FILED
OCT 8, 2015
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
In re Personal Restraint Petition of: ) No. 25729-1-111
)
JOHN E. MINES, Jr., )
) PUBLISHED OPINION
Petitioner. )
BROWN J. - In 2002, John Edward Mines, Jr. and two other men picked up a
woman in their van. When the woman refused to perform sexually for Mr. Mines, she
was violently raped, severely beaten, and strangled. Eventually, the men threw her out of
the van in an isolated area. She crawled to a residence and reported the rape. The victim
identified Mr. Mines in a police department photomontage. He was charged with first
degree rape, second degree assault, and first degree kidnapping. A jury found him guilty
as charged. His judgment and sentence was affirmed on discretionary review by the
Washington Supreme Court. See State v. Mines, 163 Wn.2d 387, 179 P.3d 835 (2008).
In this timely personal restraint petition, he contends (1) his public trial right was violated
when certain potential jurors were interviewed privately, (2) the evidence was insufficient
to show that he was armed with a deadly weapon when he committed the assault, and (3)
his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to hearsay testimony.
No. 25729-I-III
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
FACTS
Late one night in November 2002, J.R. was walking home in Spokane after
smoking cocaine and ingesting heroin. 1 A van containing three men stopped and asked if
. she would like a ride. She accepted and got into the back ofthe van with Mr. Mines.
When Mr. Mines asked her to perform oral sex, she refused and asked to get out. She
was then severely beaten, strangled, threatened with death, and raped in the vagina and
anus with a plastic soda bottle and a screwdriver.
The State charged Mr. Mines with first degree rape, second degree assault, and
first degree kidnapping. One of Mr. Mines' codefendants, Clinton Cramer, testified
against him at trial. The jury found him guilty as charged. He was sentenced to an
indeterminate life sentence under former RCW 9.94A.712 (2001) (sentencing for sexual
offenses) with an exceptionally high minimum sentence based upon a finding of
deliberate cruelty.
On appeal, this court remanded the case for resentencing pursuant to Blakely v.
Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004), but later withdrew
the opinion and stayed the case pending the decisions in State v. Borboa, 157 Wn.2d 108,
135 P.3d 469 (2006) and State v. Clarke, 156 Wn.2d 880, 134 P.3d 188 (2006) (holding
that exceptional minimum sentences under RCW 9.94A.712 do not always violate
I The facts are taken from Mines, 163 Wn.2d at 389-92.
2
No. 25729-1-III
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
Blakely). See State v. Mines, unpublished opinion no. 21989-5-III (Wa. Ct. App. 2005)
noted at 2005 WL 1705780. The Washington Supreme Court accepted discretionary
review on the sufficiency of the evidence and affirmed his judgment and sentence. 2
Mines, 163 Wn.2d at 391-92. The mandate was issued on May 5, 2008.
Mr. Mines filed this pro se personal restraint petition in December 2006, while
discretionary review in the Supreme Court was pending. In the timely original petition,
he claimed insufficiency of the evidence to support second degree assault and ineffective
assistance of trial counsel. This court stayed the matter pending the decision on his
appeal. Through counsel, Mr. Mines filed a supplemental brief in April 2008, contending
his public trial right was violated when the trial court conducted private voir dire of some
potential jurors without first holding a hearing to consider the Bone-Club factors. State v.
Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254, 258-59, 906 P.2d 325 (1995). After the stay was lifted in
May 2008, the State moved to stay the petition pending the decisions in State v. Momah,
167 Wn.2d 140, 217 P.3d 321 (2009), and State v. Strode, 167 Wn.2d 222, 217 P.3d 310
(2009) (public trial rights cases). Mr. Mines agreed to the stay, which was granted in
June 2008.
After the June 2008 stay was lifted on March 23, 2010, the State filed a response
brief and Mr. Mines filed a reply. Then, in August 2010, the matter was again stayed
2 Mr. Mines apparently abandoned the Blakely issue. See Mines, 163 Wn.2d at
391.
3
No. 25729-1-III
In re Pers. Restraint 0/ Mines
pending the mandate in State v. Wise, 176 Wn.2d 1,288 P.3d 1113 (2012). This stay was
lifted on January 11, 20l3, and the parties filed supplemental briefing on the applicability
of Wise as well as its companion cases: State v. Paumier, 176 Wn.2d 29, 288 P.3d 1126
(2012) and In re Personal Restraint 0/ Morris, 176 Wn.2d 157,288 P.3d 1140 (2012).
On March 4, 20l3, the Acting Chief Judge of this court entered an order referring the
personal restraint petition to a panel ofjudges for determination on the merits.
The case was set for oral argument on the June l3, 20 l3 docket. The proceedings
were again stayed, however; this time pending the decision and mandate by the
Washington Supreme Court in In re Personal Restraint 0/ Hartman, no. 81225-0. After
Mr. Hartman died and his case was closed, the stay on this case was lifted and
immediately another stay was entered pending the decisions and mandates in In re
Personal Restraint o/Speight, no. 89693-3, and In re Personal Restraint o/Coggin, no.
89694-1. These cases were decided and mandated and the stay was finally lifted on
January 26,2015. See In re Pers. Restraint o/Speight, 182 Wn.2d 103,340 P.3d 207
(2014); In re Pers. Restraint o/Coggin, 182 Wn.2d 115,340 P.3d 810 (2014).
Meanwhile, Mr. Mines obtained new counsel, who filed a motion to amend his
petition on September 19, 20 l3. He asked this court "in the interests of justice" to allow
him to include an ineffective assistance claim based on the previous attorneys' failure to
raise the public trial issue on appeal or in the petition. Motion to Amend PRP at 1. The
motion was referred to the panel for consideration with the petition. The parties have
4
No. 25729-1-III
In re Pers. Restraint 0/ Mines
submitted supplemental briefing on Speight and Coggin and to address the motion to
amend the petition.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
Relief by way of a collateral challenge to a judgment and sentence is
extraordinary. In re Pers. Restraint a/Coats, 173 Wn.2d 123, 132,267 P.3d 324 (2011).
Generally, a personal restraint petition filed within one year after the judgment and
sentence is final may challenge the conviction on any grounds, but must meet a high
standard. Id. The petitioner must show with a preponderance of the evidence that he or
she was actually and substantially prejudiced by a violation of constitutional rights, or
that his or her trial suffered from a non constitutional defect that inherently resulted in a
complete miscarriage ofjustice. Id.; In re Pers. Restraint a/Brett, 142 Wn.2d 868, 874,
16 P.3d 601 (2001). The petitioner may not renew an issue that was raised and rejected
on direct appeal unless the interests ofjustice require relitigation of that issue. In re Pers.
Restraint a/Yates, 177 Wn.2d 1, 17,296 P.3d 872 (2013). Washington courts have
limited the relief considered in the "interests ofjustice" to cases where an intervening
change in the law or some other circumstance justified the failure to raise a crucial
argument on appeal. Id. A petitioner who renews an issue may not merely present
different factual allegations or raise different legal arguments. Id.
5
No. 25729-I-III
In re Pers. Restraint 0/ Mines
ANALYSIS
A. Public Trial
The issue is whether Mr. Mines' constitutional right to a public trial was violated
when some of the potential jurors were interviewed in a private jury room. He contends
he is entitled to. a new trial because the error is structural and therefore presumed
prejudicial. In his untimely motion to supplement the petition he contends he had
ineffective assistance of counsel because previous attorneys failed to raise the public trial
issue on appeal and in his timely personal restraint petition.
The state and federal constitutions guarantee criminal defendants a right to a
public trial. See WASH. CONST. art. I, § 22 (the "accused shall have the right ... to have
a speedy public trial") and U.S. CONST. amend. VI ("the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial"); In re Pers. Restraint o/Orange, 152 Wn.2d 795, 804, 100 P.3d
291 (2005). Additionally, article I, section 10 of the Washington Constitution guarantees
the public's open access to judicial proceedings ("[j]ustice in all cases shall be
1
11 administered openly"). Violation of the public trial right is considered a structural error
because it affects the framework within which the trial proceeds. State v. Wise, 176
Wn.2d at 5. As a result, violation of the public trial right is presumed prejudicial on
direct appeal, even when the violation is not preserved by objection. Id. at 16. When a
public trial violation is claimed for the first time in a personal restraint petition, however,
6
No. 25729-1-III
In re Pers. Restraint 0/ Mines
the petitioner generally must show actual and substantial prejUdice. In re Pers. Restraint
o/Coggin, 182 Wn.2d at 116; In re Pers. Restraint o/Speight, 182 Wn.2d at 107.
Although vital, the right to a public trial is not absolute. Wise, 179 Wn.2d at 9;
State v. Paumier, 176 Wn.2d 29,34-35,288 PJd 1126 (2012). A trial court may close a
courtroom if it first balances the public trial right against competing rights and interests,
using the five criteria established in Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d at 258-59. 3 Wise, 176 Wn.2d
at 10. As summarized in Wise, the Bone-Club criteria require the trial court, on the
record, to at least (1) state the public trial right that will be lost by moving proceedings
into a private room, (2) identify the compelling interest that motivates the closure, (3)
weigh the competing rights, (4) give an opportunity to object, and (5) adopt the least
restrictive alternative of closure. Id. Although a trial court may close all or part of a trial
3 The Bone-Club factors include:
"1. The proponent of closure or sealing must make some showing
[of a compelling interest], and where that need is based on a right other
than an accused's right to a fair trial, the proponent must show a 'serious
and imminent threat' to that right.
2. Anyone present when the closure motion is made must be given
an opportunity to object to the closure.
3. The proposed method for curtailing open access must be the least
restrictive means available for protecting the threatened interests.
4. The court must weigh the competing interests of the proponent of
closure and the pUblic.
5. The order must be no broader in its application or duration than
necessary to serve its purpose."
Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d at 258-61 (alteration in original) (quoting Allied Daily
7
No. 25729-1-III
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
after considering the alternatives, it must'" resist a closure motion except under the most
unusual circumstances.'" Id. at 11 (quoting Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d at 259).
The public trial right extends to jury selection. Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 11. The right
applies to the questioning of individual prospective jurors. Id. (citing State v. Momah,
167 Wn.2d 140, 151-52,217 P.3d 321 (2009); State v. Strode, 167 Wn.2d 222, 227, 217
P.3d 310 (2009».
Mr. Mines correctly argues the trial court did not consider the Bone-Club factors
on the record when it decided to interview certain potential jurors in chambers. On the
first day ofjury voir dire, the trial judge gave the jury panel a questionnaire. After
reviewing the questionnaire, the judge began holding proceedings in a closed jury room
for individual voir dire ofjurors who had stated they had some sort of experience with
sexual abuse or sexual abuse cases. Mr. Mines, his attorney, the deputy prosecutor, and
the judge were present. The trial judge began by stating to the first juror:
[W]e are interviewing people who have answered yes to our questionnaire.
I think you can tell, obviously, why. And we are doing it back here. Rather
than have you do it in front of a large group of strangers, we will have you
do it in front of a small group of strangers.
Report of Proceedings (RP) (Feb 10,2003) at 5. Similar statements were made to each
panel member interviewed. Then the trial judge conducted the interviews, asking each
Newspapers of Wash. v. Eikenberry, 121 Wn.2d 205,210-11,848 P.2d 1258 (1993».
8
No. 25729-I-III
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
potential juror to explain the circumstance involving sexual abuse or any other conflict.
Defense counsel asked eight potential jurors follow-up questions.
As the record shows, the trial judge initiated the closed proceeding, never
mentioned the public trial right, did not weigh competing rights or give an opportunity to
object, and did not consider less restrictive alternatives. The judge apparently adopted
the partial closure to protect the privacy of the jurors who had indicated possible conflicts
and to promote candid answers to sensitive questions. Jury privacy is an interest that the
trial court may consider when deciding whether to close part of a trial, but this privacy
interest must be weighed against the defendant's and the public's right to an open trial.
Wise, 176 Wn.2d at 10 n.3. In this case, the trial court did not weigh these interests.
Because the partial closure occurred without a Bone-Club examination, Mr. Mines'
article I, section 22 and Sixth Amendment public trial rights were violated.
The State urges this court to find that Mr. Mines essentially waived any error by
participating in the private voir dire. A defendant may waive his or her right to a public
trial if the waiver is knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily given. State V. Frawley,
181 Wn.2d 452,461-62,334 P.3d 1022 (2014) (plurality opinion). Mr. Mines did not
waive his right to a public trial by failing to object to the partial closure of voir dire.
Wise, 176 Wn.2d at IS. The record does not show he knew he was waiving his right to a
public trial, understood what the right entailed, and voluntarily agreed to waive that right.
9
No. 25729-1-III
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
See State v. Shearer, 181 Wn.2d 564,575-76,334 P.3d 1078 (2014) (plurality opinion;
McCloud, 1., concurring). Consequently, he did not waive his challenge.
As discussed, a petitioner on collateral review generally must show with a
preponderance of the evidence that the constitutional error actually and substantially
. prejudiced him or her. Speight, 182 Wn.2d at 107. The sole exception to this
requirement is found in In re Personal Restraint ofMorris, 176 Wn.2d 157, 166,288
PJd 1140 (2012), which holds that prejudice is presumed when the petitioner alleges his
or her counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the public trial issue on appeal. Speight,
182 Wn.2d at 107.
Here, the trial judge erroneously closed the courtroom when he privately
questioned individual potential jurors without first conducting a Bone-Club analysis. See
Coggin, 182 Wn.2d at 118. But Mr. Mines fails to show he was actually and
substantially prejudiced by the closure. According to Mr. Mines, he was surrounded by
additional officers in the private jury room as a security measure. This increased police
presence, he contends, eroded the presumption of innocence. He also asserts that his
family members were unable to provide assistance and he was unable to consult with his
attorney due to the restrictive nature of the police presence. On the other hand, the record
shows the parties and the trial judge were concerned with juror bias because the case
involved severe sexual violence. Individual questioning of the selected jurors encouraged
more honest responses. Ultimately, Mr. Mines' conclusory allegations of the prejudicial
10
No. 25729-1-111
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
nature of the additional officers are insufficient to show actual and substantial prejudice.
See In re Pers. Restraint ofLord, 152 Wn.2d 182, 188,94 P.3d 952 (2004) (the petitioner
may not rely on conclusory allegations); see also Holbrook v. Flynn, 475 U.S. 560, 106
S. Ct. 1340, 89 L. Ed. 2d 525 (1986) (increased police presence in a courtroom does not
give rise to a presumption of inherent prejudice).
For the first time in supplemental briefing and a motion to amend the petition, Mr.
Mines claims appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the public trial issue on
direct appeal. The motion to amend was filed in September 2013 and the supplemental
briefing was filed in February 2015, several years after the mandate of his judgment and
sentence on May 5, 2008. As discussed, a petitioner in a timely personal restraint petition
who claims appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise a public trial violation on
direct appeal is entitled to a presumption that the error was prejudicial and requires a new
trial. Speight, 182 Wn.2d at 107; Morris, 176 Wn.2d at 166. Here, however, the claim is
untimely. RCW 10.73.090(3)(b). 4
4 We recently vacated a petitioner's judgment and sentence and remanded for a
new trial because the petitioner argued in a supplemental personal restraint petition that
his appellate counsel was ineffective in failing to assert public trial violations during an
appeal. See State v. Fort, Wn. App. _ , noted at 2015 WL 5430243 * 17 (Wa. Ct.
App.2015). Unlike the circumstances here, the Fort petitioner's supplemental briefwas
timely. Consequently, the Fort petitioner was entitled to the presumption that his
appellate counsel's error was prejudicial. Id.; Morris, 176 Wn.2d at 166.
11
No. 25729-1-III
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
Mr. Mines argues his petition qualifies for an exception to the one-year time bar
because a significant change in the law occurred material to his conviction that applies
retroactively. RCW 10.73.1 OO( 6). He argues the Morris holding which presumes
prejudice when the petitioner alleges his or her counsel was ineffective for failing to raise
the public trial issue on appeal, is a significant change in applicable law. See Morris, 176
Wn.2d at 166. Mr. Mines argues Morris is significant because it refines and reaffirms In
re Personal Restraint ofOrange, 152 Wn.2d 795, 100 P.3d 291 (2004), which holds
prejudice is presumed and a petitioner is entitled to relief on collateral review when
appellate counsel fails to raise a public trial right violation.
Recently, the Washington Supreme Court in In re Personal Restraint ofErhart,
183 Wn.2d 144,351 P.3d 137 (2015), addressed what constitutes a significant change in
the law. Mr. Erhart did not raise a public trial issue on appeal and filed an untimely
motion for discretionary review. Mr. Erhart argued his public trial claim fell within the
RCW 10.73.100(6) exemption to the one-year time bar because Wise, 176 Wn.2d 1, was
a significant change in the law that was material and retroactively applicable to his case.
Erhart, 193 Wn.2d at 148. The Wise court, 176 Wn.2d at 6, held closure of voir dire
without applying the Bone-Club factors was a structural error presumed prejudicial.
Because Wise was firmly grounded in well-established precedent and did not overrule
any previously controlling decision, the Erhart court held Wise was not a significant
12
No. 25729-1-III
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
change in the law.s Erhart, 183 Wn.2d at 148. See also In re Pers. Restraint ofYung-
Cheng Tsai, 183 Wn.2d 91,351 P.3d 138 (2015) (a significant change in the law occurs
when an opinion effectively overturns a prior appellate decision that was determinative of
a material issue) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint ofGreening, 141 Wn.2d 687,697,9 P.3d
206 (2000)).
Mr. Mines admits the decision in Morris is firmly grounded in the Washington
Supreme Court's 2004 decision in Orange. The Morris court states appellate counsel
"had but to look at this court's public trial jurisprudence to recognize" that closure of voir
dire to the public without a Bone-Club analysis was a presumptively prejudicial error on
direct appeal. Morris, 176 Wn.2d at 167. Morris' holding, 176 Wn.2d at 166-that
prejudice is presumed when a petitioner successfully alleges a public trial violation
through an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim--did not overrule any prior
appellate decision and therefore was not a significant change in the law. Consequently,
Mr. Mines' untimely attempt to amend his petition on the basis of Morris does not
qualify for the exemption in RCW 10.73.100(6).
Mr. Mines next argues the one-year, time bar should be equitably tolled, citing In
re Personal Restraint ofHaghighi, 178 Wn.2d 435,309 P.3d 459 (2013) and In re
s Erhart, 183 Wn.2d at 148, denied Mr. Erhart's untimely motion to amend his
motion for discretionary review to add a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
"Such a claim is time barred because it falls within neither RCW 10.73.090(1) nor RCW
10.73.100." Id.
13
No. 25729-1-II1
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
Personal Restraint ofBonds, 165 Wn;2d 135, 196 P.3d 672 (2008). He claims his fonner
appellate lawyer's failure to investigate the public trial issue and his former petition
lawyer's failure to raise the ineffective assistance of counsel issue were extraordinary
. circumstances justifying equitable relief.
Equitable tolling "permits a court to allow an action to proceed when justice
requires it, even though a statutory time period has elapsed." Bonds, 165 Wn.2d at 141.
A petitioner who seeks to benefit from the equitable tolling doctrine must demonstrate
that the petition or amended petition was untimely due to bad faith, deception, or false
assurances. Id. at 141-42, 144. See also Haghighi, 178 Wn.2d at 448-49 ("Consistent
with the narrowness of the doctrine's applicability, principles of finality, and the multiple
avenues available for postconviction relief, we apply the civil standard [for equitable
tolling] and require the predicates of bad faith, deception, or false assurances.").
Mr. Mines cites his appellate lawyer's failure to investigate the public trial issue as
one of the circumstances supporting equitable tolling of the one-year time bar. Appellate
counsel declared Mr. Mines wanted her to look into the public trial issue; she agreed to
do so, but she did not. But appellate counsel's inaction, even if it constitutes a false
assurance, did not affect Mr. Mines' ability to file a timely petition or amended petition
addressing the public trial issue. He does not address how bad faith, deception, or false
assurances caused his fonner lawyer to ignore the public trial issue in the timely-filed
14 f
I
I,
No. 25729-1-III
In re Pers. Restraint 0/ Mines
personal restraint petition. The record does not indicate equitable tolling is justified
under these circumstances. Haghighi, 178 Wn.2d at 448-49.
Given our analysis, we conclude although Mr. Mines shows a violation of his right
to public trial, he fails to prove actual and substantial prejudice justifying relief. His
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel was untimely filed in a motion to amend the
petition; the motion is denied.
B. Evidence Insufficiency
The issue is whether the evidence is sufficient to show Mr. Mines was armed with
a deadly weapon when he committed second degree assault with a deadly weapon, RCW
9A.36.021(l)(c). This issue was addressed and rejected on its merits in the appeal and
Mr. Mines offers no reasons why, in the interests ofjustice, it should be considered again
here. Mines, 163 Wn.2d at 392; see In re Pers. Restraint o/Yates, 177 Wn.2d 1, 17,296
P.3d 872 (2013) (reexamination of an issue decided in a prior appeal is limited to cases
where an intervening change in the law or some other circumstance justified the failure to
raise a crucial argument on appeal). Therefore, Mr. Mines does not show the evidence
insufficiency issue should be reconsidered in the interests ofjustice.
C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The issue is whether trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to hearsay
testimony by Mr. Mines' codefendant, Mr. Cramer. During direct-examination, Mr.
Cramer described what was happening in the back of the van involving the victim and
15
No. 25729-I-II1
. In re Pers. Restraint 0/ Mines
Mr. Mines. See Mines, 163 Wn.2d at 391. Defense counsel did not object to this
testimony. Mr. Mines contends Mr. Cramer's testimony prejudiced the jury against him.
Denial of a defendant's right to effective assistance of counsel is an error of
constitutional magnitude. State v. Nichols, 161 Wn.2d 1,9, 162 P.3d 1122 (2007). To
prove ineffective assistance of counsel, Mr. Mines must show with a preponderance of
the evidence that his counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and that this deficiency prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 687~88, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State V. McFarland, 127
Wn.2d 322,334-35,899 P.2d 1251 (1995). Under the prejudice prong, he must show a
reasonable probability that if counsel had not been deficient, the result of the trial would
have been different. In re Pers. Restraint o/Crace, 174 Wn.2d 835, 843,280 P.3d 1102
(2012). Counsel is presumed to be effective, and Mr. Mines must show an absence of
legitimate strategic reasons to support his counsel's challenged conduct. McFarland, 127
Wn.2d at 335; State V. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61,77-78,917 P.2d 563 (1996).
Because he rests his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on defense counsel's
failure to object, he must show the trial court likely would have sustained an objection.
State v. Fortun-Cebada, 158 Wn. App. 158, 172,241 P.3d 800 (2010).
Hearsay is an out-of-court statement made by someone other than the testifying
witness and offered for the truth of the matter asserted. ER 801(c). Under ER
80 1(d)(2)(v), the statement of a coconspirator made during the course of the conspiracy is
16
No. 25729-I-II1
In re Pers. Restraint ofMines
an exception to the rule that bars admission of hearsay evidence. Here, Mr. Cramer was a
codefendant describing the statements of a coconspirator made during the course of the
crime. The admission of these statements was proper under ER 80 I (d)(2)(v) and any
objection to them would have been overruled. Thus, Mr. Mines fails to show his trial
counsel's performance was deficient Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88. Accordingly, Mr.
Mines fails to show ineffective assistance of counseL
Given our analysis, we dismiss Mr. Mines' petition, RAP 16.11 (b), and deny his
motion to amend the petition as untimely. RCW 10.73.090(1).
Brown, J.
WE CONCUR:
~~.s. . _
Fe~
J
17
I
,t
t