Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
6-21-2006
USA v. Griesbaum
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-1489
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-1489
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JOSEPH GRIESBAUM,
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
D.C. Criminal No. 04-cr-0006E
(Honorable Sean J. McLaughlin)
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
February 14, 2006
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, BARRY and FISHER, Circuit Judges
(Filed June 21, 2006 )
OPINION OF THE COURT
SCIRICA, Chief Judge.
Appellant Joseph Griesbaum appeals his judgment of conviction, claiming the
District Court erroneously denied his motion to suppress evidence obtained during a
search of his home. We will affirm.
I.
Because we write only for the benefit of the parties, a brief recitation of the facts
will suffice. The Girard, Ohio Police Department began investigating Joseph Griesbaum
in 2003 for possible sales of methamphetamine. On August 18, 2003, an undercover
officer and confidential informant went to Griesbaum’s home to buy methamphetamine.
Griesbaum agreed to a sale, and told both men to return another time because the
methamphetamine was not yet ready. They returned on September 5, 2003. Griesbaum
produced a jar containing methamphetamine, smoked some, sold to both men $50.00
worth of the drug, and explained he would be using the money to produce more
methamphetamine.
On December 5, 2003, after an eight-week surveillance of Griesbaum’s house, two
officers approached Griesbaum and told him they needed to speak privately with him.
After another officer, Chief Nick VanDamia, arrived, Griesbaum invited them to his
detached garage, where they told him he had sold methamphetamine to an undercover
officer and confidential informant. Griesbaum admitted suspecting they were undercover
officers, and recounted the incident for them.
Griesbaum alleges that Chief VanDamia told him he could either cooperate—and
that cooperation would be made known to the prosecuting attorney and the sentencing
judge—or be arrested immediately for the September 5th sale. Contending he believed he
would escape punishment if he cooperated, Griesbaum agreed, and identified other local
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drug dealers. Afterward, the officers accompanied Griesbaum to the kitchen because he
wanted to tell his mother he had agreed to cooperate. She admitted her son’s involvement
with methamphetamine activity, and did not object to Griesbaum’s cooperation.
During Griesbaum’s conversation with his mother, Chief VanDamia noticed
Griebsaum’s five-year-old daughter in the house. VanDamia asked if there were any
chemicals in the house. Griesbaum responded there were chemicals locked in a cabinet.
VanDamia asked to see them. When Griesbaum refused, saying “he didn’t want to get in
any more trouble,” VanDamia responded that the chemicals could pose a danger to his
daughter, that he had enough information to get a search warrant, and that Griesbaum
could be prosecuted for anything found. VanDamia advised Griesbaum that consenting to
the search would be considered part of his cooperation.
Agreeing to the search, Griesbaum led the officers to his living room, where he
opened the cabinet and began to inventory the methamphetamine-manufacturing supplies.
Chief VanDamia called an agent from the Northwest Drug Task Force, Agent Randall
Shirra, who advised VanDamia to evacuate the house and secure the perimeter until a
response team could arrive to search the house and destroy the chemicals. VanDamia
evacuated Griesbaum’s home, handcuffed Griesbaum, and took him to the Girard Police
Station where, at VanDamia’s request, Griesbaum read and signed a consent to search
form. VanDamia time-stamped the form to coincide with Griesbaum’s oral consent.
3
After Shirra informed VanDamia that Griesbaum was an Erie County,
Pennsylvania probationer, VanDamia arrested Griesbaum for probation violations. From
that point on, Girard police officers had no further involvement with Griesbaum—they
did not use him as an informant, nor did they use any of the information he gave them.
Griesbaum was indicted on seven counts for various drug violations. Griesbaum
moved to suppress the evidence seized from his home, claiming he had not voluntarily
consented to the search, and contending his agreement to the officers’ search was granted
in submission to a claim of authority. He also argued police falsely represented his
consent would be viewed as evidence of his cooperation, which would eventually benefit
him. The District Court denied the motion to suppress.
Griesbaum conditionally pled guilty to intentionally manufacturing
methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(C), and 18 U.S.C. §
2, reserving the right to appeal the District Court’s denial of his suppression motion. He
accepted responsibility on the following counts: attempt to manufacture
methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, possession with intent to distribute
methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(C), possession of a
list I chemical with intent to manufacture methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C.
841(c)(1), and possession of a list II chemical with intent to manufacture
methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(c)(1). The District Court accepted his
4
plea, and sentenced him on January 28, 2005 to sixty months imprisonment and to three
years supervised released. Griesbaum timely appealed.
II.
We review the District Court’s denial of a motion to suppress for “clear error as to
the underlying facts,” but we exercise “plenary review as to its legality in light of the
court’s properly founded facts.” United States v. Givan, 320 F.3d 452, 458 (3d Cir. 2003)
(citations omitted); see also United States v. Mitlo, 714 F.2d 294, 296 (3d Cir. 1983).
Griesbaum alleges the District Court committed factual error in finding his consent
voluntary. The Court erred, he argues, by failing to find the officers’ statements
(encouraging Griesbaum’s cooperation) vitiated his consent, and by failing to draw the
proper conclusions from the “totality of the circumstances.”
Under the clear error standard, we will uphold the District Court’s factual findings
unless they are “completely devoid of minimum evidentiary support displaying some hue
of credibility,” or “bear[ ] no rational relationship to the supportive evidentiary data.”
United States v. Antoon, 933 F.2d 200, 204 (3d Cir. 1991). On this record, there is ample
evidentiary support for the District Court’s findings, and those findings were rationally
related to the evidence.
In its Order, the District Court found
as a factual matter that at no time during the encounter was the defendant’s
cooperation obtained or consent obtained by any specific promises or
implicit promises. The most that the defendant was told was that any
cooperation would be revealed to the district attorney or appropriate
5
authorities. The defendant’s own statements support this conclusion. He
testified that no police officer told him that he wouldn’t have any problem.
He had independently surmised that cooperation could prove useful to him
based upon his knowledge of a confidential informant who had cooperated
and apparently remained out of jail. He further testified that no officer
informed him that his charges would be dismissed. He further testified that
he was never promised anything in return for his cooperation.
(App. 190–91.)
Griesbaum argues he initially refused to consent to a search of his house because
he wanted to avoid “get[ting] into anymore trouble” (Appellant Br. 36), and therefore the
officers’ representations to Griesbaum amounted to a promise that he would benefit from
the cooperation.1
But at his suppression hearing, Griesbaum stated the officers never specifically
told him he was going to be “totally off.” (App. 95.) He admitted he did not “recall
exactly how they said” his cooperation would help. (Id.) He admitted he decided to
cooperate “not based on anything law enforcement ever did,” but because he “figured in
[his] own mind that another cooperator got off and [he] hoped that the same thing would
happen to [him].” (App. 31.) These admissions offer strong support for the District
1
Specifically, Griesbaum contends the officers promised him if he cooperated (1) he
would not be charged with a sale of fifty dollars worth of methamphetamine, (2) he would
not be arrested, (3) his cooperation would help him, (4) that cooperation would be made
known to authorities, and (5) his consent to a search would be part of his cooperation.
Griesbaum argues that, despite his cooperation and consent to the search, police charged
him with the methamphetamine sale, arrested him, used his statements against him, never
made his cooperation known to the prosecuting attorney or the sentencing court, and
revoked his cooperation after the search.
6
Court’s findings. Under the clear error standard those findings bear a “rational
relationship” to the record.2
Griesbaum also argues that under United States v. Sebetich, 776 F.2d 412 (3d Cir.
1985), and United States v. Molt, 589 F.2d 1247 (3d. Cir. 1978), a police officer’s
misrepresentation weakens a claim of voluntary consent. Even if we believed statements
made by the officers in this case were misrepresentations—and we do not—nothing in
either Sebetich or Molt requires us to hold the District Court committed clear error. In
Molt, we declined to reverse the district court’s holding—under the clear error
standard—that a defendant did not voluntarily consent to a search. There, we noted a
misrepresentation that compels consent will weigh strongly against a finding of voluntary
consent. 589 F.2d at 1251-52. But VanDamia made no misrepresentation, and no
statement made by any officer was coercive. Nothing in Molt compels a finding of error
in this case.
In Sebetich, we held the district court failed to make specific findings relevant to
the search and seizure of a defendant who had been convicted of robbery. We noted the
2
Griesbaum also claims the reason given by the officers for declining to use Griesbaum
as an informant—that the officers learned, only after they surveyed the chemicals and
contacted the search team, of his status as a probationer—is incredible, given the length
of their investigation and their success in already gaining both valuable information and
his consent for a search. But under the clear error standard, even if the officers’ rationale
was questionable it would not alter our holding that the District Court’s findings were
rationally related to the evidence. Whether the District Court could have come to a
different conclusion is not the test.
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troubling nature of an alleged statement by an officer seeking, from the defendant’s
mother, consent to a search of the defendant’s home. The officer, in response to a
question from the defendant’s mother, allegedly said things would “go easier” on the
defendant if his mother consented to the search—and never mentioned he had already
obtained a warrant. 776 F.2d at 423. On the one hand, because the statement, if made,
did not appear to be “well-founded,” it would “militate against a finding of consent.” Id.
at 425 n.21. On the other, because the defendant’s mother raised the issue, that factor
“suggest[ed] her willingness.” Id. Unlike Sebetich, here the District Court’s findings are
explicit and clear. And unlike Sebetich, Griesbaum himself had willingly cooperated with
officers who were ignorant of his status as a probationer. Any statements made by the
officers to Griesbaum in this context would seem to be “well-founded” and reasonable,
unlike the possibly duplicitous action taken by the officers in Sebetich.
Griesbaum also argues his consent was invalid because it was based solely on
VanDamia’s assertion of authority. His argument centers around VanDamia’s statement
that “with the information that we had and the information he had given us that he did in
fact have chemicals in the house, that we could go and obtain a search warrant and search
the house.” (App. 52.) According to Griesbaum, VanDamia “let it be known that he
could go back and get a search warrant right then, so it really didn’t matter.” (App. 98.)
Because Griesbaum “only consented” to the search based on this “claim of authority,” he
claims the search was invalid.
8
Griesbaum argues the District Court either misunderstood or misapplied the
operative legal standard. Citing authority from both the Supreme Court and this Court,
the District Court held,
In my view the statement by Police Chief Van Damia that a warrant
could be obtained does not per se vitiate the voluntariness of the consent in
this case. Neither Molt nor Sebetich so hold. Nor does the defendant seem
to suggest in his papers or at argument. I believe, therefore, that the well-
established totality of circumstances test here must be applied to gauge the
quality of the defendant’s consent in this case. . . .
While he was informed that a search warrant could be obtained,
without trying to parse this too finely, I note that he was not informed, for
instance, that one would be obtained.
(App. 193–94.)
Arguing the District Court used the incorrect legal standard, Griesbaum claims
VanDamia’s statement implied obtaining a warrant was a foregone conclusion, making
Griesbaum’s consent invalid.
Although the cases Griesbaum cites articulate a clear principle—“Where there is
coercion, there cannot be consent,” Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543, 550
(1968)—they do not create a per se standard that controls the outcome in this case.
Rather, these cases repeatedly emphasize the need to view the consent standard in the
“totality of the circumstances.” See, e.g., Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227
(1973) (“[T]he question whether a consent to a search was in fact ‘voluntary’ or was the
product of duress or coercion, express or implied, is a question of fact to be determined
from the totality of all the circumstances.”).
9
Griesbaum also asserts error in the District Court’s holding that “there was
independent, overwhelming probable cause” to obtain a warrant. (App. at 195.)
Griesbaum argues the effect of Chief VanDamia’s allegedly coercive statements cannot
be cured even if probable cause supported the issuance of a warrant.
As noted, we disagree with Griesbaum’s assessment of the facts: the District Court
did not commit clear error when it found Chief VanDamia’s statements were not
inherently coercive and did not vitiate consent. We also disagree with Griesbaum’s
argument that the District Court’s finding contradicts established Fourth Amendment law.
Citing to Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 14 (1948), Griesbaum states “to view
such ‘consent’ as voluntary and not coerced only because probable cause existed at the
time undermines the protections of the Fourth Amendment and warrant issuing process.”
(Appellant Br. 33.) But the District Court did not deem Griesbaum’s consent voluntary
“only because probable cause existed at the time.” The District Court’s conclusions were
in full accord with our observation in Sebetich: “Bumper does not establish a blanket rule
that, whenever police possess an invalid search warrant or falsely claim that they can
obtain one, voluntariness is necessarily vitiated; indeed Schneckloth mandates
consideration of all the surrounding circumstances.” 776 F.2d at 424. Even if the District
Court found VanDamia could not actually have obtained a warrant, the District Court
would still be able to assess the nature of Griesbaum’s consent after examining the
totality of the circumstances. We see no error here.
10
Griesbaum also argues that, under the totality of the circumstances, the
government failed to meet its burden of proof. Griesbaum argues the misrepresentations
made by officials to Griesbaum concerning the favorable consequences of consent, and
Griesbaum’s “submission to a claim of lawful authority,” both weigh heavily against a
finding of voluntary consent. He argues that his lack of a high school diploma, his minor
criminal record, his belief he would not be punished if he cooperated, and his initial
refusal to consent, all militate against a finding of voluntary consent.
We disagree. As we have already said, under the clear error standard, the District
Court did not err in finding Griesbaum’s consent was not based on any
misrepresentations. Even if we were to hold otherwise, we must still assess the District
Court’s overall findings on consent under the clear error standard. We see no error.
In Schneckloth, the Supreme Court articulated some of the factors a court might
take into account in determining the voluntariness of consent under the “totality of
circumstances.” An individual’s age, his education, his intelligence, any advice given to
him about his constitutional rights, and the length and character of his detention are all
factors a court might weigh. Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 226. Here, the District Court cited
the “cordial” interaction between Griesbaum and the officers; the lack of “physical or
verbal threats” and the absence of “force or psychological intimidation”; VanDamia’s
statement to Griesbaum that he did not have to consent; his signing of a written consent
form; his age, intelligence, and experience with the criminal justice system; the lack of
11
misrepresentation by the officers; and the absence of any insistence that obtaining a
warrant was a foregone conclusion. (App. 194.) The District Court reasonably concluded
consent was voluntary based on the evidence in the record. We see no error.
III.
We will affirm the judgment of conviction and sentence.
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