Opinions of the United
2002 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
6-10-2002
USA v. Cort
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 01-4155
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"USA v. Cort" (2002). 2002 Decisions. Paper 338.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
__________
No. 01-4155
__________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
CHRISTOPHER LLOYD CORT,
Appellant
__________
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
D.C. Crim. No. 01-cr-00301
District Judge: The Honorable John C. Lifland
__________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
June 6, 2002
__________
Before: SLOVITER, NYGAARD and BARRY, Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: June 7, 2002)
____________
OPINION OF THE COURT
____________
BARRY, Circuit Judge
On June 27, 2001, Christopher Lloyd Cort pled guilty to knowingly and
intentionally conspiring to import approximately 500 grams of cocaine in violation of 21
U.S.C. 952 & 963. At sentencing, the District Court imposed a 30 month term of
incarceration after declining to award a downward adjustment under the "minor role"
provision of the United States Sentencing Guidelines, or to grant a discretionary
downward departure under the "heartland" provision of the Guidelines. On appeal, Cort
contends that the District Court made legal errors in construing these provisions. We
have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1291 and 18 U.S.C. 3742, and will affirm.
The parties are familiar with the facts of the underlying dispute and we will,
accordingly, discuss them only as necessary to resolve the issues presented.
According to the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Cort first entered this
country from Jamaica on March 17, 1998 and illegally remained. On February 6, 1999,
he married and later fathered a child. When finances became tight, Cort elected to
conspire with others to import cocaine into this country.
Cort alleges that he was brought into a drug trafficking conspiracy by a man only
known as "Yankee." As part of this conspiracy, Cort recruited his co-defendant, Doreen
Rodriguez, to act as a drug courier on a round trip between the United States and
Jamaica. Cort made all of Rodriguez’s travel arrangements and paid her travel expenses.
Rodriguez received $3,000 in advance, and was promised another $3,000 after she
smuggled the drugs into the United States.
Rodriguez flew to Jamaica on April 26, 2001 to meet with the drug suppliers
there. When she learned that she would have to swallow some 80 pellets filled with
cocaine to carry out her mission, however, she balked. The drug suppliers in Jamaica
called Cort to resolve the problem. Cort spoke with Rodriguez, and there is some
evidence, with which Cort does not take issue, indicating that during this phone
conversation Cort convinced Rodriguez to swallow the pellets. In any event, Rodriguez
did swallow the cocaine laden pellets sometime shortly after this phone call.
On April 30, 2001, Rodriguez returned to the United States through Newark
International Airport. Cort was to meet Rodriguez at the airport and take her to
Connecticut to collect the cocaine and pay her the outstanding $3,000. Rodriguez,
however, during a routine U.S. Custom’s check at the airport, confessed to smuggling the
cocaine. When confronted by the authorities shortly thereafter, Cort himself confessed to
participating in the cocaine importation conspiracy. Cort admitted that he was to be paid
by this mysterious "Yankee," who, according to Cort, had financed the botched
importation.
As noted above, on appeal Cort raises two issues. First, he contends that the
District Court committed legal error in denying him a downward adjustment for playing a
minor role in the conspiracy primarily because it failed to compare his culpability with
that of participants other than Rodriguez. Second, he claims that the District Court found
that it lacked authority to grant a downward departure pursuant to U.S.S.G. 5K2.0
based on the impact of the post-September 11, 2001 "war against terrorism" on the
deterrence value of lengthy sentences for illegal aliens. We will address each of these
arguments in turn. We exercise plenary review where, as here, it is alleged that the
District Court made a legal error in interpreting the Guidelines. United States v. Isaza-
Zapata, 148 F.3d 236, 237 (3d Cir. 1998).
Section 3B1.2(b) of the Guidelines provides for a two-level downward adjustment
of a defendant’s offense level "[i]f the defendant was a minor participant in any criminal
activity." Cort had the burden of demonstrating the applicability of this adjustment. Id.
at 240.
We have held that the principles relevant to determining the application of
3B1.2 are (1) the nature of the defendant’s relationship to the other participants, (2) the
importance of the defendant’s actions to the success of the venture, and (3) the
defendant’s awareness of the nature and scope of the criminal enterprise. Id. at 239.
Such an inquiry is necessarily fact-intensive and requires consideration of the
defendant’s culpability as against that of the other participants, indicted or not. At the
end of the day, "the reduction is available for a defendant whose role in the offense
makes him substantially less culpable than the average participant." Id. at 238.
Cort contends that the District Court failed to properly apply this standard because
it "narrowly focused" on only two facts, failed to "fully" consider Cort’s arguments in
support of a downward adjustment, and, at bottom, did not assess his culpability in
comparison to other participants. Appellant’s Br. at 15. The difficulty for Cort, as the
government correctly observes, is that the record of the sentencing hearing demonstrates
that the District Court acknowledged and applied the correct legal standard.
Prior to sentencing, the parties submitted letter briefs on the applicability of
3B1.2, and fully addressed the correct legal standard. At sentencing, the District Court
acknowledged reading these submissions and heard oral argument on the issue, during
which Cort was given ample opportunity to present his contentions. The District Court
then stated:
It is clear from the record that there are other participants besides Mr. Cort
and Ms. Rodriguez. And . . . I must consider his conduct relative to the
conduct of other participants, as well as Mr. Cort’s relationship to those
other participants, the importance of Mr. Cort’s actions to the success of
the venture, and Mr. Cort’s awareness of the nature and scope of the
criminal enterprise.
App. 27-28. In other words, the District Court expressly acknowledged its obligation to
consider "relative culpability" vis-a-vis the other participants in the conspiracy and
recited the precise factors we set forth in Isaza-Zapata.
Cort correctly notes that, after stating the legal standard, the District Court
emphasized two facts it considered "determinative" of the issue, namely Cort’s role as
the recruiter of Rodriguez and his relationship with the drug suppliers in Jamaica, who
turned to Cort when Rodriguez initially refused to ingest the cocaine filled pellets. The
focus on these two critical facts, however, does not mean that the District Court failed to
apply the correct legal standard. While the District Court found those two facts
"determinative," it did not by implication thereby exclude all other facts and issues from
consideration. Indeed, given the briefing and oral argument on the appropriate factors
for consideration, coupled with the District Court’s express acknowledgment of the
correct legal standard and its statements at sentencing, including its statement that Cort
was aware of the nature and scope of the criminal enterprise, we find that the District
Court gave ample consideration to all of the factors raised by Cort, and find no legal
error in the District Court’s rejection of a minor role adjustment.
Cort also sought a "heartland" downward departure pursuant to U.S.S.G. 5K2.0.
In the atypical case in which a defendant’s conduct can be said to fall outside of the
heartland of cases, a sentencing court may consider a departure from the Guidelines.
United States v. Iannone, 184 F.3d 214, 226 (3d Cir. 1999). Such departures are
permissible "if the court finds ’that there exists an aggravating or mitigating
circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the
Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that should result in a sentence
different from that described.’" U.S.S.G. 5K2.0, p.s. (quoting 18 U.S.C. 3553(b)).
The Guidelines also permit a departure where a combination of factors remove a case
from the heartland, even if none of the factors would individually distinguish the case
from the norm. U.S.S.G. 5K2.0 cmt.; see generally Koon v. United States, 518 U.S.
81, 94-96 & 113-14 (1996) (discussing the factors for a sentencing court to consider).
Cort does not contend that there is anything about the particular facts of his case
that differentiates it from the typical drug importation conspiracy case. Instead, Cort
claims that he is entitled to a downward departure because the Sentencing Commission,
when it promulgated the Guidelines, could not have envisioned the terrorist attacks of
September 11, 2001 and the response by the federal government -- the "heartland," in
other words, has been redefined. Specifically, Cort contends that because of the
government’s response to the September 11 attacks, in particular the increased effort to
prevent the unlawful entry of aliens into the United States by effectively sealing our
borders, the need for deterrence by virtue of stiff sentences for illegal aliens has been
"removed" because such aliens will not be able to re-enter the United States nearly as
easily, if at all, following deportation. Moreover, Cort opines, the waste of financial
resources on the incarceration of convicted drug dealers who happen to be illegal (and
therefore deportable) aliens is a basis for a downward departure because those funds
could be more profitably used in the war on terrorism. Under this logic, Cort conceded
before the District Court, all deportable aliens -- but not convicted American citizens --
would be entitled to heartland departures in the wake of September 11.
According to Cort, the District Court held that it lacked the authority under the
Guidelines to grant this "September 11" departure. As with his minor role adjustment
argument, Cort has misread what the District Court said. In short, even assuming,
without deciding, that a sentencing court may grant a heartland departure based on the
arguments raised by Cort, a review of the record demonstrates that the District Court
considered and rejected those arguments on the merits and not because it believed it
lacked authority to grant a downward departure based on them.
Again, as with his minor role contention, Cort was afforded the opportunity to
brief and argue his September 11 contentions. In response, the government asserted,
among other things, that the events of September 11 and the federal government’s
response simply did not render the circumstances of Cort’s crime atypical, i.e., there was
an insufficient causal connection between the geopolitical events surrounding the
September 11 terrorist attacks and Cort’s cocaine conspiracy to warrant a downward
departure.
In rejecting Cort’s September 11 arguments, the District Court observed that it
had "the authority to depart downward when an individual case presents facts that are
unusual enough that they fall outside the heartland of cases." App. 35. The District
Court then accepted "the government’s position that there is nothing unique to Mr.
Cort’s situation which would suggest to me that I should depart downward." App. 35.
The District Court added that the events of September 11 did not "change [its] approach
to Mr. Cort’s situation." App. 36. The District Court went on to concur with the
government’s policy and prudential observations as to why granting a downward
departure based on the events surrounding September 11 would not make sense given
Cort’s circumstances, and at no time even suggested that it lacked the authority to
consider such events in resolving the request for a heartland departure. Accord United
States v. Denardi, 892 F.2d 269, 271 (3d Cir. 1989) ("The difficulty with defendant’s
argument is that we do not read the district court’s sentencing remarks as indicating a
belief that it lacked the power to deviate downward from the guideline range in a proper
case."). Accordingly, the District Court did not commit an error of law.
Parenthetically, we note that there are numerous flaws in the logic underlying
Cort’s September 11 arguments. We will not burden this Opinion with a discussion of
all of these flaws, but will point out a few examples. First, as the government argued
below and the District Court found, granting such a downward departure would create
two classes of drug sentences, one for United States citizens and one for illegal aliens.
Giving illegal aliens a sentencing windfall from drug laws of general application based
on terrorist attacks is simply untenable. In addition, it is not necessarily correct, as Cort
argues, that the deterrence value of stiff drug sentences has been eroded when it comes to
illegal aliens because of tighter border controls. In the wake of September 11, it is
arguably more important than ever to send messages of deterrence to illegal aliens who
seek to commit unlawful acts on United States soil. Finally, Cort’s contention that the
financial "waste" of incarcerating him warrants a downward departure because of the
fiscal needs created by September 11 is unavailing. It is up to Congress to establish the
statutory and Guideline sentences for drug traffickers and to decide what is and is not a
"waste."
We will affirm the District Court’s judgment of sentence.
FOR THE COURT:
/s/ Maryanne Trump Barry
Circuit Judge