Opinions of the United
2004 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
5-25-2004
USA v. Towers
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 03-1963
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
Case No 03-1963
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;
GOVERNMENT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
v.
FABIAN TOWERS,
Appellant
_________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix Division
(Crim. No. 02-cr-00057)
District Judge: The Honorable Raymond L. Finch
_________________________________
Argued May 5, 2004
BEFORE: BARRY, AMBRO and SMITH, Circuit Judges,
(Filed May 25, 2004)
Martial A. Webster (argued)
116 Queen Cross Street
Frederiksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00840
Counsel for Appellant
David M. Nissman
Alphonso G. Andrews, Jr. (argued)
1108 King Street, Suite 201
Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00829
Counsel for Appellee
_____________
OPINION OF THE COURT
_____________
SMITH, Circuit Judge.
Appellant Fabian Towers was convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (the “federal statute”), and of unauthorized possession of
a firearm in violation of 14 V.I.C. § 2253(a) (the “local statute”). 1 He now challenges these
convictions on two grounds: (1) that the charges were multiplicitous and therefore violated
the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment; and (2) that there was insufficient
evidence to sustain his conviction. Because we conclude that the charges were not
multiplicitous and that there was sufficient evidence to support his conviction, we will
affirm.
I.
Because we write only for the parties, we set forth only a brief recitation of the facts.
Appellant Fabian Towers was on parole on April 4, 2001, when the pickup truck in which
he was a passenger was pulled over by the police. According to the testimony of Officers
Rolando Huertas and Winston Marcus, Jr., and of several of the other passengers in the
1
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231 and 48 U.S.C. §
1612(c), and we exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 48 U.S.C. §
1613a(c).
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vehicle, several people who had been riding in the bed of the truck immediately fled. Officer
Huertas further testified that he saw Towers jump out of the bed of the truck, go to “the front
passenger door, the right side of the vehicle, front passenger door, and he went, reach [sic]
under his shirt, and pulled a gun out, and pass [sic] to the front seat passenger,” Veronica
Santana. Officer Huertas testified that when he saw Towers “pull the weapon,” he yelled
“gun” to alert his partner, drew his service weapon and ordered Towers to the ground.
Officer Huertas also informed his partner when he discovered that Towers was wearing a
bulletproof vest. A search of the truck, according to Officer Huertas, revealed a gun under
the passenger seat and another gun in the truck bed under a black jacket.
Although Officer M arcus testified that he did not see Towers with the gun, he
confirmed that Officer Huertas had shouted the word “gun.” He also testified that Huertas
told him Towers was wearing a bulletproof vest. Towers denied passing the gun to Santana,
and Santana testified that she had not received the gun from Towers. The driver of the
vehicle, Everton Knight, testified that he did not see Towers give anything to Santana
because he “was focused on the police officer.”
The government indicted Towers on eight counts. He waived his right to a jury, and
trial commenced on July 24, 2002. The District Court dismissed counts three through eight
at trial when the Government of the Virgin Islands would not produce the records of Officer
Jose Rodriguez, whose testimony was central to those charges. The District Judge convicted
Towers on counts one and two, possession of a firearm by a felon (under the federal statute)
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and unauthorized possession of a firearm (under the local statute), respectively. Towers was
sentenced to 115 months on the federal count and 15 years on the local count, to run
concurrently, followed by three years of supervised release. The judge also imposed a
special assessment of $100 against Towers and fined him $1,000, to be paid through
participation in the Inmate Financial Responsibility Program.
II.
Towers argues that the indictment violated his right to be protected from double
jeopardy because the charges were multiplicitous in that the local statute contained an
enhancement provision for possession by a felon. This Court undertakes de novo review of
questions of law. United States v. Rivera Constr. Co., 863 F.2d 293, 295 n.3 (3d Cir. 1988).
The rule governing multiplicity in an indictment was set forth by the Supreme Court in
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932): “[W]here the same act or transaction
constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine
whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact
which the other does not.” 284 U.S. at 304; see also United States v. Hodge, 211 F.3d 74, 78
(3d Cir. 2000) (“To determine whether the offenses grow out of the same occurrence, we
apply the test set forth in Blockburger.”). “[I]f each statute requires proof of an additional
fact which the other does not, an acquittal or conviction under either statute does not exempt
the defendant from prosecution and punishment under the other.” Blockburger, 284 U.S. at
4
304 (citations and quotation marks omitted). 2
When applying the Blockburger test, courts look to the offenses in the abstract rather
than to the facts of the particular case. Brathwaite, 782 F.2d at 407 n.8. In this case, when
the local and federal statutes are compared—even ignoring the requirement in the federal
statute that the defendant be a felon and the enhancement available under the local statute if
the defendant is a felon—the two statutes each require proof of an additional element that the
other does not. Specifically, unlike the federal statute, the local statute requires that the
firearm be operable and that it be carried illegally, United States v. Blyden, 740 F. Supp. 376,
380 (D.V.I. 1990). Likewise, the federal statute requires possession “in or affecting
commerce,” see United States v. Dodd, 225 F.3d 340, 344 (3d Cir. 2000), while the local
statute does not.
Towers argues that “because of the unique size, location and limited resources of the
Virgin Islands, it is axiomatic that no firearm is manufactured in the Virgin Islands.” Towers
Br. at 15-16. Because we look at the offenses in the abstract, we need not resolve this
question. It matters only that the federal statute, and not the local statute, requires that the
gun travel in or affect interstate commerce. The charges of which Towers was convicted
were therefore not multiplicitous and his double jeopardy rights were not violated.
2
Both parties agree, and it is settled law, that “the Virgin Islands and the federal
government are considered one sovereignty for the purpose of determining whether an
individual may be punished under both Virgin Islands and United States statutes for a
similar offense growing out of the same occurrence.” Hodge, 211 F.3d at 78 (quoting
Gov’t of the V.I. v. Brathwaite, 782 F.2d 399, 406 (3d Cir. 1986)).
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III.
Towers further argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction. In
reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, this Court employs a substantial evidence
standard, i.e., whether there is substantial evidence that, when viewed in the light most
favorable to the government, would allow a rational trier of fact to find the essential elements
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Aguilar, 843 F.2d 155, 157 (3d Cir.
1988). The testimony of even one individual is sufficient to satisfy the substantial evidence
standard, so long as that testimony would allow the finder of fact to find the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See, e.g., United States v. Provenzano, 620
F.2d 985, 999 (3d Cir. 1980); Jacobs v. Redman, 616 F.2d 1251, 1255 (3d Cir. 1980).
In this case, not only did Officer Huertas testify that he saw Towers hand the gun to
Santana, but Officer Marcus’s testimony corroborated Officer Huertas’s testimony in that
Officer Marcus heard him yell out “gun,” saw him apprehend Towers and verified that a gun
was found where Santana had been sitting. Knight did not contradict Officer Huertas’s
testimony and he testified that there had not been a gun in his truck prior to Towers riding
in it that day. Although Towers’s and Santana’s testimony conflicted with Officer Huertas’s,
our role is not to weigh evidence or determine the credibility of witnesses. United States v.
Casper, 956 F.2d 416, 421 (3d Cir. 1992). Officer Huertas’s testimony alone would have
been sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find that the essential elements of the crime had
been established beyond a reasonable doubt, and here the record shows that there was
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significant additional corroborating testimony.
IV.
Because we conclude that the charges were not multiplicitous and the evidence was
sufficient to convict Towers of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and 14 V.I.C. § 2253(a), we
will affirm the judgment of the District Court.
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