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ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISIONS II & III
No. CV-14-1100
Opinion Delivered September 30, 2015
CHRISTOPHER FOSTER APPEAL FROM THE GARLAND
APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[No. DR-2013-835]
V.
HONORABLE MARCIA R.
HEARNSBERGER, JUDGE
LEAH FOSTER
APPELLEE AFFIRMED
LARRY D. VAUGHT, Judge
Appellant Christopher Foster appeals the divorce decree entered by the Garland County
Circuit Court on July 28, 2014. He challenges the awards of rehabilitative alimony and attorney’s
fees and costs to appellee Leah Foster. We affirm.
Christopher and Leah were married on February 12, 2002. Three children were born of
the marriage: AF (age eleven), EF (age seven), and FF (age five). Christopher filed for divorce,
alleging general indignities, in September 2013. Leah answered, challenging the grounds for
divorce and requesting alimony, child support, and an unequal distribution of the marital assets.
Leah subsequently counterclaimed for divorce on the ground of general indignities, again
requesting alimony, child support, and an unequal distribution of the marital assets.
A hearing was held on March 19, 2014, to resolve the distribution of the marital property,
child support, alimony, and attorney’s fees.1 Testimony revealed that, during the marriage,
1
The parties had reached an agreement as to child custody and visitation, as well as the
disposition of the marital residence.
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Christopher was the primary income earner, with an average annual net income of approximately
$124,000 in 2011 and 2012. Evidence also showed that Leah, a stay-at-home mother, had been
the primary care giver to the children. While she had an active real-estate license, she earned no
appreciable income from that job because of her responsibilities with the children. Leah testified
that, unlike Christopher, she only had a high-school education. There was testimony that
although the family lived in Hot Springs, Christopher worked in Little Rock, and his job
prevented him from providing help with the children.
Leah testified to her plan for rehabilitative alimony. She believed that she should receive
$5000 per month for the first three years, $2500 per month for the next two years, and $2000
per month for the last three years. She said that this would allow her to transition into the
workforce over time, while still allowing her to fulfill her parental responsibilities. Leah also
requested attorney’s fees and costs, citing the economic imbalance between the parties. She
introduced into evidence a cost-and-fee statement from her attorney’s office in support of her
request. Counsel for Christopher was able to highlight several inconsistencies in the fee
statement during cross-examination.
The trial court entered the decree of divorce in July 2014. In the decree, the trial court
approved the parties’ property-settlement agreement, awarded Leah child support, and awarded
her rehabilitative alimony pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-12-312(b), in the
amount of $4500 per month for the first three years, $3500 per month for the next three years,
and $2500 per month for the final four years. The trial court also awarded Leah $14,190 in
attorney’s fees and $647.18 in costs.
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On appeal, Christopher first argues that the trial court misinterpreted Act 1487, which
amended Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-12-3122 to specifically include a provision for
rehabilitative alimony. It is his contention that the general assembly, by amending the statute in
this regard, intended to create a clear distinction between permanent alimony and rehabilitative
alimony. More specifically, he contends that the trial court erroneously applied the traditional
factors relating to permanent alimony and that these factors are not applicable to rehabilitative
alimony.
Our courts recognized rehabilitative alimony in 1990, when this court considered Bolan
v. Bolan, 32 Ark. App. 65, 796 S.W.2d 358 (1990). The Bolan court defined rehabilitative alimony
as alimony that is payable for a short, specified duration of time. Id. at 67 n.1, 796 S.W.2d at 360
n.1. The primary purpose of rehabilitative alimony is to afford the recipient a specific period of
time in which to become self-supportive. Id., 796 S.W.2d at 360 n.1. In Bolan, and every
rehabilitative-alimony case thereafter, this court has conducted the same analysis in determining
the appropriateness of the award—including a consideration of the factors applying to
permanent alimony. The primary factor is the financial need of one spouse and the other
spouse’s ability to pay. Spears v. Spears, 2013 Ark. App. 535, at 6. Other factors include the
financial circumstances of both parties; the couple’s past standard of living; the value of jointly
2
Section 9-12-312 provides that “[a]limony may be awarded under proper circumstances
concerning rehabilitation to either party in fixed installments for a specified period of time so
that the payments qualify as periodic payments within the meaning of the Internal Revenue
Code.” Ark. Code Ann. § 9-12-312(b)(1) (Supp. 2013). The statute continues, “[w]hen a request
for rehabilitative alimony is made to the court, the payor may request or the court may require
the recipient to provide a plan of rehabilitation for the court to consider in determining
[w]hether or not the plan is feasible[ ]and [t]he amount and duration of the award.” Id. § 9-12-
312(b)(2)(A), (B).
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owned property; the amount and nature of the income, both current and anticipated, of both
parties; the extent and nature of the resources and assets of each party; the amount of each
party’s spendable income; the earning ability and capacity of both parties; the disposition of the
homestead or jointly owned property; the condition of health and medical needs of the parties;
and the duration of the marriage. Id.
Nothing in the statute’s amendment changed this analysis. If the general assembly had
intended to change this analysis, it could have so provided. It did not.
Moreover, it is instructive that the general assembly’s amendment made the provision of
a rehabilitative-alimony plan discretionary, not mandatory. Thus, the general assembly clearly
contemplated that the trial court must use the traditional factors when determining whether
rehabilitative alimony is appropriate, and, if so, the amount and duration of the award. The
General assembly did not expressly provide any factors for the trial court’s determination. Our
case law, however, does. Dozier v. Dozier, 2014 Ark. App. 78, at 4–5, 432 S.W.3d 82, 85 (applying
the traditional alimony factors in a rehabilitative-alimony case). And the general assembly is
presumed to have full knowledge of our judicial determinations. McLeod v. Santa Fe Trail Transp.
Co., 205 Ark. 225, 168 S.W.2d 413 (1943) (holding that to aid in the construction of a statute,
it is presumed that the legislature, in enacting a law, does so with the full knowledge of the
constitutional scope of its powers, of prior legislation on the same subject, and of judicial
decisions under the preexisting law). Therefore, we hold that the language of Act 1487 does not
prevent the trial court from awarding rehabilitative alimony, based upon consideration of the
well-settled factors, in an amount that it finds reasonable under the circumstances.
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In awarding Leah alimony, the trial court found that there was an economic imbalance
in the earning power of the parties. The court noted that Christopher had a financial degree,
while Leah had only a high school diploma. As such, Christopher had been the primary source
of income for the family. Moreover, his large income was extremely liquid as opposed to Leah’s
assets. And while Leah had a license to sell real estate, she failed to earn any appreciable income
during the marriage. The trial court also noted that her ability to earn any significant income
from real estate was diminished by the downturn in the real-estate market and that the
responsibility of caring for their active children, given Christopher’s busy schedule and
employment in a different city, impeded her economic activities outside the home. As a result,
the trial court awarded rehabilitative alimony, but structured it in such a way that it would be (1)
reduced as the children matured and needed less parental involvement and (2) continued for a
reasonable time thereafter as might be necessary for her to rehabilitate herself for employment.
The decision whether to award alimony is a matter that lies within the trial court’s sound
discretion, and on appeal, this court will not reverse the trial court’s decision to award alimony
absent an abuse of that discretion. Delgado v. Delgado, 2012 Ark. App. 100, at 6, 389 S.W.3d 52,
57. An abuse of discretion means discretion improvidently exercised, i.e., exercised thoughtlessly
and without due consideration. Id., 389 S.W.3d at 57. The trial court is in the best position to
view the needs of the parties in connection with an alimony award. Jones v. Jones, 2014 Ark. App.
614, at 3, 447 S.W.3d 599, 601.
We hold that the trial court considered the relative financial stability of the parties and
the potential for income based on their respective positions and determined that alimony was
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appropriate. Additionally, the trial court rejected the plan as proposed, modifying it slightly as
to the amounts and time periods of the payments, which demonstrated the exercise of
thoughtful and due consideration. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in awarding Leah rehabilitative alimony.
Christopher argues that the rehabilitative-alimony award is improper because it did not
include a “plan of rehabilitation” pursuant to section 9-12-312. He contends that there was no
actual “rehabilitation” involved in the award because it did not include a plan with quantifiable
academic or technical training in order to reach a specific career goal or milestone, and it
essentially allowed Leah to continue to be a stay-at-home mom.
The statute provides that “the payor may request or the court may require the recipient
to provide a plan of rehabilitation for the court to consider.” Ark. Code Ann. § 9-12-312(b)(2)
(emphasis added). The language is discretionary, not mandatory; therefore, a rehabilitation plan
is not required under the statute. Moreover, the statute does not specify what information the
plan must include. While Leah’s rehabilitation plan did not provide details as to how or when
she would become self-sufficient, the statute does not require such details, and we reject
Christopher’s narrow construction of the statute.
The statute simply requires that the alimony award be made under “proper circumstances
concerning rehabilitation.” Ark. Code Ann. § 9-12-312(b)(1). Such circumstances are not
defined, and we hold that there is no abuse of discretion where the trial court determined that
the age and needs of the parties’ children were currently a significant impediment to her ability
to earn a living. Furthermore, the trial court’s award was based on more than Leah’s obligations
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as a mother. There was significant evidence as to the amount of time it would take for her to
build up a real-estate practice sufficient to support herself. The court’s decree recognized this
by establishing a plan that initially provided Leah with full support that slowly tapered off over
time. In the decree, the trial court stated that the initial amount would provide adequate monthly
income “regardless of how much she is able to generate as a realtor or in another job,” while
later amounts would only “supplement” her income. The trial court stated that, at the end of the
ten-year period, Leah should be fully able to support herself. To find an abuse of discretion here
would be to rule that trial courts may never take family circumstances, such as the needs of
young children, into consideration in establishing a rehabilitative-alimony award. The language
of the statue does not support such a ruling.
The last argument Christopher raises regarding alimony is that the amount
awarded—$408,0003—was excessive. He argues that more than half of his income for the first
few years will be consumed by alimony and that the amount is about 48% for the ten-year
period.
Our court has never reviewed an award of alimony solely on a mathematical-formula
analysis. Kuchmas v. Kuchmas, 368 Ark. 43, 46, 243 S.W.3d 270, 272 (2006) (holding that the
amount of alimony should not be reduced to a mathematical formula because the need for
flexibility outweighs the need for relative certainty). Here, because the trial court considered the
income of both parties, the assets of both parties, and the needs of Leah over the life of the
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Christopher’s $408,000 figure includes the total amount of alimony, attorney’s fees, and
costs he will pay over the ten-year duration of the award.
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award, we hold that the amount of alimony awarded by the trial court was not an abuse of discretion.
Christopher’s remaining arguments revolve around the trial court’s award of attorney’s
fees and costs to Leah. He argues that the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees and costs—the
exact amount listed on Leah’s counsel’s billing statement—was in error because the billing
statement contained inaccuracies. He also argues that the trial court abused its discretion in
finding that she was not able to pay her fees.
In domestic-relations proceedings, the trial court has the inherent power to award
attorney’s fees, and whether the trial court should award fees and the amount thereof are matters
within the court’s discretion. Tiner v. Tiner, 2012 Ark. App. 483, at 15, 422 S.W.3d 178, 187. Due
to the trial court’s intimate acquaintance with the record and the quality of service rendered, we
usually recognize the superior perspective of the trial court in assessing the applicable factors,
and an award of attorney’s fees will not be set aside absent an abuse of discretion. Id. at 16, 422
S.W.3d at 187. Finally, when addressing a trial court’s award of attorney’s fees, our courts have
often observed that there is no fixed formula in determining what is reasonable. Id. at 16, 422
S.W.3d at 187.
Despite the inconsistencies in the billing statement, we hold that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion on the attorney’s fees and costs award. In determining whether to award
attorney’s fees, the trial court must consider the relative financial abilities of the parties. Poole v.
Poole, 2009 Ark. App. 860, at 14, 372 S.W.3d 420, 429. In the case at bar, the trial court did that,
expressly finding that Leah was not in a financial position to pay her attorney’s fees, while
Christopher had liquid funds available to do so. Also, we note that the billing statement on
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which the award was based did not include fees for the final hearing, posthearing briefing, and
preparation of the precedent. Therefore, based on our standard of review and the record before
us, we cannot say that the court abused its discretion on this point.
Affirmed.
ABRAMSON, GRUBER, and HOOFMAN, JJ., agree.
WHITEAKER and HIXSON, JJ., dissent.
PHILLIP T. WHITEAKER, Judge, dissenting. I agree with the majority that Act
1487 does not prevent the trial court from considering the general factors governing an
award of alimony—including a consideration of the economic imbalances in the earning
power and standard of living of the divorcing parties, the division of property, the health
and medical needs of the parties, and the duration of the marriage—in determining the
appropriateness of an award of rehabilitative alimony. I also agree with the majority’s
statement that the primary purpose of rehabilitative alimony is to afford the recipient a
specific period of time in which to become self-supportive. I cannot agree, however, with
the majority’s conclusion that the trial court’s award in this case serves such a rehabilitative
purpose. As a result, I respectfully dissent.
By both statute and case law, Arkansas recognizes the award of alimony under appropriate
circumstances. Under appropriate circumstances, our courts have awarded “permanent”
alimony. Gilliam v. Gilliam, 2010 Ark. App. 137, 374 S.W.3d 108. Under appropriate
circumstances, our courts have awarded “temporary” or “durational” alimony. Trucks v.
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Trucks, 2015 Ark. App. 189, 459 S.W.3d 312. The distinctive difference between
“permanent” and “temporary” alimony is implicitly within its duration.
Under appropriate circumstances, our courts have also awarded “rehabilitative” alimony.
Bolan v. Bolan, 32 Ark. App. 65, 796 S.W.2d 358 (1990). Rehabilitative alimony is
“[a]limony found necessary to assist a divorced person in acquiring the education or training
required to find employment outside the home or to reenter the labor force.” Alimony,
Black’s Law Dictionary 86 (9th ed. 2009). Thus, the term “rehabilitative alimony,” or
“alimony concerning rehabilitation” as it is termed by Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-
12-312, necessarily implies the presence of some factor other than the limited duration of the
alimony itself.
The trial court here expressly awarded Leah Foster what it denotes as “rehabilitative alimony”;
yet it failed to declare any basis for rehabilitation in its order, nor did it provide any incentive
or requirement for Ms. Foster to obtain any education or training that would allow her to
reenter the labor force or become self-sufficient. Instead, the evidence presented at the
hearing indicated that Leah Foster is a relatively young and healthy individual with no
physical, mental, or emotional disability affecting her ability to obtain gainful employment and
is, in fact, a licensed real estate agent. The only factor affecting her ability to maintain
employment is her parental responsibility. This is not a factor subject to or capable of
“rehabilitation.” Additionally, while there was evidence that a downturn in the real estate
market would affect her earning capacity as a real estate agent, this fact is also not subject to
rehabilitation. And, even if real estate is not a lucrative employment opportunity for Ms.
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Foster at this time, there is nothing in the record to suggest that she is somehow unable to or
incapable of engaging in some type of employment compatible with her schedule or to obtain
education or training to allow her to obtain such employment.
Simply stated, the alimony awarded by the court is not rehabilitative in nature. It was clearly
designed to maintain the status quo so that Ms. Foster may continue to stay at home with her
children. Thus, while it may be temporary, durational, transitional, or limited alimony, it is
not rehabilitative and should not be classified as such. To do so is to warp the concept of
rehabilitative alimony as envisioned by our legislature. For these reasons, I dissent.
HIXSON, J., joins.
KENNETH S. HIXSON, Judge, dissenting. I join Judge Whiteaker’s dissent. The
trial judge improperly applied the recently-enacted statutory provision regarding rehabilitative
alimony. There must be a reason that our legislature enacted this provision in 2013, and it
must mean something more than a finite term of alimony. I add my own dissent to state that
I would reverse for an additional reason: this alimony award was excessive and constituted an
abuse of discretion.
Alimony’s purpose is to rectify the economic imbalance in the earning power and
standard of living of the divorcing parties, and the primary factors to consider are the financial
need of one spouse and the other spouse’s ability to pay. Spears v. Spears, 2013 Ark. App. 535;
Page v. Page, 2010 Ark. App. 188, 373 S.W.3d 408. An alimony award should be set in an
amount that is reasonable. Id. On appeal, we determine whether the circuit court reached
a decision that is clearly unreasonable. Whitworth v. Whitworth, 2009 Ark. App. 410, 319
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S.W.3d 269. This amount of alimony is clearly unreasonable.
As stated in the majority opinion, these parties were married for about twelve years.
The husband was the wage-earner for the family, with an average net monthly income of
$10,363. With the award of alimony here of $4,500 for the first three years in addition to the
obligation to pay child support, the husband is left with $3,386 in monthly income to support
himself. The wife, on the other hand, will receive $6,977 per month for that period of time,
in excess of her stated monthly financial need and essentially two-thirds of the husband’s
income. This is clearly unreasonable. I would reverse and remand on this issue because it
demonstrates an abuse of discretion. See Mitchell v. Mitchell, 61 Ark. App. 88, 964 S.W.2d 411
(1998) (reversing an excessive alimony award and reducing it accordingly).
As to the alimony statute, Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-12-312 was amended
in the 2013 legislative session by Act 1487, to add a new subsection (b) regarding
rehabilitative alimony:
(b)(1) Alimony may be awarded under proper circumstances concerning rehabilitation
to either party in fixed installments for a specified period of time so that the payments
qualify as periodic payments within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code.
(2) When a request for rehabilitative alimony is made to the court, the payor may
request or the court may require the recipient to provide a plan of rehabilitation for
the court to consider in determining:
(A) Whether or not the plan is feasible; and
(B) The amount and duration of the award.
(3) If the recipient fails to meet the requirements of the rehabilitative plan, the payor
may petition the court for a review to determine if rehabilitative alimony shall
continue or be modified.
(4) A person paying alimony is entitled to petition the court for a review, modification,
or both of the court's alimony order at any time based upon a significant and material
change of circumstances.
Rehabilitative alimony means something more than the less-than-permanent duration of
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it. Our function on appeal is to interpret, clarify, and apply the law. I believe, like Judge
Whiteaker, that the trial court erred in its application of this statute.
WHITEAKER, J., joins in this dissent.
Gill Ragon Owen, P.A., by: Sharon Elizabeth Echols and Christopher L. Travis, for appellant.
Q. Byrum Hurst, P.A., by: Q. Byrum Hurst, for appellee.
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