United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
____________
No. 96-1331
____________
United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Western District of Missouri
David Wayne Johnson, *
*
Appellant. *
____________
Submitted: November 19, 1996
Filed: June 11, 1997
____________
Before McMILLIAN, HENLEY and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit
Judges.
____________
McMILLIAN, Circuit Judge.
David Wayne Johnson appeals from a final judgment entered in the
United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri,1 upon
a jury verdict, finding him guilty of armed bank robbery and possession of
a firearm during a crime of violence. 18 U.S.C. §§ 2113(a), (d), 924(c).
For reversal, appellant contends that the
1
The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
district court erred in: (1) denying his motion for judgment of acquittal
based on the insufficiency of the evidence, (2) giving an "Allen" charge,
and (3) denying his motion for a new trial based on newly discovered
evidence. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the judgment of the
district court.
BACKGROUND FACTS
On the morning of August 16, 1994, at or about 9:35 to 9:40 a.m., the
North American Savings Bank in Kansas City, Missouri, was held up by a lone
individual. Rikki Kreamer, Head Teller, testified that she noticed a man
with a bag clutched under his arms walking toward her from the door. At
that time, there were no other customers in the bank; therefore, she looked
directly at the man as he approached. When he was standing within three
feet of her, Kreamer said that the man told her that he was robbing the
bank and directed her to give him her money. He then placed the bag on
the counter and opened it. She testified that, when the man opened the
bag, she saw the butt of a gun inside, and, when he placed his hand into
the bag, he appeared to be holding the gun in her direction. She further
said that, after she saw the gun, she became frightened and gave the man
all of the money in her drawer. Kreamer described the bank robber as a
white male wearing a red baseball cap and a loose-fitting, colored shirt
that was buttoned down. Although she could not recall anything about his
pants, she did notice that they had pockets on the back. She testified
that the robber had gray hair, "salt and pepper type," and appeared to be
wearing a wig in a darker color than his natural hair; he wore sunglasses
with yellow lenses and his mustache was a "salt and pepper" gray. She
noticed that he had unusually large feet, was about six feet tall, and
weighed around 230 to 250 pounds. She not only identified appellant in
court as the man who robbed her, but she had also identified him as the
bank robber on September 1, 1994, at a police lineup.
Diane G. Harris, the branch manager, testified that the robber took
$3,472.00. Carolyn Newsome, a bank teller who worked next to Kreamer,
testified that she
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noticed a man hunched over Kreamer, so she moved slightly to get a better
look, and realized that a robbery was in progress. Thereafter, she reached
under the counter and pushed the button to activate a silent alarm. As
soon as the silent alarm was activated, a surveillance camera immediately
began to take pictures of the bank interior. At trial, Newsome was unable
to identify appellant as the bank robber.
As soon as the alarm was activated, a computer in the Communications
Unit of the Kansas City, Missouri, Police Department (KCPD) automatically
made a record of the incident. At trial, Jeane Rast, a supervisor in the
Communications Unit, explained how the process worked. She testified that
the call came in from the North American Savings Bank at exactly 9:40 a.m.
on August 16, 1994.
Appellant told the investigating agents that he could not have robbed
the bank, because he had been at work at that time at Bob Sight Lincoln
Mercury in Kansas City, Missouri. He said he did not recall whether he was
supposed to have been at work at 9:00 or 9:30 a.m., but, whatever time it
was, he said he was there. During the search of appellant's house, FBI
Special Agent Julie Christian found a Day-Minder type of calendar in
appellant's living room. She opened it to August 16, and found a notation
on the page, "10:00, Bob Sight."
FBI agents interviewed employees at Bob Sight Lincoln Mercury to
attempt to verify appellant's alibi. Two of these employees testified at
trial about their recollection of the morning of the robbery. Richard E.
Barrett, a salesman at the car dealership, testified he believed that on
the morning of August 16, he first saw appellant somewhere between 9:40 and
9:50 a.m. However, he also testified he did not look at his watch, and
therefore he was not certain of the time.
Larry Frick, the new car sales manager at the car dealership,
testified that he had hired appellant as a salesman during the week of
August 8, 1994. Appellant was scheduled to arrive at the car dealership
between 9:30 and 10:00 on the morning of
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August 16th. Frick testified that he was in a manager's meeting from
around 9:00 a.m. until 9:45 a.m., after which he came out onto the sales
floor and saw Barrett. Frick further testified that as he walked out of
the meeting, he glanced at a clock, because he was expecting appellant to
arrive. Frick testified the receptionist notified him at 9:56 a.m. that
appellant had arrived and that thereafter he spent the greater part of the
day, from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., training appellant. He also noted that
appellant never returned to work at the car dealership after that day.
That evening, Frick saw a report of the bank robbery on the
television news, and the news program showed a surveillance photograph of
the robber. Frick testified that he commented to his wife, "God, that guy
looks familiar," but that he did not remember at the time whom the
photograph resembled. After he was contacted by the FBI, he suddenly
realized that the photograph looked like the man he had spent the day with
on Tuesday, August 16, 1994 — appellant.
FBI Special Agent Eric Gerstein performed a number of "test runs" in
an unmarked FBI vehicle in order to determine approximately how long it
would have taken a person to get from the bank to the car dealership.
Agent Gerstein started the run approximately at the same time that the
bank robbery had occurred, in order to avoid variations in traffic
conditions. On the last four runs, when he reached the car dealership, he
changed his pants and shoes and put on a necktie. He testified that the
average time for the runs was 12 minutes and 18 seconds.
KCPD detectives recovered three items of physical evidence from a
delivery man who had found them in a dumpster near the bank --- a red
baseball cap with a "Hill's Science Diet" logo, leather gloves, and
sunglasses with yellow lenses. In accordance with standard procedure, the
items were taken to the property room of the KCPD.
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On August 19, the day after appellant was arrested, he telephoned a
friend, Michael D. Hall, of the Kansas City, Missouri, Fire Department, and
asked him to contact Agent Christian. Appellant told Mr. Hall about the
arrest and asked him to go to the FBI headquarters, look at the
surveillance photographs, and tell the agents that they had the wrong man.
Hall and appellant were co-workers and friends. Early in the summer of
1994, Hall helped appellant get a job at a local mortgage company, where
Hall himself was working at the time. At trial, Hall testified that
appellant was supposed to be at work at the mortgage company on Monday,
August 15, 1994, but that he did not actually start work until Wednesday,
August 17th . On Tuesday, August 16th (the day of the bank robbery), Hall
called appellant to find out why he had not come to work that morning.
Appellant told Hall that he had been at the car dealership that day and
that he would report to work the following morning.
On Monday, August 22, Hall went to FBI headquarters to speak to Agent
Christian. Hall believed at the time that by speaking to Agent Christian,
he would be able to straighten things out. At trial, Hall identified
government's exhibit No. 33 as the photographs he had been shown by Agent
Christian. Hall testified that he believed that the person in the bank
surveillance photograph was appellant, his friend.
After Agent Christian had shown Hall the photographs on August 22,
1994, she asked him if he had ever known appellant to own or wear a
baseball cap. Hall immediately asked her if the cap had a "Hill's Science
Diet dog food logo on it." Hall then said that he was color blind, so that
he did not know if the cap was red or orange, but that he remembered seeing
appellant with a bright-colored cap with a "Hill's Science Diet" logo.
Both Agent Christian and Hall testified that it was impossible to read the
logo on the cap in the original surveillance photographs viewed at the FBI
that day. At the time Hall asked her about the cap, Agent Christian had
not yet seen the baseball cap that had been recovered by the KCPD.
Immediately after Hall left her office, Agent Christian telephoned
Detective Day and asked him if he knew what logo was on the cap. Detective
Day had not seen the cap because it had already been taken
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to the property room by the time he arrived at the bank. The following
day, the KCPD detectives sent Agent Christian some Polaroid photographs of
the red baseball cap with a "Hill's Science Diet" dog food logo.
FBI Special Agent Douglas A. Goodin, from the Special Photographic
Unit of the FBI Laboratory in Washington, D.C., used image processing
computer software to heighten the contrast in the surveillance photographs
in order to make it possible to read the logo on the cap worn by the bank
robber. Agent Goodin identified the logo as a "Hill's Science Diet" dog
food insignia and testified that it was the same type found on the cap
found by the KCPD at the bank. Agent Goodin also used a technique known
as "photogrammetry" to analyze the surveillance photographs. Agent Goodin
explained to the jury that photogrammetry involves using the laws of
perspective and the measurement of objects of known size in a photograph
in order to make measurements of other objects in the same picture. Using
photogrammetric analysis, Agent Goodin determined that the bank robber in
the surveillance photographs was approximately 76 inches (6'4") tall and
wore a shoe that was approximately 13 inches long. Appellant is 6' 4" tall
and wears a size 15 shoe. FBI Special Agent Gary Kanaskie, from the
Documents Division of the FBI Laboratory in Washington, D.C., testified
that a 13-inch-long shoe would be consistent with a size 15 shoe. Agent
Kanaskie further testified, based on two statistical papers published by
the Footwear Industries of America, that only 0.3% of the men's athletic
shoes sold in retail stores in the United States in 1993 were size 15.
Dr. Gary L. Baker, a plastic surgeon, testified as an expert witness
for the defense. He testified that he believed that the ear of the bank
robber, as he saw it in the surveillance photographs, was different from
that of appellant. Dr. Baker testified in a deposition on November 1,
1995, that he had examined a series of surveillance photographs taken
during the robberies of the Interstate Bank (hereinafter Interstate) in May
of 1995 and in September of 1995. Appellant was incarcerated in May and
September 1995. Dr. Baker said that he had compared the surveillance
photographs
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of the Interstate Bank robber to the surveillance photographs of the North
American Savings Bank robbery in August 1994. Dr. Baker testified that the
ear of the May 1995 Interstate robber was "very similar" to that of the man
in the North American Savings Bank surveillance photographs.
FBI Special Agent William J. Stokes from the FBI Special Photographic
Unit in Washington, D.C., testified as an expert rebuttal witness for the
government. Agent Stokes testified that, because of the poor quality of
the surveillance photographs, it would have been impossible for Dr. Baker
to see the details necessary to make an accurate ear identification.
Barbara Garrett, an employee of Interstate since 1990, stated in her
November 1, 1995, deposition that she was present during both robberies.
Garrett said that she believed that the same man committed both of the 1995
robberies, as well as the robbery she had witnessed at Interstate in 1991.
She described the robber as a white male in his 50s to 60s, about 6' to
6'2" tall, with "a large nose, scarred or weathered face, gray bushy
moustache," and wearing a baseball cap. Garrett testified that, in both
the May and September robberies, the bank robber took the keys to an
employee's car and used the car to flee the scene, abandoning it nearby.
She examined the surveillance photographs taken during the robbery of the
North American Savings Bank on August 16, 1994. Thereafter, she testified
that the man in one of the surveillance photographs of the North American
Savings Bank robbery did look similar to the man who robbed Interstate in
May and September 1995, but that in another of the surveillance
photographs, the North American Savings Bank robber did not look similar
to the Interstate robber.
Jennifer Tate, another Interstate employee, was present during the
May and September 1995 robberies. She stated in her deposition that the
same man committed both of the 1995 robberies. Tate described the
Interstate robber as about 5'6" tall, with a slender build, a black and
gray bushy moustache, and wearing a baseball cap and
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sunglasses. Tate also examined defense exhibits Nos. 1-6, the surveillance
photographs taken of the North American Savings Bank robbery. She stated
that she did not believe that the man in defense exhibits Nos. 1-6 was the
same man who had robbed her at Interstate.
Michelle Hill stated in her deposition that she had been an employee
at the Interstate Bank for approximately a year and a half and that she was
only present for the May 1995 robbery. Hill said that she had a good
opportunity to see the man who robbed Interstate in May 1995, because he
had approached her teller window to commit the robbery. She examined
defense exhibits Nos. 1-6, the surveillance photographs taken of the North
American Savings Bank robber, and stated that she did not believe that the
man in those photographs was the same man who had robbed her at Interstate
in May of 1995.
Finally, Jackie Duckett said in her deposition that she had been an
employee at Interstate for 16 years. Duckett testified that she was
present during two robberies at Interstate in 1991, as well as the
robberies in May and September of 1995. She said that she believed that
all four robberies had been committed by the same person, a man "at least
6 feet tall, 170 pounds, slightly built," with "salt and pepper" hair and
a bushy moustache. Duckett examined photographs of the 1994 North American
Savings Bank robber and testified that the only similarities that she
noticed between that robber and the Interstate robber were the cap and the
sunglasses.
The jury found appellant guilty of armed bank robbery and possession
of a firearm during a crime of violence. The district court sentenced
appellant to a total of 105 months imprisonment, 3 years supervised
release, restitution in the amount of $3,475.00, and special assessments
of $100.00. This appeal followed.
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SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Appellant first argues that the evidence presented at trial was
insufficient as a matter of law to support the jury's verdict. To decide
whether the evidence is sufficient to support a verdict, the court views
the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict and accepts all
reasonable inferences favorable to the government that logically can be
drawn from the evidence. United States v. Grey Bear, 828 F.2d 1286, 1291
(8th Cir. 1987) (subsequent history omitted), citing United States v.
Gleason, 766 F.2d 1239, 1246 (8th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1058
(1986). The evidence need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis of
innocence. United States v. Holmes, 13 F.3d 1217, 1220 (8th Cir. 1994)
(quoting United States v. Temple, 890 F.2d 1043, 1045 (8th Cir. 1989)).
Rather, we will reverse a verdict only when a reasonable factfinder could
not have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. While it
is true that appellant presented ample evidence from which a jury could
have found him not guilty, the law is well established that it is the
jury's function to evaluate the credibility of witnesses. United States
v. Jackson, 959 F.2d 81, 82 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 852 (1992).
Here, the jury heard appellant's alibi and all of his alibi witnesses; they
also heard that no evidence of the robbery was found in his home and the
strong testimony of his expert witness, Dr. Baker. Given the jury's
opportunity to view the witnesses and evaluate the witnesses' possible
motives or biases, the jury was uniquely situated to determine whose
testimony was credible. Here, the jury chose not to believe appellant's
witnesses. Therefore, we will not usurp the function of the jury to
determine credibility, absent a finding that no reasonable person could
have reached a conclusion the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt.
Here, our review of the evidence presented by the government reveals
ample support for the jury's finding that appellant was indeed the man who
robbed the North American Savings Bank in Kansas City, Missouri, on August
16, 1994. The government presented eyewitness testimony from Rikki
Kreamer, the bank teller who
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was robbed. Not only did she identify appellant in court without
hesitation, but she also selected appellant from a live police line-up
shortly after the robbery.
Moreover, appellant's friend and co-worker, Michael Hall, testified
that he had seen appellant with a "Hill's Science Diet" baseball cap prior
to the bank robbery in question. The bank robber in the surveillance
photographs also wore a "Hill's Science Diet" baseball cap. This cap was
later recovered in the dumpster at the rear of the bank and the bank
employees identified it as the cap worn by the robber. Hall also testified
that he believed that appellant is the individual shown in the surveillance
photographs.
The government also presented testimony from other witnesses who
identified appellant as the robber in the photographs. Larry Frick,
appellant's supervisor during his one day of employment at the car
dealership, testified that he spent an entire day with appellant on the day
of the robbery, beginning at approximately 9:56 a.m. Frick identified
appellant as the person in the bank surveillance photographs. He also
testified that he also recognized appellant from a television news program
in which a surveillance photograph of the bank robber was shown to viewers.
Debra A. Dutro, appellant's ex-wife, also testified that the person
in one of the bank surveillance photographs bore strong resemblance to
appellant. She also testified that appellant had told her that it was
"tantalizing to pull a sting or make a heist" and that she believed that
appellant was having financial difficulties during the period before the
robberies.
The government also offered into evidence the actual surveillance
photographs, placed next to a posed photograph of appellant wearing a
baseball cap and sunglasses similar to those worn by the bank robber.
Appellant in the posed photograph stood at the same teller window where the
robbery occurred. Comparison of the posed photograph with the surveillance
photographs reveals an incredible likeness. Clearly, a reasonable jury
could have reached the conclusion that appellant committed the bank
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robbery at North American Savings Bank after comparing the posed photograph
and the surveillance photographs taken at the time of the robbery.
Finally, the government introduced testimony from expert witnesses
from the FBI. Agent Goodin, an FBI forensic photogrammetry expert,
testified that in his opinion the person depicted in the bank surveillance
photographs was approximately 6'4" tall and wore shoes of approximately 13
inches in length. Agent Kanaskie, another FBI forensic expert, testified
a 13 inch shoe was consistent with a size 15 shoe and that only 0.3% of the
men's athletic shoes sold in the United States retail stores were size 15.
Appellant is 6'4" tall and wears a size 15 shoe.
In the present case, more than sufficient evidence was presented by
the government, and, given our standard of review, we reject appellant's
contention that there was insufficient evidence to support the jury
verdict.
ALLEN CHARGE
Next, we take up appellant's argument that the supplemental Allen
charge2 jury instruction given by the district court was coercive and thus
constituted reversible error. The district court gave the Allen charge
after the jury had deliberated for about 3 ½ hours and the jury foreperson
had sent a note to the district court stating that the jury was deadlocked
and evenly divided. (We note that "[i]t is improper for a trial court to
ask a deadlocked jury about its numerical division, a proper [Allen]
instruction may nevertheless be given if the jury's numerical division is
given, without solicitation, by the jury [foreperson]." United States v.
Cook, 663 F.2d 808, 809 n.3 (8th Cir. 1981) (per curiam).)
2
Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 501 (1896) (approving supplemental
instructions advising deadlocked jurors to consider each other's views).
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First, we note appellant never objected to the giving of the charge
or to its wording and indeed actively supported the district court's
decision to give the charge rather than declaring a mistrial.3 Fed. R.
Crim. P. 30 states that no party may assign as error any portion of the
charge or omission therefrom unless they object thereto before the jury
retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the matter to which
they object and the grounds of their objection. Id. at 810, citing
Hankerson v. North Carolina, 432 U.S. 233, 244 n.8 (1977) ("[T]he normal
and valid rule [is] that failure to object to a jury instruction is a
waiver of any claim of error."). When a defendant raises an objection to
a jury instruction for the first time on appeal, the challenge comes too
late to be preserved, unless the instruction constituted "plain error"
under Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). United States v. Holy Bear, 624 F.2d 853,
855 (8th Cir. 1980). Although appellant himself does not even assert
"plain error" under Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b), his claim would only be
cognizable were he able to meet the stringent requirements of that rule by
showing that giving the Allen charge amounted to a miscarriage of justice.
United States Cook, 663 F.2d at 810 (plain error rule should be applied
with caution), citing United States v. Robinson, 419 F.2d 1109, 1111-12
(8th Cir. 1969) (Allen charge held not plain error). Our examination of
the record reveals,
3
After the government attorney, in response to the district court's request for
suggestions, requested that the district judge give an Allen charge, defense counsel
offered the following:
Frankly, I don't know what to think. I don't
necessarily object to that. I would rather have a decision
than retry the case next month. I don't know even if it is
possible for me to retry it next month.
It is 6 to 6. Frankly, if we tell them to keep trying,
whose favor does that work in? Well, nobody knows the
answer to that. . . . I would like to see them reach a
decision, so I guess I am supporting [the government]. I
would leave it up to the court.
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far from having committed clear error, the district court acted well within
its sound discretion in giving the Allen charge.
Before giving the Allen charge, the district court consulted with
counsel for both sides, indicating that, although it was earlier than he
had declared mistrials in the past, the note was also particularly
convincing. The government attorney suggested that, in light of the length
of the trial, over a week, and the short period of deliberation thus far,
it might be advisable to deliver an Allen charge rather than declare a
mistrial. Defense counsel, obviously believing that the charge would not
be prejudicial to his client in the circumstances, also urged the district
court to give an Allen charge. In United States v. Hiland, 909 F.2d 1114,
1137-38 (8th Cir. 1990), quoting Amos v. United States, 496 F.2d 1269, 1273
(8th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 896 (1974), this court held that the
defense lawyer's failure to object to the Allen charge permits an inference
that the procedure utilized did not seem coercive at the time. The fact
that the jury was evenly divided notably eliminated one of the chief
concerns regarding potential coerciveness of the Allen charge: the fear
that jurors in the minority might feel pressure to concede their
conscientious position in order to achieve a unanimous verdict. See Potter
v. United States, 691 F.2d 1275, 1278 (8th Cir. 1982); United States v.
Cook, 663 F.2d at 810.
Our court has consistently rejected the argument that the Allen
charge is inherently coercive and has established a four-element test for
determining whether a particular Allen charge was impermissibly coercive:
(1) the content of the instruction, (2) the length of deliberation after
the Allen charge, (3) the total length of the deliberations, and (4) any
indicia in the record of coercion or pressure upon the jury. United States
v. Thomas, 946 F.2d 73, 76 (8th Cir. 1991) (citing United States v. Cortez,
935 F.2d 135, 141-42 (8th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1062 (1992)).
Under this test the Allen charge delivered by the district court did not
have an impermissibly coercive effect on the jury's verdict.
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First, we look at the contents of the charge. Here, the district
court used supplemental instruction 10.02, taken from the 8th Circuit
Manual on Model Jury Instructions (Criminal), and explicitly approved by
this court in United States v. Thomas, 946 F.2d at 76. Defense counsel did
not object to the content of the charge. The district court read the
entire model instruction, without omitting any of the five essential
elements of the Allen charge enumerated by this court in United States v.
Smith, 635 F.2d 716, 721 (8th Cir. 1980). Secondly, the jury deliberated
for approximately 3 more hours after the Allen charge was given before
returning a verdict. This court has previously found that much shorter
periods of post-Allen charge deliberation did not indicate a coercive
effect. Id. at 721-22 (45 minutes did not indicate a coercive effect); see
United States v. Hiland, 909 F.2d at 1137 (court declined to draw inference
of coercion from 10-minute post-Allen deliberation period, where there was
no evidence of coercion and defense counsel did not object to the charge
at the time).
Next, we look at the total length of the deliberations. The jury
deliberated a total of approximately 6 ½ hours after a 5 ½-day trial, a
period of time that was clearly not so disproportionate as to raise an
inference that the Allen charge coerced the jury. United States v. Smith,
635 F.2d at 721; United States v. Cook, 663 F.2d at 811 (6-7 hours of total
deliberation not disproportionate to a 2-day trial); cf. Williams v.
Fermenta Animal Health Co., 984 F.2d 261, 266 (8th Cir. 1993) (over 6 hours
of total deliberation not disproportionate to 2 ½-day civil trial).
Finally, the record in the present case contains no other indicia of
coercion. In fact, the record reveals that the district court did
everything possible in the circumstances to minimize the possibility of
coercion. For example, the district court did not want to keep the jury
deliberating when they were tired or frustrated or force them to return the
next day if they would prefer to continue and allowed the jury to control
its own schedule. After reading the Allen charge around 4:00 p.m., the
district court asked the jury to vote on whether they would like to recess
for the day and return
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the next morning, rested, to continue deliberation. The jury voted to stay
and deliberate further. When the jury sent out another note an hour later
indicating a switch in only one vote, defense counsel did not move for a
mistrial. Nor does the fact that the jury subsequently returned a verdict
of guilty indicate coercion. Consequently, we hold the district court did
not err in giving the Allen charge.
MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL
Finally, we consider appellant's argument that the district court
erred in denying his motion for a new trial based on newly discovered
evidence. We review the district court's decision for clear abuse of
discretion. United States v. Johnson, 12 F.3d 827, 833-34 (8th Cir.)
(citing United States v. Provost, 921 F.2d 163, 165 (8th Cir. 1990) (per
curiam), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 968 (1991)), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1095
(1994). In order to secure a new trial based on newly discovered evidence,
the defendant must demonstrate (1) the existence of new evidence, (2) due
diligence, (3) the relevance of the evidence to a material issue, (4) the
probability that evidence would lead to an acquittal on retrial, and (5)
the evidence is not merely cumulative or impeaching. Id. In five motions
for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence, appellant alleged new
evidence on three separate topics, only one of which is argued in this
appeal.4
4
In his first motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence, filed on
May 10, 1995, appellant alleged that there was a discrepancy between government
witness Rikki Kreamer's testimony at trial and her victim impact statement, which was
given after the trial. In his memorandum accompanying the order denying appellant's
motion, the district judge deemed the evidence merely impeaching and unlikely to lead
to acquittal on retrial. Appellant refers to this finding in his brief but presents no
argument, facts or authority to contest it. Therefore, we hold that this point has been
waived. In his final motion for a new trial filed on December 1, 1995, appellant
presented evidence regarding a visible cold sore that he said he had several days before
the bank robbery. In his memorandum and order denying the motion, the district judge
ruled that this evidence had not been diligently produced by appellant. Appellant does
not argue this alleged new evidence on appeal.
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The newly discovered evidence that appellant argues in his brief
before this court was first presented in his second motion for a new trial
based on newly discovered evidence, filed on May 19, 1995.5 In this and
subsequent motions, filed on July 3, 1995, October 10, 1995, and December
1, 1995, appellant presented evidence regarding the two Interstate
robberies on May 10, 1995, and September 14, 1995. Both Interstate
robberies occurred while appellant was incarcerated pending sentencing.
Appellant argues that the Interstate robber was not only similar in
appearance but also similar in his modus operandi to the man who robbed
North American Savings Bank on August 16, 1994, and that evidence of this
similarity cast enough doubt upon his conviction for the North American
Savings Bank robbery to warrant granting a new trial. The government
cooperated with appellant in obtaining evidence regarding the Interstate
robberies. Specifically, the government acceded to appellant's unusual
request to take depositions of the witnesses to the Interstate robberies,
to serve in lieu of testimony at a hearing. On November 21, 1995, at the
courthouse and in the presence of appellant, depositions were taken from
Dr. Baker, the plastic surgeon who testified as an expert defense witness
at trial, and from four Interstate employees who witnessed one or both of
the 1995 robberies.
In the order denying the final motion for a new trial based on newly
discovered evidence, the district court ruled that the evidence produced
by appellant satisfied the first 3 elements of the test: (1) it was in fact
new evidence, (2) it was diligently produced, and (3) it was relevant to
a material issue, that is, the identity of the North American bank robber.
However, the district court decided the evidence did not satisfy
5
Appellant in his brief states that the new evidence presented in this appeal was
first presented to the district court in his motion filed on May 10, 1995. See Brief for
Appellant at 28 n.33. However, this evidence regarding a bank robbery that occurred
on May 10, 1995, was first presented in the second motion for new trial filed on
May 19, 1995.
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the last 2 elements of the test because it was merely cumulative or
impeaching and was not likely to lead to an acquittal on retrial.
Each of the four Interstate witnesses who testified at the November
21, 1995, deposition hearing acknowledged there were some superficial
similarities in appearance, each also stated that she did not believe that
the Interstate robber was the same man who robbed North American Savings
Bank. In addition, there was at least one striking difference between the
modus operandi of the Interstate robber and that of the North America
Savings Bank robber; i.e., the Interstate robber took the car keys of a
bank employee and made his escape in the employee's automobile; the North
American Savings Bank robber did not make his getaway in this distinctive
manner.
The only deposition testimony that supported appellant's position was
that of the defense expert witness, Dr. Baker. Dr. Baker examined the
photographs of the Interstate robber and testified that the ears of the
Interstate robber and the North American Savings Bank robber, as he
appeared in the surveillance photographs, were "very, very similar." The
district court found there were semantic difficulties and inexact language
usage in Dr. Baker's testimony and concluded that there was ambiguity in
his testimony and that he had serious doubts as to Dr. Baker's expertise.
The district court was also concerned that appellant had not refuted the
stronger points in the government's case, such as the testimony of
appellant's friend, Captain Michael Hall, that he had seen appellant with
a red or orange "Hill's Science Diet" baseball cap just like the one
discovered near the bank and worn by the robber in the surveillance
photographs.
After reviewing the district court's thorough and carefully
considered memorandum accompanying its order denying the final motion for
a new trial, we hold that the district judge did not abuse his discretion
in deciding that the alleged newly discovered evidence presented by
appellant did not satisfy what this court has termed
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"our rigorous criteria for the grant of this disfavored motion." United
States v. Doyle, 60 F.3d 396, 398 (8th Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied,
116 S. Ct. 538 (1995).
We hold that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's
verdict, the Allen charge was not coercive, and the newly discovered
evidence was merely cumulative or impeaching and was not likely to lead to
an acquittal on retrial. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the
district court.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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