United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
_______________
No. 97-6059
_______________
In re: Marlyce Eilene Mueller *
*
Debtor *
*
Marlyce Eilene Mueller *
* Appeal from the United
States
Appellant * Bankruptcy Court for
the
* District of Minnesota
v. *
*
Sheridan J. Buckley *
*
Appellee *
_______________
Submitted: December 16, 1997
Filed: January 28, 1998
_______________
Before KOGER, Chief Judge, HILL, and SCOTT, Bankruptcy Judges.
_______________
WILLIAM A. HILL, Bankruptcy Judge:
The debtor, Marlyce Eilene Mueller (“Marlyce”), appeals
from the final order of the bankruptcy court1 sustaining the
trustee’s objection to her claim of a homestead exemption in
her lien against the marital residence which she once shared
with her former husband,
1
The Honorable Gregory F. Kishel, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
Robert Mueller (“Robert”), and which he was awarded at the
conclusion of their divorce proceedings. Marlyce’s appeal
turns upon whether she retained a cognizable interest in the
marital residence at the time she filed her petition in
bankruptcy. We affirm the order of the bankruptcy court, but
for reasons apart from those upon which the court relied.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Marlyce and Robert owned a residence in Northfield,
Minnesota (“Northfield Residence”), in joint tenancy, and in which they both resided prior
to February 27, 1994. On that date, Marlyce vacated the family home, and moved into a
rented mobile home located in Kenyon, Minnesota. Later in 1994, she moved the mobile
home to Farmington, Minnesota, where she resided until April 1, 1996.2 On that date, she
purchased and moved into a residence in St. Paul, Minnesota. Marlyce’s bankruptcy case
was filed on July 19, 1996.
During the course of their 17-year marriage, Marlyce and Robert experienced a
contentious relationship which, at times, led them to temporarily separate. After the parties
separated and Marlyce vacated the Northfield residence on February 27, 1994, and until the
1994 Christmas holidays, they frequently visited one another, both alone and in the company
of their children; considered reconciliation; and occasionally stayed overnight together in
the Northfield residence. However, after an antagonistic incident on Christmas Day, 1994,
Marlyce resolved to formally end her marriage to Robert.
2
On January 30, 1997, during an evidentiary hearing before the bankruptcy court
on the trustee’s objection to Marlyce’s claim of a homestead exemption in the Northfield
residence, Marlyce testified that as of August 1995, she resided in a mobile home located
in Farmington, Minnesota, which she subsequently purchased in September 1995, and for
which she filed a homestead declaration for tax assessment purposes. The record before
us does not indicate whether this mobile home is the same as that in Kenyon, Minnesota,
which she originally rented upon vacating the Northfield residence in February 1994.
2
In January 1995, Marlyce commenced proceedings to dissolve their marriage. On
April 5, 1995, the State District Court entered an Order for Temporary Relief (“temporary
3
order”) in the matter, awarding Robert “the sole temporary use and occupancy of [the
Northfield residence].” Marlyce and Robert subsequently entered into a Marital Termination
Agreement whereby Robert received title to and possession of the Northfield residence. This
agreement was approved by the court and incorporated into its Judgment and Decree of
Dissolution of Marriage (“dissolution decree”), entered on January 31, 1996. Concerning
the parties’ residences, the dissolution decree provided as follows:
7. Homestead. [Robert] is awarded the entire right, title,
interest and equity in and to the homestead of the parties,
located in Rice County, Minnesota being legally described as:
Lot 7, Block 2, Keya Paha Ranch, First Subdivision, Rice
County, Minnesota, according to the recorded plat thereof on
file and of record in the office of the County Recorder, Rice
County, Minnesota[;] subject to the encumbrances thereon,
which [Robert] shall pay according to their terms and hold
[Marlyce] harmless therefrom, and subject to a non-interest
bearing lien in favor of [Marlyce] on said real estate in the
amount of $45,000. The lien shall be due and payable upon the
occurrence of the first of the following events:
a. [Robert] moving from the residence;
b. The death of [Robert] or the parties’ daughter,
Elizabeth;
c. [Robert’s] remarriage;
d. Elizabeth’s emancipation;
e. October 31, 1998;
f. Failure of [Robert] to timely pay all mortgage, tax,
insurance and utility payments on the homestead.
....
[Marlyce] shall execute a Quit Claim Deed in favor of [Robert].
At such time as [Marlyce’s] lien is satisfied, [Robert] shall
execute a Satisfaction of Marital Lien in recordable form,
releasing any further interest in the homestead.
9. Mobile Home. That [Marlyce] is awarded all right, title and
interest in and to the mobile home in which she resides, free and
clear of any claim on the part of [Robert] and shall assume any
encumbrance thereon, and hold [Robert] harmless therefrom.
4
After Marlyce filed for bankruptcy protection on July 19, 1996, Robert continued to
reside in the Northfield residence along with the parties’ minor daughter, who, at that time,
was a high school student and was unemancipated. Although Robert did not make any
payments to Marlyce on the $45,000.00 lien obligation before she filed her petition in
bankruptcy, she ultimately expected the satisfaction of his indebtedness to her, per the terms
of the dissolution decree, so as to aid in the purchase of her St. Paul residence.3
In her schedules, Marlyce listed the following property interests which are pertinent
to this appeal: Schedule A, entitled “Real Property,” she listed her St. Paul residence, and
named herself as “owner”; and Schedule B, at Item 16, entitled “Alimony, Maintenance,
Support and Property Settlements to which the debtor is . . . entitled,” she listed her
$45,000.00 lien on the Northfield residence. In Schedule C, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §
522(b)(2)(A), Marlyce elected to use the exemptions afforded to judgment debtors under
Minnesota state law, and claimed her interest in the lien as exempt. The trustee timely
objected to her claim of exemption in the lien.
The bankruptcy court sustained the trustee’s objection and disallowed Marlyce’s
claim of exemption, holding that Marlyce “has no allowable exemption under Minnesota
statute for her right to payment from Robert.”4 The court specifically concluded that
Marlyce’s right to payment from Robert “is not protectible as ‘proceeds’ within the scope
of [Section]
3
In the purchase agreement for the St. Paul residence, Marlyce agreed to pay
$5,000.00 as a down payment and $45,000.00 to the seller on or before November 1998.
Per the dissolution decree, the lien became “due and payable” by October 31, 1998 at the
latest, and earlier upon the occurrence of any of the contingent events provided for in the
decree.
4
In so doing, the court expressly overruled In re Joy, 5 B.R. 681 (Bankr. D. Minn.
1980), which held that a debtor “compelled by court order to leave and remain away
[from his homestead] until such time as a determination was made in [his] marriage
dissolution proceedings”--a period of more than two years--“never left his home,” and
“sufficiently ‘owned and occupied’ his home to maintain his homestead exemption.” Id.
at 683. By overruling of In re Joy, the bankruptcy court eliminated the exception it
created to the strict language of Minnesota Statute 510.07.
5
510.07.” As a basis for this holding, the court made the following determinations: (1) the
exchange of Marlyce’s undivided one-half interest as joint tenant in the Northfield residence,
into a secured right to payment, was a “sale” within the meaning of Section 510.07; (2) the
date of the “sale” was fixed as of the date on which the dissolution decree was entered,
January 31, 1996; (3) proceeds are cash, and cash only, and are protected by the statute
only to the extent actually received in-hand by a debtor within one year of a sale; and (4)
Marlyce did not receive “cash traceable to her interest in the marital dwelling . . . within one
year of the dissolution.”
On appeal, Marlyce argues that she is deemed to have occupied the Northfield
residence pursuant to the provisions of Minnesota Statute § 510.07, and, as such, that she is
entitled to an exception to the notice requirement under the statute due to a “legal
incapacity.” In this respect, she argues that (1) after the entry of the temporary state court
order awarding Robert the sole use and occupancy of the Northfield residence, she was
deemed to have occupied her homestead because she was prevented from actual occupancy
by operation of law, and (2) her short visits with her former husband in their Northfield
residence constituted “occupancy” within the meaning of Section 510.07, thus interrupting
the tolling of its six-month abandonment period. She additionally contends that her
$45,000.00 lien against the Northfield residence constitutes “proceeds” within the meaning
of not only Section 510.07, but also state case law, and is therefore exempt from any
judgment or debt for a period of one year from the date of the dissolution decree.
The trustee contends that Marlyce is ineligible to claim a homestead exemption in the
Northfield residence under Section 510.07, because, (1) she did not own and occupy the
residence as her dwelling place as of the filing of her petition in bankruptcy, and (2) she
failed to meet the statute’s notice requirement, thereby rendering the homestead exemption
to which she was once entitled nonexistent six months after the date upon which she vacated
or “abandoned” it. The trustee counters Marlyce’s “proceeds” claim by arguing that Section
510.07 extends exemption status to proceeds of the sale of a homestead only for one year,
and therefore they become subject to creditors’ claims. The trustee asserts that the lien
obligation “will not become payable, in the absence of death or remarriage, until October 31,
1998[, and thus] is . . . . not payable within one year,” and therefore cannot be exempted.
6
The issue thus presented, and to which we now turn, is whether the bankruptcy court
erred in sustaining the trustee’s objection to Marlyce’s claim of a homestead exemption in
the Northfield residence.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appeal, the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error and its
legal determinations are reviewed de novo. O’Neal v. Southwest Mo. Bank of Carthage (In
re Broadview Lumber Co.), 118 F.3d 1246, 1250 (8th Cir. 1997); Natkin & Co. v. Myers
(In re Rine & Rine Auctioneers, Inc.), 74 F.3d 848, 851 (8th Cir. 1996); Hartford Cas. Ins.
v. Food Barn Stores, Inc. (In re Food Barn Stores, Inc.), 214 B.R. 197 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 1997);
see also Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013.5 A debtor’s entitlement to an exemption in bankruptcy is
a question of law subject to de novo review. Armstrong v. Peterson (In re Peterson), 897
F.2d 935, 937 (8th Cir. 1989); Steiner & Saffer v. Kasden (In re Kasden), 186 B.R. 667, 671
(D. Minn. 1995); cf. Ramsay v. Dowden (In re Central Ark. Broad. Co.), 68 F.3d 213, 214
(8th Cir. 1995) (“Whether property is included in the bankruptcy estate is a question of
law.”). We may affirm the bankruptcy court upon any basis supported by the record.
Allstate Fin. Corp. v. United States, 109 F.3d 1331, 1333 (8th Cir. 1997); Dicken v.
Ashcroft, 972 F.2d 231, 233 (8th Cir. 1992); Brown v. Mitchell (In re Arkansas
Communities, Inc.), 827 F.2d 1219, 1222 (8th Cir. 1987); Turner v. California Dep’t of Real
Estate (In re Turner), 199 B.R. 694, 696 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1996).
III. DECISION
Pursuant to Section 522(b)(2)(A) of the United States Bankruptcy Code, a debtor may
exempt from property of the estate that property which is provided for under the exemption
5
Rule 8013 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure provides in relevant part
that, “[f]indings of fact, whether based on oral or documentary evidence, shall not be set
aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the
bankruptcy court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013.
7
provisions of applicable state law. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2)(A)6; see Armstrong v. Peterson
(In re Peterson), 897 F.2d 935, 936 (8th Cir. 1989); Hanson v. First Nat’l Bank, 848 F.2d
866, 868 (8th Cir. 1988). Under this section, a debtor’s right to an exemption is fixed as of
the date of his or her filing in bankruptcy. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2)(A); see In re Peterson,
897 F.2d at 937; In re Smoinikar, 200 B.R. 640, 643 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1996); In re May,
194 B.R. 853, 855 (Bankr. D. S.D. 1996); In re Jones, 193 B.R. 503, 507 (Bankr. E.D. Ark.
1995); accord Wallace T. Bruce, Inc. v. Najarian, 249 Minn. 99, 115, 81 N.W.2d 282, 297
(1957). Where a debtor chooses to exempt property pursuant to state statute, courts
necessarily determine his or her eligibility thereunder by looking to state law. Sholdan v.
Dietz, 108 F.3d 886, 888 (8th Cir. 1996); In re Peterson, 897 F.2d at 939; Hanson, 848
F.2d at 868; In re Smoinikar, 200 B.R. at 643; accord Najarian, 249 Minn. at 115, 81
N.W.2d at 297. “We are bound to apply state law as we are able to discern it from the
rulings of the state’s courts.” Fogie v. Thorn Americas, Inc., 95 F.3d 645, 653 (8th Cir.
1996) (quoting Boner v. Eminence R-1 Sch. Dist., 55 F.3d 1339, 1341 (8th Cir. 1995), in
turn quoting Jackson v. Anchor Packing Co., 994 F.2d 1295, 1310 (8th Cir. 1993)), cert.
denied, --- U.S. ---, 117 S. Ct. 1427, 137 L.Ed.2d 536 (1997).
In the instant matter, Marlyce claims a homestead exemption in her lien against the
Northfield residence under the laws of Minnesota. Minnesota’s homestead exemption is a
right enshrined under its Constitution, Minn. Const. art. I, § 12, as well as under its statutory
provisions--including, inter alia, Minnesota Statutes §§ 510.01 - 510.09. Minnesota’s
homestead exemption “has long been recognized as important in providing a ‘sanctuary’ for
a debtor’s home, notwithstanding the just demands of creditors. . . . [and] as a ‘wise and
humane policy’ which is in the best interest of the state.” Euerle Farms, Inc., 441 N.W.2d
at 124 (quoting Cargill, Inc. v. Hedge, 375 N.W.2d 477, 478-79 (Minn. 1985)). Indeed, it
is intended to “secur[e] the home against the uncertainties and misfortunes of life,” Title Ins.
Co. v. Agora Leases, Inc., 320 N.W.2d 884, 885 (Minn. 1982), in order to “preserve it as a
6
Section 522(b)(2)(A) provides, in pertinent part, that, “an individual debtor may
exempt from property of the estate . . . . any property . . . exempt under Federal law, . . .
or State or local law that is applicable on the date of the filing of the petition [in
bankruptcy]. . . .” 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2)(A).
8
dwelling for the debtor and his or her family,” Eustice v. Jewison, 413 N.W.2d 114, 120
(Minn. 1987). See Northwestern Nat’l Bank of South St. Paul v. Kroll, 306 N.W.2d 104,
105 (Minn. 1981). Accordingly, the exemption has been liberally construed by the courts
of Minnesota. Agora Leases, Inc., 320 N.W.2d at 885; Vickery v. First Bank of LaCrosse,
368 N.W.2d 758, 762-63 (Minn. Ct. App. 1985), review denied (Minn. Aug. 20, 1985);
Denzer v. Prendergast, 267 Minn. 212, 218, 126 N.W.2d 440, 444 (Minn. Ct. App. 1964).
Pursuant to the Minnesota Constitution, “No person shall be imprisoned for debt in
this state . . . . A reasonable amount of property shall be exempt from seizure or sale for the
payment of any debt or liability. The amount of such exemption shall be determined by
law.” Minn. Const. art. I, § 12. The scope of this exemption is defined under Chapter 510
of the Minnesota Statutes. Jensen v. Jensen (In re Jensen), 414 N.W.2d 742, 745 (Minn. Ct.
App. 1987), review denied (Minn. Jan. 15, 1988). Minnesota law protects a debtor’s
homestead from forced sale or seizure, Minn. Stat. § 510.01;7 see State Bank v. Euerle
Farms, Inc., 441 N.W.2d 121, 124 (Minn. Ct. App. 1989), review denied (Minn. July 29,
1989), and requires a de minimis showing that a debtor claiming the exemption in a
residence, (1) “own and occupy” the house,8 (2) as his or her “dwelling place,” Minn. Stat.
7
Subject to several exceptions which are not pertinent to this appeal, Section
510.01 provides that,
The house owned and occupied by a debtor as the debtor’s
dwelling place, together with the land upon which it is
situated to the amount of area and value hereinafter limited
and defined, shall constitute the homestead of such debtor and
the debtor’s family, and be exempt from seizure or sale under
legal process on account of any debt not lawfully charged
thereon in writing.
Minn. Stat. § 510.01.
8
We note, as a point of clarification, that Marlyce did not possess an ownership
interest in the Northfield residence at the time of her bankruptcy filing. Pursuant to the
dissolution decree, Marlyce held a lien on the Northfield property securing her right to be
paid the sum of $45,000.00 from Robert, and nothing more. Under the law of Minnesota,
a lien does not constitute an interest in land. See Oldewurtel v. Redding (In re
9
§ 510.01; see Eustice, 413 N.W.2d at 120; Muscala v. Wirtjes, 310 N.W.2d 696, 697-98
(Minn. 1981). Thus, Minnesota courts have construed this statute to require that a debtor’s
homestead be his or her actual place of abode. See, e.g., Muscala, 310 N.W.2d at 698;
Clark v. Dewey, 71 Minn. 108, 110, 73 N.W. 639-40 (Minn. 1898); Quehl v. Peterson, 47
Minn. 13, 15-16, 49 N.W. 390, 391 (Minn. 1891); Hentges v. P.H. Feely & Son, Inc., 436
N.W.2d 488, 491 (Minn. Ct. App. 1989); Vickery, 368 N.W.2d at 763-64.
Of additional import in this appeal is Minnesota Statute § 510.07, which excepts from
creditors’ levy the proceeds from the sale of a homestead for a period of one year after such
sale.9 Minn. Stat. § 510.07; see Eustice, 413 N.W.2d at 118; Muscala, 310 N.W.2d at 698.
Oldewurtel), 421 N.W.2d 722, 726 (Minn. 1988); Gau v. Hyland (In re Gau), 230 Minn.
235, 240, 41 N.W.2d 444, 448 (1950); Bidwell v. Webb, 10 Minn. 59, 62 (Minn. 1865);
Granse & Assocs., Inc. v. Kimm, 529 N.W.2d 6, 8 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995); State Bank v.
Schwenk, 395 N.W.2d 371, 375 (Minn. Ct. App. 1986), review denied (Minn. Nov. 26,
1986). It is, rather, merely “collateral for a debt.” In re Oldewurtel, 421 N.W.2d at 726;
see Hennepin County v. Jacobson (In re Eggert), 245 Minn. 401, 403, 72 N.W.2d 360,
361 (1955); In re Gau, 230 Minn. at 240, 41 N.W.2d at 448; Host v. Host, 497 N.W.2d
617, 619 (Minn. Ct. App. 1993).
9
Section 510.07 reads in pertinent part,
The owner may sell and convey the homestead without
subjecting it, or the proceeds of such sale for the period of
one year after sale, to any judgment or debt from which it
was exempt in the owner’s hands, except that the proceeds
of the sale are not exempt from a judgment or debt for a
court ordered child support or maintenance obligation in
arrears. . . . The owner may remove therefrom without
affecting such exemption, if the owner does not thereby
abandon the same as the place of abode. If the owner shall
cease to occupy such homestead for more than six
consecutive months the owner shall be deemed to have
abandoned the same unless, within such period, the owner
shall file with the county recorder of the county in which it is
situated a notice, executed, witnessed, and acknowledged as
in the case of a deed, describing the premises and claiming
10
This exemption ceases to apply, however, when a homestead has been abandoned by its
owner. “Abandonment is deemed to occur when the owner ceases to occupy the home for
more than [six] consecutive months unless a notice has been filed with the county recorder.”
Eustice, 413 N.W.2d at 118; Muscala, 310 N.W.2d at 698. Ordinarily then, and subject
only to limited exception, in order that a debtor who has removed from his or her homestead
property may retain the right to claim a homestead exemption therein, “[a] notice must be
filed within [six] months.” Eustice, 413 N.W.2d at 118.
It is undisputed that Marlyce failed to file notice as required by Section 510.07.
Marlyce moved from the Northfield residence to Kenyon, Minnesota, on February 27, 1994,
almost two and one-half years prior to her filing in bankruptcy. Under Section 510.07, as
of August 27, 1994, Marlyce is deemed to have abandoned her homestead in the Northfield
property, and in any exemption she might previously have claimed therefrom.10 Furthermore,
because Marlyce’s right to a homestead exemption in the Northfield residence was
abandoned by her failure to comply with Section 510.07 prior to the sale of her ownership
interest therein, which she claims is represented by the entry of the dissolution decree, she
the same as the owner’s homestead. . . .
Minn. Stat. § 510.07.
10
Even, for argument’s sake, were we to premise our abandonment calculation
upon a later date, taking as our point of departure, for example, Marlyce’s claim that her
last stay in the Northfield residence occurred in June 1995, she still would be deemed to
have abandoned her interest in the homestead after December 1995. This date, too,
occurs before the entry of the dissolution decree; thus, before the event from which she
claims her lien as “proceeds” under Section 510.07 for purposes of a one-year exemption,
and well before her filing in bankruptcy.
11
would have no claim of exemption in any proceeds received thereafter, including, for the
sake of pure argument, her lien against the home itself.
However, Marlyce contends that she is immune from the notice requirement of
Section 510.07 by way of “legal disability.” An exception to the strict application of the
notice requirement under Section 510.07 may operate, “when the owner of the homestead
is under a legal disability.” Eustice, 413 N.W.2d at 118. However, the Minnesota Supreme
Court has granted such exceptions only under very limited circumstances. Compare Millet
v. Pearson, 143 Minn. 187, 189-90, 173 N.W. 411, 412 (1919) (person in jail was under legal
disability); and Beigler v. Chamberlain, 145 Minn. 104, 107-08, 176 N.W. 49, 50 (1920)
(person involuntarily committed to mental institution was under legal disability); and
Eustice, 413 N.W.2d at 118 (person involuntarily confined to nursing home pursuant to
commitment order requiring residence therein until death, after having killed another human
being and having been found to be a danger to himself and to the public, was under a legal
disability); with Muscala, 310 N.W.2d at 698 (person confined to nursing home for failing
health was not under a legal disability); and Joy v. Cooperative Oil Ass’n, 360 N.W.2d 363,
366 (Minn. Ct. App. 1984) (en banc), review denied (Minn. March 6, 1985) (owner’s
absence of more than six months prompted by property’s destruction by fire did not prevent
loss of homestead where he failed to file requisite notice).
Thus, in view of the very limited exceptions which the Minnesota Supreme Court has
permitted in regard to the notice requirement of Section 510.07, it appears that the
bankruptcy court was correct in overruling In re Joy, 5 B.R. 681(Bankr. D. Minn. 1980),
insofar as it purported to create an exception to the statute’s requirements beyond the scope
and applicability of those allowed by the supreme court. Indeed, other than In re Joy, there
appears to be no authority for the proposition that a separated spouse can maintain a
homestead in the marital home which she has vacated. Joy created an exception neither
12
supported by the statute nor by Minnesota case law. The Minnesota courts have found
exception to the physical occupancy requirement in cases involving imprisonment or mental
incapacity, but have refused to find exception even where the person is “compelled” to live
elsewhere. The distinction is that a mentally incapacitated or incarcerated person may be
unable to take the statutory steps necessary to preserve his or her homestead rights. Like the
claimant in Joy v. Cooperative Oil Association, Marlyce had no excuse for failing to file the
requisite notice.
Marlyce claims exception to the notice requirement of Section 510.07 by arguing that
the entry of the April 5, 1995 temporary order legally prevented her from occupying the
Northfield residence, and, thus, created in her a legal disability which relieved her from the
strictures of the notice requirement. It is significant to note, however, that Marlyce
voluntarily vacated the Northfield residence on February 27, 1994, almost two and one-half
years prior to her filing in bankruptcy, and more than one year prior to the entry of the
temporary order. As such, and in light of the very limited exceptions which the Minnesota
Supreme Court has allowed to the notice requirement, Marlyce’s claim of exception must be
denied.
Additionally, Marlyce’s periodic visits to the Northfield residence after February
1994, did not constitute occupancy within the meaning of Minnesota’s homestead exemption
statutes. Visitation does not create occupancy within the meaning of these statutory
provisions, for, as was previously discussed, Minnesota courts require that a debtor’s
homestead be his or her actual place of abode. After voluntarily vacated the Northfield
residence, Marlyce resided in three other cities. Under these circumstances, it is apparent
that the Northfield residence was not Marlyce’s dwelling after February 1994; it was not the
residence she “occupied” anytime thereafter.
13
Lastly, we address an issue raised at oral argument which concerns the interplay
between Minnesota Statute §§ 510.07 and 510.04. Minnesota Statute § 510.04 provides, in
pertinent part, that “the homestead title may be vested in either spouse, and the exemption
shall extend to the debts of either or of both.” Minn. Stat. § 510.04. Thus, a homestead
remains impervious to the just demands of one or both spouses’ creditors for so long as one
spouse retains the homestead exemption. Eustice, 413 N.W.2d 114, 120 (Minn. 1987).
However, it does not follow from this that the exemption is preserved in both spouses for the
duration of their marriage if only one spouse occupies the homestead. These factors do not
operate to interrupt the abandonment period provided for under Section 510.07 as to a non-
occupying spouse. Indeed, Marlyce’s argument has been expressly rejected by the Court of
Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, in Berens v. Hall, Byers, Hanson, Steil & Weinberger, P.A.
(In re Berens), No. 92-2556, 991 F.2d 801 (Table), 1993 WL 128008, at *1 (8th Cir. Apr.
26, 1993) (per curiam),11 on nearly identical facts.
In In re Berens the debtor and his wife owned their marital abode as tenants-in-
common. The debtor left the marital home several months prior to his wife’s filing for
divorce, and more than one year before a dissolution decree was entered. The debtor filed
for bankruptcy several months after the entry of the dissolution decree.
The issue in Berens was, “whether, after a dissolution decree is entered, a non-
occupant former spouse who files bankruptcy is entitled to the homestead exemption for his
property interest in the former marital homestead.” In answering in the negative, the court
held that (1) because the debtor had failed to occupy the marital home since November 1988,
11
We are mindful of Rule 28A(k) of the Eighth Circuit Rules of Appellate
Procedure, which discourages the citation of unpublished opinions from the Eighth
Circuit. However, noting the dearth of case law addressing this statute, we find that this
opinion should be noted.
14
the home could no longer qualify as his homestead pursuant to Section 510.01; (2) even
were the debtor able to establish a homestead exemption pursuant to Section 510.01, he
would lose the exemption through abandonment for he had not lived in the home for more
than two years and had failed to filed the notice required under Section 510.07; and lastly,
(3) Section 510.04 did not operate to preserve the homestead exemption in the debtor by way
of his wife, because the debtor had abandoned his homestead well before the entry of the
dissolution decree.
The case of In re Johnson, 207 B.R. 878, 881 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1997) is not in
conflict with this result. In re Johnson is factually distinguishable from this case and from
In re Berens. In Johnson, the debtor was married at the time he filed his petition in
bankruptcy, and although both he and his wife were the record title holders as joint tenants
of their residential real estate, he had lived outside the marital home in an apartment located
only one block from his former residence for more than five years. The debtor never filed
a notice of intent to preserve his claim of a homestead exemption in the marital abode as
required by Section 510.07. Thus, Johnson limits its abandonment inquiry to that of a debtor
who is married and who continues to possess an ownership interest in subject property, but
has transferred residence to another property; an inquiry quite apart from our own.
Nevertheless, Johnson still supports the proposition that a non-occupying debtor-spouse may
legally be deemed to abandon a homestead exemption after ceasing to occupy the property
for more than six months without filing the notice required by Section 510.07. Id.
Section 510.04 does not preserve a claim of a homestead exemption in a non-
occupying spouse who has abandoned a homestead, but does preserve the exempt character
of the homestead interest possessed by an occupying spouse from the demands of creditors
of either spouse. Under these facts, Section 510.04 does not obviate the mandates of Section
510.07. Because Marlyce abandoned her homestead in the Northfield residence well before
15
the entry of either the temporary order or the dissolution decree, Marlyce’s claim of a
homestead exemption cannot be premised upon Section 510.04. See In re Berens, 1993 WL
128008, at *1.
IV. CONCLUSION
We concur with the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that the debtor has no allowable
claim of exemption under Minnesota statute to her right to payment of the lien she holds
against the Northfield residence. For and upon the reasons above stated, the order of the
bankruptcy court sustaining the trustee’s objection to, and disallowing, Marlyce E. Mueller’s
claimed homestead exemption in her $45,000.00 lien against her former homestead and
marital abode, is affirmed.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL,
EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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