. TxDOT and its

contractors replaced the bridge pursuant to the plans. The contractors built a new,

narrower entrance across the bar ditch in the public right-of-way that connected to

Church’s existing driveway, but they did not move the driveway entrance or

construct a new driveway on Church’s land. As Nance describes it:

The bridge on CR 172 is northeast of Church’s driveway
and is a few feet longer than the old bridge it replaced.
As part of the Project, the apron to the bridge was
reconstructed . . . . {W]hile TxDOT’s contractors were
working on the Project, Church complained that the
guardrail constructed on the southeast side of the bridge,
as a part of the bridge approach, was nearer to his
existing driveway than the prior bridge. He further
complained that the location of the guardrail made it
impossible for him to turn into his driveway while
traveling south on CR 172 and towing his horse trailer, or
to turn north from his driveway while towing his horse
trailer.

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 Stephanie Bradford, the Property and Acquisition Coordinator for the

Engineering Department of Brazoria County, averred that entire right-of-way

where the new CR 172 bridge was constructed was a part of the County Road

System and within a right-of-way easement in favor of Brazoria County, and then

the City of Alvin, since at least 1967.

In his deposition, Church elaborated on the damages he alleged. Church

testified that the new CR 172 bridge extends approximately 20 feet beyond where

the previous bridge ended, which narrowed the available turning radius when

entering or exiting his property in the near lane. He explained, “[I] can barely turn

my truck off of that driveway and stay on the driveway now, where I had a 45-foot

apron [crossing the roadway bar ditch] the way it was before.” He noted that the

construction crew rebuilt Church’s driveway access to CR 172, but with only a 12-

foot-wide driveway entrance across the bar ditch in the public right-of-way instead

of the 24-foot-wide paved entrance he previously had.

In addition, Church testified that the construction workers had replaced a

large box culvert in the open bar ditch with a smaller, lower-placed, culvert.

Church explained that the change has subjected portions of his property to

increased flooding and slower drainage, resulting in erosion. He also claims that

the construction workers, using motor-driven equipment, cut tree roots while

digging near his property line, which caused several trees on his property to die.

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 The trial court proceedings

In his third amended petition, filed in response to the City’s jurisdictional

plea, Church alleged that the City waived immunity because “motor driven

vehicles were used by [the City’s] employees to destroy [Church’s] trees, culvert,

and to expand a roadway bridge.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 101.021(1)(a) (West 2011) (waiving immunity for claims against governmental

unit based on operation or use of motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven

equipment). Further, Church alleged that the City’s “failure to replace [his] culvert

with an equal or better culvert than [the] original culvert has diverted water and

caused it to overflow on [his] land in violation of Texas Water Code Sec. 11.086.”

The City challenged Church’s third amended petition in a reply filed after

the hearing on the plea. The trial court, “after reviewing the pleadings and

evidence on file,” granted the plea and dismissed Church’s suit.

Plea to the Jurisdiction

I. Standard of Review
If a governmental unit has immunity from a claim pending against it, a trial

court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction as to that claim. Rusk State Hosp. v. Black,

392 S.W.3d 88, 95 (Tex. 2012). The governmental unit may challenge the trial

court’s subject-matter jurisdiction by asserting a plea to the jurisdiction. Tex.

Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225–26 (Tex. 2004). In a

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plea to the jurisdiction, a party may challenge the pleadings, the existence of

jurisdictional facts, or both. Id. at 226–27. We review a trial court’s ruling on a

plea to the jurisdiction de novo. Id. at 228.

When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we determine if the

plaintiff has alleged facts affirmatively demonstrating the court’s jurisdiction. Id.

at 226 (citing Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446

(Tex. 1993)). We construe the pleadings liberally in the plaintiff’s favor and look

to the pleader’s intent. Id. The allegations found in the pleadings may either

affirmatively demonstrate or negate the court’s jurisdiction. Id. at 226–27. If they

do neither, it is an issue of pleading sufficiency and the court should give the

plaintiff an opportunity to amend the pleadings. Id. If, however, the pleadings

affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then the court may grant a plea to

the jurisdiction without giving the plaintiff an opportunity to amend. Id. at 227.

When the governmental unit challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts,

and the parties submit evidence relevant to the jurisdictional challenge, we

consider that evidence when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised.

Id. The standard of review for a jurisdictional plea based on evidence “generally

mirrors that of a summary judgment under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c).”

Id. at 228. Under this standard, when reviewing a plea in which the pleading

requirement has been met, we credit as true all evidence favoring the nonmovant

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and draw all reasonable inferences and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s

favor. Id. The movant must assert the absence of subject-matter jurisdiction and

present conclusive proof that the trial court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction. Id.

Proof is conclusive only if reasonable people could not differ in their conclusions.

City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 816 (Tex. 2005). If the movant

discharges this burden, the nonmovant must present evidence sufficient to raise a

material issue of fact regarding jurisdiction, or the plea will be sustained.

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228.

Discussion

Church contends that we should reverse the trial court’s ruling because

(1) the trial court failed to afford him an opportunity to amend his pleadings before

dismissing his claims; (2) the Texas Tort Claims Act provides a jurisdictional basis

for allowing his claim of a Water Code violation; and (3) he has adduced some

evidence in support of his inverse condemnation and Texas Tort Claims Act

claims. We address these contentions in turn.

I. Amended Pleadings

As a threshold matter, Church questions whether the trial court’s ruling is

based on Church’s second amended petition—which was the live pleading when

the City filed its plea—or on Church’s third amended petition, which he filed in

response to the plea four days before the trial court held a jurisdictional hearing.

9
We conclude that the trial court considered the third amended petition in

connection with its ruling; thus, Church was afforded an opportunity to amend his

pleadings before the trial court granted the jurisdictional plea.

The rules of civil procedure do not prescribe a deadline for filing amended

pleadings before the hearing or submission of a plea to the jurisdiction. See City of

McKinney v. Hank’s Rest. Grp., L.P., 412 S.W.3d 102, 110 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2013, pet. filed) (citing Grand Prairie Hosp. Auth. v. Tarrant Appraisal Dist., 707

S.W.2d 281 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.), for proposition that

hearing on plea to jurisdiction is not “trial” under Rule 63, and so amended

pleading filed after hearing but before ruling was plaintiff’s live pleading for

purposes of plea). In this case, the trial court recited in its ruling that it had

“review[ed] the pleadings of the parties.” Thus, the third amended petition is the

operative pleading for the purpose of our review of the trial court’s ruling. See id.

Accordingly, we reject Church’s contention that he was deprived of an opportunity

to amend his pleadings.

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II. Water Code Claim
Church concedes that the Water Code does not waive governmental

immunity from suit, 2 but contends that, because section 101.021(b) of the Tort

Claims Act does, any pleading deficiencies are curable, as demonstrated by his

third amended petition. The City challenged both Church’s pleadings and the

existence of jurisdictional facts with respect to Church’s claimed Water Code

violation. Church’s briefing to this court challenges whether he had an opportunity

to amend his pleadings in light of the City’s jurisdictional challenge. As we have

noted, however, he had that opportunity. Church does not otherwise advance

jurisdictional facts that support a claim under the Texas Water Code. Because he

does not challenge the substantive merit of the trial court’s granting of a plea to the

jurisdiction on this claim, we hold that the trial court did not err in dismissing it.

III. Inverse Condemnation and Texas Tort Claims Act Claims
Relying on his third amended petition, Church contends that he is entitled to

damages for inverse condemnation because: (1) the new bridge has impaired

Church’s access to his property; (2) the project changed the configuration of the

drainage in the bar ditch, which causes more frequent flooding on his property; and

(3) motor-driven equipment used by the construction workers in the project

2
See City of Midlothian v. Black, 271 S.W.3d 791, 797–98 (Tex. App.—Waco
2008, no pet.) (holding that section 11.086 of Water Code does not waive
immunity from suit).

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severed tree roots, which caused the death of several trees on his property. The

City responds that Church (1) has not raised evidence of any compensable

impairment of access, and (2) does not allege and cannot establish that a taking

resulted from the City’s intentional acts.

A. Applicable law

The Texas Constitution’s takings clause mandates that “[n]o person’s

property shall be taken, damaged or destroyed for or applied to public use without

adequate compensation being made, unless by the consent of such person.” TEX.

CONST. art. I, § 17. Article I, section 17 of the Texas Constitution thus expressly

waives governmental immunity for suits based on the taking, damaging or

destruction of property for public use. El Dorado Land Co., L.P. v. City of

McKinney, 395 S.W.3d 798, 801 (Tex. 2013); Steele v. City of Houston, 603

S.W.2d 786, 791 (Tex. 1980); GAR Assocs. III, L.P. v. State, 224 S.W.3d 395, 401

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.).

Accordingly, a landowner may sue for inverse condemnation when the

government takes or damages the owner’s land for public use without providing

compensation via a formal condemnation proceeding. See City of Carrollton v.

HEB Pkwy. S., Ltd., 317 S.W.3d 787, 792 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.)

(citing City of Houston v. Tex. Land & Cattle Co., 138 S.W.3d 382, 387 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.)). An inverse condemnation claim

12
requires the plaintiff to adduce facts that show a compensable taking of private

property; if a plaintiff cannot establish facts to support an inverse condemnation

claim, then the trial court lacks jurisdiction over the claim and should grant a

jurisdictional plea. Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. A.P.I. Pipe & Supply, LLC, 397

S.W.3d 162, 166 (Tex. 2013).

To show that taking, a property owner must prove that a government actor

intentionally took or damaged the owner’s property for a public use. State v.

Holland, 221 S.W.3d 639, 643 (Tex. 2007). But “[i]t is not enough that the act

causing the harm be intentional—there must also be knowledge to a substantial

certainty that the harm will occur.” Harris Cnty. Flood Control Dist. v. Kerr, No.

13-0303, ___ S.W.3d ___, 2015 WL 3641517, at *2 (Tex. June 12, 2015) (citing

City of Dallas v. Jennings, 142 S.W.3d 310, 313–14 (Tex. 2004)).

B. Analysis

1. Impaired access

Church first contends that the City owes him compensation for impairing

access to his driveway. He claims that he cannot enter or exit his property with his

40-foot horse trailer using the lane nearest his driveway because the driveway

entrance in the public right-of-way from CR 172 no longer is wide enough to

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accommodate the trailer when turning into or out of the near lane. 3 Diminished

value resulting from impaired access is compensable only when access is

materially and substantially impaired. State v. Dawmar Partners, Ltd., 267 S.W.3d

875, 878 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam) (citing City of Waco v. Texland Corp., 446

S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. 1969)); Smith v. City of League City, 338 S.W.3d 114, 124 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.); see also State v. Bristol Hotel Asset

Co., 293 S.W.3d 170, 174 (Tex. 2009) (“[D]iminished access to a landowner’s

remaining property is not compensable so long as reasonable access to the property

remains.”). Whether access has been materially and substantially impaired is a

threshold question of law we review de novo. Dawmar Partners, 267 S.W.3d at

878; State v. Heal, 917 S.W.2d 6, 9 (Tex. 1996). To make this showing, a

landowner can proffer evidence of a (1) total temporary restriction of access;

(2) partial permanent restriction of access; or (3) partial temporary restriction of

access due to illegal or negligent activity. State v. Schmidt, 867 S.W.2d 769, 775

(Tex. 1993); Burris v. Metro. Transit Auth., 266 S.W.3d 16, 22 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (no impaired access claim where light rail

permanently closed one entrance to retail property but another remained). In

considering whether impaired access is material and substantial, courts take into

3
Church also testified that a portion of the guardrail for the new bridge crossed
inside his fence line, but he did not proffer any evidence that it crossed the
boundary of his property or was outside the public right-of-way; nor does he argue
any encroachment on appeal.

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account existing uses of the property that required particular access. See Heal, 917

S.W.2d at 10; Wilbert Family Ltd. P’ship v. Dallas Area Rapid Transit, 371

S.W.3d 506, 510 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet. dism’d). Courts further consider

whether reasonable access remains. Dawmar Partners, 267 S.W.3d at 878–89

(explaining that where reasonable access to property remains, hypothetical or

speculative uses for property do not provide basis for compensable damages in

condemnation suit). A diversion of traffic, diminished exposure to traffic, or

altered accessibility to a roadway does not constitute a material and substantial

impairment of access. See State v. Petropoulos, 346 S.W.3d 525, 532 (Tex. 2011).

In his response to the City’s plea to the jurisdiction, Church does not adduce

proof of a material and substantial impairment of access. First, the City adduced

evidence that TxDOT constructed the bridge wholly within the public right-of-

way: the bridge apron does not enter Church’s property, and the new bridge does

not physically obstruct Church’s existing driveway. See Heal, 917 S.W.2d at 11

(noting that “all of our prior impaired access cases involved physical obstructions

created by the public improvement”).

Second, Church conceded in his deposition that he retains access to his

property and his existing driveway, but that driveway access across the bar ditch is

12 feet narrower when compared with the right-of-way access that existed before

the bridge construction. Crediting Church’s testimony that the entrance across the

15
bar ditch is narrower than it was does not raise a fact issue of a taking by

impairment, because Church still has access to the road. Nance averred that

Church “complained that the location of the guardrail made it impossible for him

to turn into his driveway while traveling south on CR 172 and towing his horse

trailer, or to turn north from his driveway while towing his horse trailer.” In his

deposition, however, Church testified that he “couldn’t get that [big trailer] on the

property no matter which direction [he] came from . . . without ripping out the

archway and everything.” Church’s complaint is that the public roadway access

frontage is narrower due to the bridge, thus decreasing his maneuverability with

regard to the decorative archway on his property. This evidence does not show that

the bridge itself, built entirely within the public roadway, has deprived him of

reasonable access to his property. In addition, Church did not adduce evidence that

the project has prevented him from accessing the roadway with his longer trailer

along the remaining frontage of his property.

Because the bridge does not obstruct his driveway, Church’s claimed

impairment is different than the facts in City of Waco v. Texland Corp., the takings

case upon which he relies. As the Court in Heal explained, in Texland, the City of

Waco built a viaduct with piers “almost directly” in front of Texland’s loading

docks and warehouse doors so that the “lack of maneuverability reached such a

level that the warehouse was virtually unusable for its intended purpose because

16
trucks capable of transport could not access the premises.” Heal, 446 S.W.2d at 10

(citing Texland, 446 S.W.2d at 4).

A compensable taking does not occur, however, when a property owner

retains reasonable access to the public roadway after a construction project.

Burris, 266 S.W.3d at 22 (no taking when light rail completely obstructed

driveway when other access point remained). Given that the new bridge (1) does

not physically obstruct Church’s private drive and (2) does not preclude other

access points to the roadway from his property, we hold that Church’s testimony

that the TxDOT-constructed entrance within the public right-of-way is narrower

than before does not constitute evidence of a “virtually impassable obstruction” or

a material and substantial impairment of access. See Heal, 917 S.W.2d at 11;

Dawmar Partners, 267 S.W.3d at 779–80 (rejecting takings claim where no

evidence showed that access to available roads was impossible or impracticable).

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court properly granted the City’s plea to the

jurisdiction against Church’s claim for impaired access. See TPLP Office Park,

218 S.W.3d at 66; Burris, 266 S.W.3d at 24; see also DuPuy v. City of Waco, 396

S.W.2d 103, 109 (Tex. 1965) (explaining landowner entitled to compensation if

public improvement destroys “all reasonable access” to property, however, no

compensable taking exists where landowner has reasonable access to property after

construction of public improvement); State v. Momin Props., Inc., 409 S.W.3d 1, 9

17
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (holding closure of access road

at railroad tracks not compensable because closure merely required traffic to travel

more circuitous route to reach gas station or cross railroad tracks);.

2. Damage to drainage and trees

Church further contends that the trial court erred in dismissing his inverse

condemnation claims that the City’s replacement of a culvert and reconfiguration

of the drainage in connection with the bridge project caused increased flooding on

his property and killed several trees. He observes that the City’s agreement with

TxDOT (1) holds the City responsible for acquiring and providing right-of-way for

the project, (2) allows the City to review and comment on the work as required “to

accomplish the public purposes of Local Government,” and (3) provides that the

City may request changes at its own expense, “so long as it does not ‘unduly delay’

the development of the project.” He further notes that Kocurek, on behalf of the

City, negotiated with Church to address Church’s concerns about his driveway.

These facts, however, are insufficient to show an intentional taking by the

City. Mere negligence is not enough to establish a compensable taking: “the

requisite intent is present when a governmental entity knows that a specific act is

causing identifiable harm or knows that the harm is substantially certain to result.”

Tarrant Reg’l Water Dist. v. Gragg, 151 S.W.3d 546, 555 (Tex. 2004).

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 In this case, Church did not adduce evidence of any communication

concerning his property between TxDOT, which had assumed sole responsibility

for the design and construction of the CR 172 bridge, and the City. Nothing in the

record shows that the City knew that the reconfiguration of the drainage by

TxDOT’s contractor was substantially certain to result in flooding or that the

construction activities undertaken at TxDOT’s behest would kill Church’s trees.

The evidence also fails to raise a fact issue on whether the City knew that, by

agreeing to have TxDOT perform the bridge project, the alleged damages to

Church’s property were substantially certain to result. Absent such evidence, a

landowner cannot prevail on a claim for inverse condemnation. Compare City of

Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 829 (Tex. 2005) (holding that, absent “objective

indicia that the City knew flooding would occur,” there was no evidence that

City’s approval of revised drainage plan was intentional taking) with Kerr,

(concluding that homeowners raised fact issue concerning whether government

entities knew that their actions caused flooding where some evidence existed that

(1) entities received engineering advice explaining that additional development

would cause damaging flooding, and (2) entities knew that development would

lead to damaging flooding).

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 3. Motor-driven equipment

Finally, Church alleges that the construction workers’ use of a motor driven

vehicle caused the flooding and tree damage, and thus he may sue the City under

the Texas Tort Claims Act. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

ANN. § 101.021(1)(A). In the trial court, Church alleged that the City

“[s]ubcontracted jointly with [TxDOT] and jointly hired the subcontractors to build

the bridge.” However, Nance averred that no City employee had participated in

the design or construction work for the project, and Church admitted in his

testimony that he had never seen a City employee working at the construction site.

The agreement between the City and TxDOT charged TxDOT with the actual

design and construction of the bridge, and disavowed any intent that its employees

and subcontractors would be agents of the City. Because the summary-judgment

record contains no evidence that a City employee operated motor-driven

equipment in connection with the bridge project, we hold that the trial court

properly granted the City’s jurisdictional plea on Church’s claim under the Texas

Tort Claims Act.

Conclusion

We hold that the trial court properly granted the City’s plea to the

jurisdiction and dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction Church’s cause of

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action for inverse condemnation and claims under the Texas Water Code and the

Texas Tort Claims Act. We therefore affirm the dismissal order.

Jane Bland
Justice

Panel consists of Justices Higley and Bland. 4

4
Justice Sharp was a member of the original panel, but his term of office expired
after oral argument and before issuance of this opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.1.

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