Opinions of the United
2002 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
5-24-2002
USA v. Black
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 01-2247
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"USA v. Black" (2002). 2002 Decisions. Paper 298.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 01-2247
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
LESLIE ANN BLACK,
Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Criminal Action No. 99-cr-00013)
District Judge: Honorable D. Brooks Smith
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
February 28, 2002
Before: ROTH and FUENTES, Circuit Judges
KATZ*, District Judge
( Opinion filed May 24, 2002)
* Honorable Marvin Katz, District Court Judge for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
-OPINION -
ROTH, Circuit Judge:
Appellant Leslie Ann Black appeals a final judgment of conviction from the
United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania. Black was found
guilty of using the United States mail with intent to commit murder for hire, pursuant to
18 U.S.C. 1958(a). She was sentenced to five years imprisonment. Black raises two
issues for appeal: (1) that the evidence was insufficient to prove an essential element of
the offense, the mailing of money as charged was "in consideration for" a murder-for-
hire; and (2) that the District Court erred in finding that cocaine is a "thing of pecuniary
value" under the murder-for-hire statute, 18 U.S.C. 1958.
We have appellant jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1291. We exercise plenary
review over sufficiency of evidence issues after a jury trial and questions of statutory
construction. United States v. Schneider, 14 F. 3d 876, 878 (3d Cir. 1994); United States
v. Thayer, 201 F. 3d 214, 219 (3d Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1244 (2000) and
United States v. Hayden, 64 F. 3d 126, 128 (3d Cir. 1995).
The facts of this case are familiar to the parties so we will not repeat them.
Under the statutory language at issue here, 18 U.S.C. 1958(a), there are three
basic elements of the offense: (1) interstate travel or use of the mail or an interstate
facility; (2) with the intent that a murder be committed; and (3) that it be committed as
consideration for the receipt of or a promise to pay anything of pecuniary value. United
States v. Hernandez , 141 F. 3d 1042, 1046 (11th Cir. 1998) (quoting 18 U.S.C. 1958).
The indictment charges Black as follows:
On or about October 4, 1999, in the Western District of Pennsylvania, the
defendant, LESLIE ANN BLACK, used or caused to be used the United States
mail with the intent that the murder of an individual known to the grand jury be
committed in the Commonwealth of Virginia and in violation of the laws of the
Commonwealth of Virginia as consideration for the receipt of, and in
consideration for a promise and agreement to pay, things of pecuniary value, to
wit: an undetermined amount of United States currency and a quantity of cocaine.
Criminal Number 99-13J, Count II.
Black contends first that the $100 that she mailed to the hit man was for expenses
and was not consideration for committing the murder. She argues that because the $100
mailing was not consideration for the murder, the first and third elements of the offense
were not met.
The District Court instructed the jury that the first element was based upon the use
of the mail, i.e., to send the $100 expense money. Thus, that element of the offense was
met; the money sent by mail did not need to be the consideration for committing the
murder.. As for the amount of consideration, its exact amount need not have been set
when the mailing was made. Cf. United States v. Ransbottom, 914 F.2d 743, 746 (6th
Cir. 1990) (holding that "the statute gives no indication that the contract must be in
existence and that the consideration must have been provided at the time of the travel.").
Second, Black contends that the consideration element was presented to the jury
on alternative theories, money or cocaine, and that one theory was invalid: cocaine is not
covered by the statutory definition of consideration and thus cannot be deemed "a thing
of pecuniary value" as required by 18 U.S.C. 1958.
The murder-for-hire statute states:
’anything of pecuniary value’ means anything of value in the form of money, a
negotiable instrument, a commercial interest, or anything else the primary
significance of which is economic advantage.
18 U.S.C. 1958(b)(1). We conclude that the language of the statute is broad enough to
include cocaine. Cocaine qualifies as "anything else the primary significance of which is
economic advantage" because it is something that is bought and sold.
For the above reasons, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to sustain the
conviction. We will affirm the judgment of the District Court.
TO THE CLERK:
Please file the foregoing Opinion.
By the Court,
/s/ Jane R. Roth
Circuit Judge