MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
Oct 08 2015, 9:29 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
R. Patrick Magrath
Alcorn Sage Schwartz & Magrath, LLP
Madison, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Adoption of October 8, 2015
M.H.; Court of Appeals Case No.
39A05-1503-AD-87
D.M.,
Appeal from the Jefferson Circuit
Appellant/Respondent, Court
v. The Honorable William E. Vance,
Senior Judge
B.H., Trial Court Cause No.
39C01-1308-AD-14
Appellee/Petitioner.
Pyle, Judge.
Statement of the Case
[1] Appellant/Respondent, D.M. (“Father”), appeals the trial court’s order
granting Appellee/Petitioner, B.H.’s (“Maternal Grandmother”), petition to
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adopt his minor daughter, M.H. In an adoption hearing, the trial court held
that Father’s consent was not required for the adoption because Father had
failed to communicate significantly with M.H. for more than a year and had
failed to pay child support for her for more than a year. On appeal, Father
argues that the trial court erred and his consent was required because: (1) there
was no evidence to support the trial court’s findings of fact; (2) the trial court
inappropriately shifted the burden of proof to Father; and (3) the trial court’s
findings of fact did not support its conclusions of law that Father had failed to
communicate significantly with M.H. or pay her child support for more than a
year. Because we conclude that there was evidence to support the trial court’s
findings of fact, it did not inappropriately shift the burden of proof, and its
findings of fact did support its conclusions, we affirm.
We affirm.
Issue
Whether Father’s consent was required for Maternal Grandmother
to adopt Father’s minor daughter, M.H.
Facts
[2] T.H. (“Mother”) and Father had one child together, M.H., who was born in
June 2008. After M.H.’s birth, she and Mother lived with Maternal
Grandmother. Father did not sign M.H.’s birth certificate. However, Mother
later established his paternity, and, on January 1, 2009, the trial court ordered
him to pay child support in the amount of $30 per week. Father was not
working during M.H.’s first year of life, so he only paid support “sometime[s].”
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(Tr. 12). In total, between January 23, 2009 and May 17, 2013, he paid
$181.90.
[3] Prior to M.H.’s birth, Father had served a sentence in the Indiana Department
of Correction from July 19, 2006 to July 4, 2007, for a dealing in cocaine
conviction. In October 2009, he was then charged with conspiracy to deal
cocaine based on events that had occurred in June 2008, the same month that
M.H. was born. He was convicted of the charge, and the trial court sentenced
him to nine (9) years, plus an additional three (3) years for violating his
probation in his earlier dealing in cocaine conviction.1 As a result, Father was
incarcerated from October 2009 until October 7, 2014. During this time, he did
not pay any child support for M.H. He later testified that he did not know he
could petition the court for an abatement of his child support while he was
incarcerated.
[4] During Father’s incarceration, M.H. lived with Maternal Grandmother.
Mother also lived with Maternal Grandmother for the first four years of M.H.’s
life, but she then moved out when M.H. was four years old and left her in
Maternal Grandmother’s care. Father did not make any attempts to
communicate with M.H. at Maternal Grandmother’s house during his
incarceration. However, Maternal Grandmother allowed Father’s mother
(“Paternal Grandmother”) and step-father (“Paternal Step-Grandfather”)
1
Father’s judgments of conviction and sentencing orders are not a part of the record. Accordingly, these
facts regarding his convictions and sentences are based on his testimony at the hearing.
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(collectively, “Paternal Grandparents”) to visit with M.H. every third weekend
of the month, and M.H. would talk to Father at Paternal Grandparents’ house
“if she was there when he called.” (Tr. 130).
[5] In May 2013, with Mother’s and Father’s consent, Maternal Grandmother
established a guardianship of M.H. While Father was in the court for the
guardianship hearing, he asked Maternal Grandmother if she would transport
M.H. to his prison to visit with him. Maternal Grandmother and the
Department of Child Services (DCS) objected to this request on the basis that
M.H. did not really know Father and that it was inappropriate for a child to
visit a prison. DCS told Maternal Grandmother not to take M.H. to the prison
and also told Maternal Grandmother not to allow Paternal Grandparents
visitation if they were going to take M.H. to the prison.
[6] Shortly thereafter, on August 21, 2013, Maternal Grandmother filed a petition
to adopt M.H. and to terminate Mother’s and Father’s parental rights. Mother
consented to the adoption, but Father did not. The matter was originally set for
a hearing on September 10, 2013, but Father entered his objection to the
adoption on that date, and the adoption court appointed counsel to represent
him. On May 9, 2014, Father filed notice of his intent to contest the adoption.
[7] In the meantime, on March 9, 2014, M.H. returned home from a visit with
Paternal Grandparents with her cheekbone “all swollen, black and blue” and a
puncture mark on the top of her forehead. (Tr. 74). Maternal Grandmother
tried to reach Paternal Step-Grandfather over the next three days to find out
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what had happened, but he did not respond. Later, she discovered that a dog
had bitten M.H. while she was at the Paternal Grandparents’ house.
Subsequently, she did not allow Paternal Grandparents to have visitation with
M.H.2
[8] Father was released from prison on October 7, 2014. At the time of his release,
he had only $50 to $60 in his bank account. Debbie Lohrig (“Lohrig”), with the
Child Support Administration of the Prosecutor’s Office, calculated that the
child support he owed Mother for the period of time before Maternal
Grandmother’s guardianship was in arrearage of $6,628.10. She also calculated
that Father owed Maternal Grandmother $660 for child support that had
accrued since she had become M.H.’s guardian.
[9] After his release, Father lived with his biological father and got a job doing
construction for a week, which paid eight dollars an hour, then got a job at
Pizza Hut. On November 26, 2014, a wage withholding order went into effect
to garnish current and arrearage child support in the amount of $35 per check
from Father’s Pizza Hut wages. As of the time of the hearing, child support
had been withheld on three of the checks. However, Father did not pay any
child support from his earnings at his construction job.
2
Maternal Grandmother also testified that Paternal Grandparents did not make any attempts to re-establish
visitation after that incident.
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[10] One night that fall, when Father was walking from Pizza Hut, he saw Maternal
Grandmother and six-year-old M.H. and “hollered” at M.H., saying “Hey,
baby girl. How are you doing?” (Tr. 69). M.H. got behind Maternal
Grandmother and then got into Maternal Grandmother’s car. When they were
both inside, Maternal Grandmother asked, “M.H., who was that?” and she
responded “I don’t know, Memmaw.” (Tr. 70). Maternal Grandmother
responded, “Well, you know what I said about talking to strangers,” and M.H.
said, “Yeah, that’s why I got behind you.” (Tr. 70). Maternal Grandmother
did not tell M.H. that the person she had seen in the parking lot was Father.
Father later testified that, because Maternal Grandmother did not let him see
M.H. during this incident, he did not attempt to contact Maternal Grandmother
for visitation after his release from prison.
[11] On December 29, 2014, the trial court held a hearing on Maternal
Grandmother’s petition to adopt M.H. and to terminate Father’s parental
rights. At trial, Father said that he had communicated with M.H. on the phone
from prison “numerous times” when she had been at Paternal Grandparents’
house. (Tr. 27). He also said that he had sent her one birthday card at
Maternal Grandmother’s house and that he had arranged for Angel Tree to
send Christmas presents for her at Paternal Grandparents’ house. However,
both of these events occurred after Maternal Grandmother filed her petition for
adoption.
[12] Paternal Step-Grandfather testified that he had previously taken M.H. to the
prison to see Father when she stayed with Paternal Grandparents and that
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Father had communicated with M.H. through “[p]hone calls, letters, or
visitation.” (Tr. 120). When he was asked whether it was possible he had
gotten confused and that it was Father’s other daughter he had taken to visit
Father in prison, though, Paternal Step-Grandfather said, “Well, we . . . we . . .
we took both, but uh . . . because M.H. wasn’t on the uh . . . list she didn’t get
to see her father, but we did take her down there.” (Tr. 120).
[13] Next, Paternal Grandmother testified that Father had attempted to
communicate with M.H. “if she was there when he called.” (Tr. 130). She also
mentioned that Father had arranged for Angel Tree to send M.H. Christmas
presents the previous year.
[14] At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court entered findings of fact and
conclusions thereon, concluding that Father’s consent was not required for
Maternal Grandmother’s adoption because he had failed to communicate
significantly with M.H. and to pay child support for her for more than a year.
The trial court also granted Maternal Grandmother’s petition for adoption.
Father now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
Decision
[15] On appeal, Father challenges the trial court’s conclusion that his consent was
not required for the adoption. Specifically, he argues that the trial court erred
and that his consent was required because: (1) there was no evidence to support
the trial court’s findings of fact; (2) the trial court inappropriately shifted the
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burden of proof to him instead of Maternal Grandmother; and (3) the trial
court’s findings of fact do not support its conclusions of law.
[16] Generally, a petition to adopt a minor child born out of wedlock may be
granted only if written consent to the adoption has been provided by “the
mother . . . and the father of a child whose paternity has been established by:
(A) a court proceeding other than the adoption proceeding, except as provided
in [INDIANA CODE §] 31-14-20-2; or (B) a paternity affidavit executed under
[INDIANA CODE §] 16-37-2-2.1[.]” I.C. § 31-19-9-1(a)(2). However, there are a
number of exceptions to the consent requirement. See I.C. § 31-19-9-8. As is
relevant here, consent is not required from a “parent of a child in the custody of
another person if for a period of at least one (1) year the parent: (A) fails
without justifiable cause to communicate significantly with the child when able
to do so[.]” I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a)(2)(A). If an adoption petition alleges that a
parent’s consent is unnecessary under INDIANA CODE § 31-19-9-8(a)(2) and that
parent files a motion to contest, “‘a petitioner for adoption has the burden of
proving that the parent’s consent to the adoption is unnecessary’ by clear and
convincing evidence.” D.D. v. D.P., 8 N.E.3d 217, 220-21 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014)
(quoting I.C. § 31-19-10-1.2).
[17] Where, as here, a trial court enters findings of fact and conclusions of law, this
Court determines, first, whether the evidence supports the findings and, second,
whether the findings support the judgment. Id. at 220. We will set aside the
trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law only if they are clearly
erroneous, or, in other words, the record contains no facts or inferences to
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support them. Id. The trial court’s judgment is clearly erroneous when “‘it is
unsupported by the findings of fact and conclusions of law relying on those
findings.’” Id. (quoting In re Adoption of T.L., 4 N.E.3d 658, 662 (Ind. 2014)).
In making this determination, we will neither reweigh the evidence nor judge
the credibility of witnesses. In re Paternity of M.F., 938 N.E.2d 1256, 1258 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2010), reh’g denied, trans. denied.
[18] Maternal Grandmother did not file an Appellee’s Brief. Where the appellee
fails to file a brief, we will not undertake the burden of developing arguments
for the appellee. In re Adoption of N.W.R., 971 N.E.2d 110, 112 (Ind. Ct. App.
2012). We apply a less stringent standard of review and may reverse the trial
court if the appellant establishes prima facie error. Id. at 113. Prima facie is
defined as “at first sight, on first appearance, or on the face of it.” Id.
[19] Father’s first argument is that the trial court erred because there was no
evidence to support two of its findings of fact. Specifically, the trial court found
that “[Father] ha[d] only seen [M.H.] on two or three occasions since her
birth,” (App. 22), and that:
57. Three witnesses testified on behalf of [Father:] his mother,
his father, and himself.
58. They gave conflicting testimony as to the amount and type of
contact [Father] is alleged to have had with [M.H.] when she was
visiting his parents.
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(App. 23). Father claims that these findings were erroneous because: (1) he
had testified that Mother and M.H. stayed with him at his home prior to his
October 2009 incarceration and, thus, he saw her more than two or three times;
and (2) his witnesses had not given conflicting testimony because they had all
testified that he had spoken with M.H. “numerous” times on the phone when
M.H. was visiting Father’s parents. (Father’s Br. 12).
[20] However, Father’s arguments are a request to reweigh the evidence, which we
will not do. Paternity of M.F., 938 N.E.2d at 1258. In spite of Father’s
contentions, there was evidence to support the trial court’s findings. As for
Father’s first argument, even though Father testified that Mother and M.H. had
stayed with him prior to his incarceration, Maternal Grandmother disagreed
and testified that Father had “seen M.H. maybe three times tops when she was
a baby.” (Tr. 89). It is not our place to reweigh or question the trial court’s
determination of her credibility. Paternity of M.F., 938 N.E.2d at 1258.
[21] There was also evidence that Father’s witnesses had conflicting testimony.
Paternal Step-Grandfather testified that he had previously taken M.H. to the
prison to see Father when she stayed with Paternal Grandparents and that
Father had communicated with M.H. through “[p]hone calls, letters, or
visitation.” (Tr. 120). However, when he was asked whether it was possible he
had gotten confused, he retracted his statement and said that he had taken
M.H. to the prison but she had not seen Father. Then, when Paternal
Grandmother was asked whether Father had communicated with M.H., she
mentioned only that Father had talked to M.H. on the phone. She never
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testified that Father had attempted to communicate with M.H. through letters
or visitation, even when she was asked whether Father had ever sent M.H.
anything such as “gifts and cards.” (Tr. 130). These inconsistencies support the
trial court’s finding that Father’s witnesses had conflicting testimony.
[22] Next, Father argues that the trial court inappropriately shifted the burden of
proof to him on the issue of his communication with M.H. As we stated above,
“‘a petitioner for adoption has the burden of proving that the parent’s consent
to the adoption is unnecessary’ by clear and convincing evidence.” D.D., 8
N.E.3d at 220-21 (quoting I.C. § 31-19-10-1.2). Father points to the trial court’s
following conclusions of law to support his argument:
6. The party bearing the burden of proof in an adoption
proceeding must prove their case by clear and convincing
evidence. [I.C. §] 31-19-10-0.5.
7. [Father] presented very little testimony that the best interests
of [M.H.] were better served by the adoption being denied. He
established that he was the biological parent, that he had some
limited contact with the child in her infancy, that he wanted “his
rights” to have parenting time, that he was now out of prison,
that he had held a job for a few weeks and paid minimal child
support, that he believed he could care for her, and that he felt he
had “learned his lesson” and would not be returning to prison.
8. [Father] presented no evidence as to why he had not
supported his child when he was not incarcerated or why he had
not kept in contact [with] her when not incarcerated or even
while incarcerated through, at minimum, letters or phone calls.
[Father] admitted to his history of criminal convictions including
those for domestic violence, violent crimes, and drug related
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charges. Finally, [Father] admitted he did not want custody of
[M.H.] but wanted only parenting time at this time, thus showing
that he wanted limited responsibility for the care of the child.
Rather than focusing on the best interests of [M.H.], [Father]
seems to focus on the benefits he wants without also assuming
any responsibilities.
9. [Father] fails to establish by clear and convincing evidence
that it is in the best interest of [M.H.] for her to be denied the
opportunity to be adopted by the only “mother” figure she has
known and into the family unit she has known.
[23] (App. 27-28). Father asserts that, while, as findings of fact, paragraphs seven
and eight “could be construed as mere discretionary assessment of the factual
record[,]” as conclusions of law they are “bookended by two statements
regarding the burden of proof” and thus openly apply the clear and convincing
standard to his evidence. (Father’s Br. 9).
[24] We disagree. While the trial court discussed the evidence Father “presented”
and then applied the “clear and convincing evidence” standard to the evidence,
the trial court used similar language in its conclusions regarding Maternal
Grandmother. (App. 27-28). Specifically, it concluded:
10. [Maternal Grandmother], by contrast, established that she
has been the adult who has cared for [M.H.] physically,
emotionally, and financially, since her birth. She presented
evidence that meets all of the factors for consideration in
determining the best interests of a child and for satisfying the
requirements for a de facto custodian since [M.H.’s] birth.
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11. [Maternal Grandmother], through testimony of family
members, friends and third parties including the case manager
from Indiana Department of Child Services established that her
home provided a loving, safe, secure environment for [M.H.] and
that [M.H.] was bonded with her siblings in the home as well as
with [Maternal Grandmother] and extended family.
12. [Maternal Grandmother] established through testimony of
the representative of the Prosecutor’s Office Child Support
Division, that [Father] had not met his financial obligation to his
child even when not incarcerated.
* * *
15. . . . [T]here is no justifiable cause why [Father] could not
have communicated with his child both when he was not in
prison or even through written communication or phone calls
while in prison. He has further failed to communicate with her
in any fashion other than yelling at her across a parking lot since
his release from prison in October of 2014.
16. [Maternal Grandmother] has established by clear and
convincing evidence sufficient to defeat a contest to this
adoption, that it is in M.H.’s best interest that this adoption be
allowed to proceed.
17. Further, the evidence presented at the hearing in this matter
also establishes that under [the] Indiana Code[,] [Father’s]
consent [] is not necessary.
(App. 28-29). Based on the similarity of the language that the trial court used in
these conclusions—using words such as “established” and referring to the
“clear and convincing” standard—it is clear that in paragraphs seven and eight
the trial court was merely reviewing the evidence that Father had presented,
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and in paragraphs ten, eleven, and twelve, it was reviewing the evidence that
Maternal Grandmother had presented. Notably, the trial court also applied the
clear and convincing standard to Maternal Grandmother’s evidence in
paragraph sixteen and said that she had met her burden of proof.
[25] Further, in paragraph nine, it is clear that the trial court was applying the clear
and convincing standard within the context of M.H.’s best interests. While
M.H.’s best interests were relevant to deciding Maternal Grandmother’s
adoption petition, they were not relevant to the issue of whether Father’s
consent to the adoption was required. See I.C. § 31-19-9-8 (specifying that a
parent’s consent to an adoption is not required if the parent “has failed without
justifiable cause to communicate significantly with the child when able to do
so” for at least one year). Therefore, we conclude that the trial court’s reference
to the burden of proof in paragraph six and its reference to the clear and
convincing standard in paragraph nine did not indicate that the trial court
inappropriately shifted the burden of proof to Father on the issue of his consent.
[26] Finally, Father argues that the trial court’s findings as a whole do not support
its conclusion that he failed to communicate significantly with M.H. for at least
one year. He notes that his ability to communicate with M.H. while
incarcerated was limited and asserts that, in spite of his incarceration, he made
efforts to communicate with M.H. and asked for visitation with her.
[27] In addition to the findings of fact we discussed previously regarding Father’s
contact with M.H. and the reliability of his witnesses, the trial court also made
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the following findings of fact relevant to the issue of Father’s communication
with M.H.:
23. While in Court for the Guardianship hearing on April 19,
2013, [Father] asked that [Maternal Grandmother] transport
M.H. to Branchville Correctional facility for visitation with him.
24. [Maternal Grandmother] and Indiana Department of Child
Services objected to this on the basis that M.H. did not even
know [Father] because there had been no contact since [M.H.’s]
infancy and because they did not believe the prison was an
appropriate place for the child.
25. The Court concurred with Indiana Department of Child
Services and [Maternal Grandmother] on this issue and no
visitation occurred.
* * *
36. [Father] was not present at [M.H.’s] birth.
* * *
38. Father testified [Mother] and [M.H.] had shared a house
with [him] and his wife and brother for several weeks while
[M.H.] was an infant.
39. [Maternal Grandmother], Barbara Harden, and Crystal
Weaver testified [Father] has never had the physical care of
[M.H.].
* * *
41. [Father] stipulated that at the time of the hearing in this
matter, of the approximately 2,400 days of [M.H.’s] life, he had
been incarcerated for all but 554 days.
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* * *
55. Since [M.H.’s] birth, [Father] has sent her one birthday card,
and claims to have had Christmas presents for her, that were
donated by others through the Angel Tree program, dropped off
at his parents’ home in December 2013.
56. Both of these two contacts only occurred after the Petition
for Adoption had been filed and the adoption was contested.
* * *
59. His father claimed he took [M.H.] to visit [Father] while he
was in prison, his mother testified there was telephone contact,
and [Father] testified there was telephone contact and she came
to the prison but did not see him.
60. Father was released from his most recent incarceration in
October 2014.
61. [Father] admitted he had made no attempt to see [M.H.]
since his release from incarceration.
(App. 21-24).
[28] In order to preserve the consent requirement for adoption, a parent’s level of
communication with his or her child must be significant and also must
constitute more than “token efforts” on the part of the parent to communicate
with the child. In re Adoption of C.E.N., 847 N.E.2d 267, 272 (Ind. Ct. App.
2006). The reasonable intent of the statute is to “encourage non-custodial
parents to maintain communication with their children and to discourage non-
custodial parents from visiting their children just often enough to thwart the
adoptive parents; efforts to provide a settled environment for the children.” Id.
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We have previously held that we must view an incarcerated parent’s
communication with his or her child within the context of the incarceration.
Lewis v. Roberts, 495 N.E.2d 810, 813 (Ind. Ct. App. 1986). Confinement alone
should not constitute a justifiable reason for failing to maintain significant
communication with one’s child. Id. Incarceration, however, “unquestionably
alters the means for significant communication.” Id. What constitutes
insignificant communication with a free parent may be significant in relation to
an incarcerated parent with limited access to his child. Id.
[29] In Lewis, we held that an incarcerated parent had communicated significantly
with his daughter where he had written her weekly and seen her every other
week during the first nine months of his imprisonment. Lewis, 495 N.E.2d at
813. Thereafter, he wrote her two to three times a year and sent cards and gifts
at Christmas, at Easter, and on her birthday, for four years in spite of the fact
that she and her custodian failed to answer any of his letters. Id. In contrast, in
Adoption of E.A., this Court found that a father, who was in the Department of
Correction, had not significantly communicated with his son when the father
had only sent his son a birthday card and mentioned his son in a few letters to
his son’s mother. In re Adoption of E.A., No. 78A01-1504-AD-153 (Ind. Ct. App.
Sept. 2, 2015).
[30] Here, the trial court found that Father had only seen M.H. two to three times as
a baby in the year before he was incarcerated. While Father testified that he
saw her more frequently, it is clear that the trial court did not find that
testimony credible. As we noted in Williams v. Townsend, 629 N.E.2d 252, 254
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(Ind. Ct. App. 1994), “trial courts retain the prerogative to believe or disbelieve
self[-]serving testimony.” Then, during Father’s incarceration from October
2009 to October 2014, he never contacted M.H. at her primary residence, her
Maternal Grandmother’s house. While he claims that he did talk with M.H. on
the phone when she stayed at Paternal Grandparents’ house, she only stayed
there one weekend a month. Paternal Grandmother also testified that Father
only talked to M.H. at Paternal Grandparents’ house “if she was there when he
called.” (Tr. 130). The trial court did not find that he otherwise communicated
with M.H., either through letters or visits. Father did send her one birthday
card and arranged to have Christmas presents delivered for her, but both of
these events occurred after Maternal Grandmother petitioned to adopt M.H.
He did not make any attempts to send any cards or gifts during the other years
of M.H.’s life that he was incarcerated. We have previously noted that a
parent’s conduct after the petition to adopt has been filed is wholly irrelevant to
the determination of whether the parent failed to significantly communicate
with the child for any one year period. In re Adoption of S.W., 979 N.E.2d 633,
640 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).
[31] In light of all of these factors, we conclude that the trial court did not err in
determining that Father had failed to communicate significantly with M.H. for
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more than a year.3 Thus, the trial court also did not err in concluding that
Father’s consent was not required for M.H.’s adoption.
[32] Affirmed.
Vaidik, C.J., and Robb, J., concur.
3
Because we have concluded that the trial court did not err in determining that Father had failed to
communicate significantly with M.H. for more than a year, we need not address Father’s remaining
arguments regarding the trial court’s conclusion that he had failed to pay child support for her for more than
a year. See In re Adoption of O.R., 16 N.E.3d 965, 973 (Ind. 2014) (“[T]he statute is written in the disjunctive
such that the existence of any one of the circumstances provides sufficient ground to dispense with
consent.”).
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In the Matter of the Adoption of M.H. D.M. v. B.H. (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion