Opinions of the United
2003 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
7-16-2003
Ahmed v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 02-3315
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
NO. 02-3315
OMAR F. AHMED,
Petitioner
v.
JOHN ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY GENERAL
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent
On Petition for Review of an Order
of the Board of Immigration Appeals
(No. A73-543-250)
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
June 27, 2003
Before: SLOVITER, AMBRO, Circuit Judges, and TUCKER*, District Judge
(Filed: July 16, 2003)
OPINION OF THE COURT
* Hon. Petrese B. Tucker, United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
SLOVITER, Circuit Judge.
Petitioner Omar F. Ahmed, a stateless Palestinian born in Saudi Arabia, petitions
for review of a July 26, 2002 order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), which
affirmed an Immigration Judge’s decision to deny Ahmed’s applications for asylum and
withholding of deportation. Ahmed contends that he is entitled to asylum as a refugee
because he has a well-founded fear that, if returned to Saudi Arabia, he will be persecuted
as a member of a particular social group under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42), i.e., stateless
Palestinians.
Because Ahmed was placed in deportation proceedings before April 1, 1997, and
his final order of deportation was issued by the BIA after October 31, 1996, we have
jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1105a (1994), as amended by the transitional rules for
judicial review in Section 309(c)(4) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009-306, 3009-625 (Sept. 30,
1996) (“IIRIRA”). See also Sandoval v. Reno, 166 F.3d 225, 229 (3d Cir. 1999)
(applying IIRIRA transitional rules of jurisdiction).
I.
Ahmed is a 37-year old native of Saudi Arabia of Palestinian descent. The
Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) admitted him into the United States as a
non-immigrant visitor for pleasure on January 31, 1995 with permission to remain in the
country until June 30, 1996. He remained beyond that date without authorization and the
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INS brought this deportation proceeding against him on February 19, 1997. On August
26, 1997, Ahmed admitted that he had overstayed his visitor’s visa and, in relief of
deportation, sought review of his applications for asylum and withholding of deportation.
An Immigration Judge (“IJ”), following a hearing on the merits of Ahmed’s application
for asylum, determined that Ahmed had not established past persecution or a well-
founded fear of persecution if returned to Saudi Arabia and denied his applications for
asylum and withholding of deportation. App. at iii (IJ’s Oral Decision and Order). The
BIA affirmed the IJ’s ruling. App. at ii (BIA order).
The IJ recognized, based on Ahmed’s testimony, that Palestinians in Saudi Arabia
are relegated to officially sanctioned second-class status incorporated into the legal and
social structure of Saudi Arabia. Ahmed sought to portray this treatment as persecution
providing grounds for asylum. He testified that although his parents have lived in Saudi
Arabia for 50 years and Ahmed was born in the country, neither he nor his parents have
been able to obtain Saudi citizenship because Saudi Arabia reserves citizenship for people
of Saudi descent. To remain in the country, Palestinians must renew their residence
permits every two years for a fee of 2,000 Riyals (about $530). Palestinians must also be
“sponsored” by a Saudi Arabian citizen to own real property, work, or own a business.
To illustrate the harsh effects of this requirement, Ahmed related that his father had
successfully operated and expanded a grocery store for 15 years, only to see his Saudi
sponsor – the de jure owner of the store – take the business away once it became
3
profitable. Each time a Palestinian wishes to change jobs, he must change sponsors for a
fee of 6,000 Riyals (about $1,600).
Ahmed testified about his experience while growing up in Saudi Arabia. He was
barred from certain activities during high school and initially was not allowed to attend a
university because he was an alien. Although he was able to gain admission to King Saud
University in Riyadh because of his talent for soccer and the connections of a family
friend, he was forced to study political and administrative science at the university
because aliens could not choose their own topic of study. After graduating from the
university and searching for a job for more than a year, Ahmed was hired in 1993 to sell
cars. He testified that he was paid one-third as much as his Saudi counterparts and had to
work significantly longer hours.
As a consequence of Palestinian support for Iraq during the Gulf War, there were
heightened restrictions on Palestinians in Saudi Arabia and apparently increased tensions.
Ahmed was stopped by a police officer in late 1992 for passing through a red light while
driving, which Ahmed claims was merely a pretext to harass a Palestinian. Ahmed was
jailed for two days on this occasion. In mid-1993, Ahmed was jailed by Saudi Arabian
coast guard officials for five days because he was suspected of planting mines while
fishing. Ahmed alleges that on both occasions the police abused and mistreated him
while he was in custody.
Ahmed obtained a visitor’s visa from the U.S. Consul in July 1995 and visited the
4
United States for four months which, he testified, strengthened his desire to live in the
United States and “make this wonderful country my home.” App. at viii. He returned to
Saudi Arabia but re-entered the United States for the last time in December 1995.
II.
The IJ found Ahmed to be credible but denied his application for asylum. He
concluded that Ahmed only showed that Palestinians living in Saudi Arabia are subject to
discrimination but that such discrimination did not rise to the level of persecution. The
BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision to deny Ahmed asylum or withholding of deportation.
We apply a deferential standard of review to the BIA’s decision. While we must
ascertain whether the BIA’s factual determinations are supported by substantial evidence,
Senathirajah v. INS, 157 F.3d 210, 216 (3d Cir. 1998), we may decline to uphold the
BIA’s findings only if the evidence compels a contrary conclusion. INS v. Elias-
Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992); Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483-84 (3d
Cir. 2001). We defer to the BIA’s interpretation of the Immigration and Nationality Act
(“INA”) unless the interpretation is “‘arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the
statute.’” Katsis v. INS, 997 F.2d 1067, 1070 (3d Cir. 1993) (quoting Chevron U.S.A.
Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844 (1984)).
Section 208(b) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b), provides that the Attorney General
has discretion to grant asylum to refugees. The INA defines a refugee as a person who is
unable or unwilling to return to his country “because of persecution or a well-founded
5
fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant
bears the burden of establishing that he falls within this definition. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a)
(2003); Abdille, 242 F.3d at 482. Establishing eligibility for withholding of deportation
requires a showing of a “clear probability of persecution,” a higher standard than that for
asylum. INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 430 (1984); Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1238 (3d
Cir. 1993).
Though the INA provides no definition of persecution, this court has held that
persecution connotes extreme behavior, including “threats to life, confinement, torture,
and economic restrictions so severe that they constitute a threat to life or freedom.” Id. at
1240. This definition does not include “all treatment that our society regards as unfair,
unjust, or even unlawful or unconstitutional.” Id. The thrust of Ahmed’s claim is that his
account of widespread legal and economic discrimination against Palestinians in Saudi
Arabia, and his imprisonment on two occasions (for a total of seven days), provides the
basis for a well-founded fear of persecution. While we appreciate Ahmed’s strong desire
to remain in the United States, the BIA’s decision was based on a reasonable
interpretation of the definition of persecution under the INA. A holding that the treatment
to which Ahmed was subject constitutes persecution would lower the bar for asylum and
mean that “a significant percentage of the world’s population would qualify for asylum in
this country.” Id.
6
Ahmed has not shown that Palestinians in Saudi Arabia experience treatment that
rises to the level of persecution. See Matter of Mogharrabi, 19 I. & N. Dec. 439, 446
(BIA 1987) (a well-founded fear of persecution “can be based on what has happened to
others who are similarly situated”). Indeed it appears that the disadvantages he faces in
Saudi Arabia apply not just to Palestinians but more broadly to all foreigners, who are
also denied Saudi citizenship. Addressing substantially the same claim from another
Saudi-born Palestinian in Faddoul v. INS, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
denied asylum, holding that “[t]o find persecution under these circumstances would
require a finding that jus sanguinis is persecution per se.” 37 F.3d 185, 189 (5th Cir.
1994). The Eleventh Circuit recently concurred with this holding in Najjar v. Ashcroft,
257 F.3d 1262, 1291-92 (11th Cir. 2001).
Ahmed points to the two instances of his imprisonment in 1992 and 1993 for a
total of seven days as a basis for his fear of persecution. Although Ahmed contends he
was imprisoned because he was Palestinian, the IJ found that in both instances the police
had grounds to hold Ahmed. We have no basis to reverse that finding of fact.
Ahmed also seeks to characterize the economic disadvantages he faces as
persecution, but his testimony belies this conclusion. He is a graduate of King Saud
University, something that apparently few other Palestinians in Saudi Arabia can claim.
With the exception of one year after his graduation from the University, he was able to
obtain employment. Ahmed’s brother-in-law is a Saudi citizen who would be able to
7
sponsor him for a residence permit or job in the future. Other courts of appeals have held
that comparable economic hardship does not rise to the level of persecution. See, e.g.,
Sharif v. INS, 87 F.3d 932, 935 (7th Cir. 1996) (finding that economic hardship did not
amount to persecution where alien lost one job but found another); Saballo-Cortez v. INS,
761 F.2d 1259, 1264 (9th Cir. 1985) (holding that denial of food discounts and work
permit for more desirable type of employment was not persecution). We also hold that
the economic restrictions Ahmed describes are not so severe as to constitute a threat to
life or freedom amounting to persecution.
Nor are we persuaded that Ahmed’s status as a stateless Palestinian is a basis for
finding the requisite fear of persecution. Notwithstanding the recognition by both the
United States and the international community of the problem of statelessness,
statelessness alone does not warrant asylum. Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1293. We agree with the
Fifth Circuit which also was unwilling to consider Saudi Arabia’s treatment of stateless
Palestinians as “persecution.” Faddoul, 37 F.3d at 190.
III.
Ahmed also argues that the BIA’s summary affirmance procedure offends due
process and rules of administrative law. Every court of appeals that has examined this
issue has found the BIA’s procedure for streamlining reviews under 8 C.F.R. § 3.1(a)(7)
to be constitutional. Although this issue is currently pending before this court en banc,
we conclude that Ahmed’s claim on the merits is insufficiently compelling to warrant our
8
holding up disposition of this appeal until that decision is forthcoming.
IV.
For the reasons set forth, we will deny Ahmed’s petition for review.
/s/ Dolores K. Sloviter
Circuit Judge