Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
3-9-2005
USA v. Benjamin
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 03-3076
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_______________
No. 03-3076
________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
GILBERT BENJAMIN,
Appellant
____________________________________
On Appeal From the United States District Court
For the District of New Jersey
(D.C. No. 02-cr-00168)
District Judge: Honorable Mary Little Cooper
_______________________________________
Argued: May 4, 2004
Before: SLOVITER, FUENTES and BECKER, Circuit Judges
(Filed: March 9, 2005)
GEORGE S. LEONE, ESQ.
SABRINA G. COMIZZOLI, ESQ. (Argued)
Office of the United States Attorney
970 Broad Street
Room 700
Newark, NJ 07102
Attorneys for Appellee
DAVID E. SCHAFER, ESQ. (Argued)
Office of the Federal Public Defender
22 South Clinton Avenue
Station Plaza #4, 4 th Floor
Trenton, NJ 08609
Attorney for Appellant
_______________________
OPINION
_______________________
BECKER, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal by Gilbert Benjamin (“Benjamin”) from a judgment in a criminal
case in the wake of a jury verdict of guilty. It presents both an attack on the conviction
and on the sentence. The panel having resolved at conference that the appeal of the
conviction was lacking in merit, we held the case C.A.V. pending the decision of the
Supreme Court in United States v. Booker, — U.S. —, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). In the
wake of that decision, we will, after affirming the conviction, remand the matter for
resentencing in accordance with this Court’s post-Booker practice.
I. Facts and Procedural History
The following are the facts developed in the trial record, viewed in the light most
favorable to the government. Between 1985 and 1998, Benjamin worked as a civilian
computer specialist in the Communications and Electronics Command (“CECOM”) of the
Department of the Army in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. In his spare time, Benjamin ran
two side businesses. The first was Blue Sky Enterprises, Inc., a sexually-oriented
entertainment business which offered an internet-based, interactive, adult pornographic
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website with live sex shows for subscribers who paid a monthly membership fee. Blue
Sky operated out of a warehouse at Allaire Airport, a private airport in Farmingdale, New
Jersey, and was supported by a computer server linked to a high-speed data transmission
line supplied by MCI (the “T-1 line”) for internet access. Benjamin’s second side
business involved selling computers at discounted prices to friends and acquaintances,
mostly out of the garage at his home in Neptune, New Jersey, but also through his wife or
brother, Gary Benjamin, over the internet and to colleagues at work.
In August 1998, CECOM employees discovered that the government had been
paying the MCI bills for the T-1 line linking Blue Sky at Allaire Airport to the internet;
that Blue Sky was a pornographic website operated by Benjamin; and that the T-1 line
served no governmental or military purpose. The investigations also determined that the
government had paid for computer merchandise ordered by Benjamin which had been
shipped to addresses in Florida and New Hampshire where the military had no presence,
including to Benjamin’s brother, Gary Benjamin, who owned an electronics store, A&B
Computers, Inc., in Berlin, New Hampshire, and who also spent time in Sarasota, Florida.
The computers were shipped to Gary Benjamin under the false military title “Colonel
Gary.” 1 Gary Benjamin sold the computers at discounted prices, but Gilbert Benjamin
retained the proceeds. Benjamin had even authorized computer shipments, claiming that
they were for either “new equipment training” or “Black Op,” apparently a secret
1
Shipping records also reflected that computers were shipped to Gary Benjamin’s
employee, Dennis Therrien, under the pseudonym “Sgt. Dennis.”
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operation.
Benjamin was charged in three different fraudulent schemes: counts 1-17
addressed the “Blue Sky Mail Fraud” scheme in which Benjamin allegedly caused the
government to pay the MCI bills for a T-1 line that supported Blue Sky; counts 18-34
addressed the “Computer Mail Fraud” scheme in which Benjamin allegedly used his
government position to order computers and computer parts which were paid for by the
government but which he then sold privately for his own profit; and counts 35-68
addressed the “False Claim Upon the United States” scheme in which Benjamin allegedly
submitted claims for reimbursement to the government for the purchase of internet
services and computers which he had converted to his own personal use. Benjamin raises
four issues relative to the conviction.
II. Discussion
A. Cross-examination of James Lockwood
Benjamin contends that the District Court erred when it refused to let him cross-
examine government witness James Lockwood regarding personal financial difficulties
Lockwood had in 1989. Lockwood had been Benjamin’s civilian supervisor, and it was
he who explained to the jury the process that led to the discovery that the government was
paying for an unnecessary T-1 line that was supporting Benjamin’s pornographic web
site. Benjamin sought to impeach Lockwood on cross-examination with “reverse Fed. R.
Evid. 404(b)” evidence that, in 1988 and 1989, Lockwood had experienced personal
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financial difficulties and borrowed money from two subordinates. Defense counsel
suggested that this evidence was relevant because it was against regulations to borrow
money from an inferior and because the financial “motive” extended to the time of the
indictment, ten years later. But this lapse in time itself undermines the notion that the
District Court abused its discretion in excluding this evidence. At all events,
considerations such as undue waste of time and confusion of the issues under Rule 403
made the exclusion reasonable; additionally, any error resulting from the exclusion would
have been harmless because the evidence against Benjamin was overwhelming.
B. Variance
Counts 18-34 charged Benjamin with a scheme to defraud the United States by
profiting from the sale of computers paid for by the government. The District Court
allowed the government to introduce, as “intrinsic,” evidence that Benjamin sold
additional computers locally, other than those shipped to New Hampshire and Florida.
Benjamin claims that in so doing, the District Court created a variance between the proof
and the indictment. The indictment charged that the principal object of Benjamin’s
computer fraud scheme was: “to unjustly enrich himself by ordering computer products . .
. converting those products to his own use and then reselling them and keeping the
proceeds.” App. at 24. The District Court correctly ruled that the challenged evidence
was intrinsic to the government’s case because it demonstrated Benjamin’s overarching
scheme—he unjustly enriched himself by selling computers for which the government
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had paid. We have explained that “acts are intrinsic when they directly prove” the
charged offense. United States v. Cross, 308 F. 3d 308, 320 (3d Cir. 2002). The District
Court found that the local computer sales constituted evidence of the crime charged.
App. at 695. To show reversible error, Benjamin must show that (1) “there was a
variance between the indictment and the proof adduced at trial” and (2) “the variance
prejudiced some substantial right.” United States v. Balter, 91 F.3d 427, 441 (3d Cir.
1996). There is no variance because the unjust enrichment that resulted from the
computer sales was the type of conduct described in the indictment.
C. Cross-examination of Linda Smollen
Benjamin called Smollen, who had been his administrative assistant at Fort
Monmouth in 1996, as a witness to testify that the army inventory system allowed Jerry
West free reign over the computers coming into and leaving the base. During cross-
examination, the government asked Smollen about past alcohol problems. The
government claims that it wanted to elicit testimony that she had abused drugs and
alcohol for purposes of attacking her perception and her recollection of the events about
which she testified. We find this stratagem troubling, but do not find reversible error.
As suggested above, the standard of review for admissibility of evidence is abuse of
discretion, see United States v. Serafini, 233 F. 3d 758, 768 n.14 (3d Cir. 2000), and the
inclusion of this evidence hardly rises to that level. Indeed, Smollen’s testimony had
little probative value: she merely testified that she once assisted Jerry West in loading
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computer software—hardly testimony that would have exculpated Benjamin of computer
theft even had her credibility been unchallenged.
D. Cross-examination of Eugene Samuel
Samuel was Benjamin’s supervisor at Forth Monmouth and, at the time that he was
subpoenaed by Benjamin to testify, he was the plaintiff in a civil employment
discrimination suit against the Department of Defense. According to Benjamin, the Court
“severely hampered Benjamin’s ability to elicit information from Samuel, and violated his
Sixth Amendment right to call a witness in his defense” by permitting the government to
threaten to cross-examine Samuel about matters that might lead him to invoke his Fifth
Amendment right against self-incrimination. Benjamin also believes that the District
Court abused its discretion by not requiring the government to state on the record, outside
the presence of the jury, the supposed incriminating questions it wished to ask Samuel.
We are frankly mystified by these arguments. It appears that Samuel had a prior
suspension for sexual harassment that he might have been trying to avoid being brought
to light. He may also have been worried that he would be cross-examined in such a way
that he would be implicated in criminal activity related to the charges against Benjamin.
To allay these concerns, the District Court informed Samuel that he could invoke his Fifth
Amendment right to silence and that if he was concerned that a particular question “might
implicate [his] own rights,” he should err “on the side of just quietly saying I think I
would like to have a recess now.” These considerations do not render the actions of the
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District Court erroneous.
Benjamin also claims that “Samuel’s concern over the government’s threatening
cross-examination ballooned into anxiety about whether his direct testimony violated his
security clearance.” (Benjamin Br. at 21.) But this contention makes little sense,
especially in light of the District Court’s caution in this area. It seems that no questions
were asked that would have constrained Samuel to invoke his Fifth Amendment rights.
In sum, we fail to see where there was any conflict between Benjamin’s Sixth
Amendment right to procure testimony and Samuel’s Fifth Amendment right not to
incriminate himself.
E. Restitution
The District Court ordered Benjamin to make restitution in the amount of
$383,605 to the Department of the Army pursuant to the Mandatory Victim Restitution
Act (“MVRA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A. This figure included the cost of the T-1 line
servicing Blue Sky ($96,733), the cost of the computers which Benjamin stole and
shipped out of state ($221,431), and the cost of the computers which Benjamin stole and
sold locally in New Jersey ($65,441). Benjamin submits that the uncharged computers
constituted a variance, see supra Part II.B, and that it was therefore error to impose
restitution for them. He cites Hughey v. United States, 495 U.S. 411 (1990) for the
proposition that the court cannot order restitution for items not specifically listed in the
indictment. However, a post-Hughey amendment has expanded the power of district
8
courts to order restitution and has enabled district courts to order restitution without
regard to whether the particular criminal conduct was charged in the indictment. See 18
U.S.C. § 3663(a)(2). As we have explained, the 1990 amendments “were intended to
change the Hughey interpretation of the statute by enlarging the courts’ power to order
restitution beyond that permitted by Hughey.” United States v. Seligsohn, 981 F.2d 1418,
1422 (3d Cir. 1992).
Benjamin was charged with and convicted of mail fraud, a crime that includes a
scheme as an element of the offense. See 18 U.S.C. § 1341. As we have explained in
Part II.B, Benjamin’s local sales of computers fall within the overarching scheme
described in the indictment, and hence the losses from the locally sold computers resulted
directly from Benjamin’s criminal conduct, see United States v. Kones, 77 F.3d 66, 70 (3d
Cir. 1996). Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in ordering that
Benjamin make restitution to the government for all the stolen computers, including those
he sold locally, see United States v. Crandon, 173 F.3d 122, 125 (3d Cir. 1999).
III. Summary
In view of the foregoing, the judgment of conviction and the order for restitution
will be affirmed. However, as noted above, Benjamin’s attacks on the sentence are
another matter. More specifically, Benjamin makes the following objections to the
sentence: (1) that the District Court erred in finding that the government had proven an
amount of loss equal to one hundred percent of the amount billed for two T-1
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communication lines; (2) that the District Court erred in giving him a two-level
enhancement for obstruction of justice in addition to an upward departure for obstruction;
and (3) that the District Court erred by giving him either an upward adjustment for
obstruction of justice or an upward departure for obstruction of justice.
Because these points implicate the strictures of Booker, we will vacate Benjamin’s
sentence and remand to the District Court for resentencing.
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