Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
6-9-2006
Hartono v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-3290
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-3290
EDDY HARTONO,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
Respondent
PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A DECISION OF
THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
Agency No. A96-261-142
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
May 11, 2006
Before: BARRY, SMITH and TASHIMA,* Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: June 9, 2006 )
OPINION
*
The Honorable A. Wallace Tashima, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
BARRY, Circuit Judge
The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed and adopted the decision of
an immigration judge (“IJ”) denying Eddy Hartono’s application for withholding of
removal to Indonesia and dismissed his appeal from the IJ’s finding that his asylum
application was time-barred. We will deny his petition for review.
Hartono, who is a Christian and ethnically Chinese, is a native and citizen of
Indonesia. In Indonesia, he was harassed and threatened on a handful of occasions over
several years by members of the Muslim native majority. In 1991, when he was in high
school, six Muslims robbed him at knife point and hit him. In 1996, a crowd of Muslim
soccer fans shouting anti-Chinese slurs stopped the van in which he was riding, broke off
its outside mirror, and demanded money. Nearby police did not interfere and his family
had to pay a bribe to file a written police report. Although he hid safely during the 1998
anti-Chinese riots, he was robbed twice in July 1998. In August 1998, a group of
Muslims surrounded his aunt’s home and threatened her, but dispersed when the police
were called.
Hartono entered the United States on October 30, 1999 on a non-immigrant visitor
for pleasure visa. On August 25, 2000, he was approved for student status and began a
program of studies at the Community College of Philadelphia. He violated this status
after May 31, 2001 by no longer attending school, instead working as a delivery driver.
On March 12, 2003, he filed an application for asylum. The Department of Homeland
Security responded by serving him with a Notice to Appear, alleging that he had
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remained in the United States beyond the expiration of his authorization and was
therefore removable. He conceded removability and requested asylum, withholding of
removal, and withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). A
hearing was held on December 29, 2003. Hartono was the sole witness; he testified to
some, though not all, of the incidents described above. He also offered a large number of
documents and news articles about events in Indonesia.
At the close of the hearing, the IJ issued an oral opinion. She stated,
“Respondent’s claim, based on his written statements, his I-589, and testimony in
significant and relevant part, is that he will be harmed if returned to Indonesia because
country conditions have worsened for ethnic Chinese and Christians since he left there
. . . .” She cited sources in the record indicating that Chinese/native Indonesian relations
were improving and that Surabaya, his home, was not particularly dangerous. She then
stated:
“And thus, respondent has failed to show country conditions in Indonesia
have worsened for Chinese and Christians, thereby establishing a well-
founded fear, that is assuming that he was eligible for asylum. However,
these country conditions further fail to provide sufficient proof of changed
country conditions that would allow the Court to waive the one-year filing
deadline for asylum. Thus, the evidence fails to establish that it is more
likely than not that respondent would be harmed if he returned to Indonesia
because of his ethnicity and because of his religion. . . . Based on the
foregoing, the respondent has failed to establish a claim for relief, being
ineligible statutorily for asylum and failing to satisfy a higher burden and
showing that it is more likely than not that he would be harmed if he
returned to Indonesia.”
She found that Hartono was statutorily ineligible for asylum because he had failed to
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apply within one year of his arrival in the United States and had not shown changed
circumstances affecting his eligibility. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a). She denied withholding
of removal and withholding under CAT, and granted Hartono voluntary departure.
Hartono appealed to the BIA, which, on June 3, 2005, adopted and affirmed the
IJ’s decision in a per curiam opinion, specifically approving her findings that Hartono’s
asylum application was untimely and that he had failed to qualify for an exception to the
one-year bar. The BIA also permitted voluntary departure. Hartono filed a timely
petition for review on July 1, 2005.
We lack jurisdiction over Hartono’s asylum claim. As provided in 8 U.S.C. §
1158(a)(3), no court has jurisdiction to review the BIA’s determination that an asylum
application was untimely and not excused by changed or extraordinary circumstances.
See Sukwanputra v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 627, 635 (3d Cir. 2006). We do, however, have
jurisdiction to review Hartono’s withholding of removal and CAT withholding claims. 8
U.S.C. § 1252. Where, as here, the BIA defers to an IJ’s opinion, we review the decision
of the IJ as though it were the decision of the BIA. Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542,
548-49 (3d Cir. 2001). Ordinarily, we review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo.
Zheng v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 98, 108 (3d Cir. 2005). We review the BIA’s findings of
fact under the substantial evidence standard. Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483-84
(3d Cir. 2001). “[T]he BIA’s finding must be upheld unless the evidence not only
supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Id.
An alien may not be removed to a country “if the Attorney General decides that
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the alien's life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the alien’s race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8
U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). Implementing regulations spell out a sequential process by
which an IJ must make this determination. First, if the applicant has been persecuted in
the past on account of one of the protected grounds, “it shall be presumed that the
applicant's life or freedom would be threatened in the future in the country of removal.” 8
C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1)(i). This presumption may be rebutted either by a showing of a
“fundamental change in country circumstances,” id. § 208.16(b)(1)(i)(A), or by a showing
that the applicant could reasonably and safely relocate to another part of the country, id. §
208.16(b)(1)(i)(B). On the other hand, if the applicant does not show past persecution, he
may show the necessary likelihood of persecution either by showing that he would be
“singled out individually for such persecution,” id. § 208.16(b)(2), or that “there is a
pattern or practice of persecution of a group of persons similarly situated to the applicant”
on one of the protected grounds making it more likely than not that he would be
persecuted if returned, id. § 208.16(b)(i) and (b)(ii).
Hartono did not suffer persecution in Indonesia. Although he testified about a few
of the incidents of harassment and his I-589 referred to events that he claimed constituted
“HARM MISTREATMENT THREATS,” there was simply no evidence of “persecution”
as that term is defined in our cases. See, e.g., Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1243 (3d Cir.
1993) (“‘[P]ersecution’ is an extreme concept that does not include every sort of
treatment our society regards as offensive.”) Hartono was robbed and taunted on a few
5
occasions over a period of years, but not seriously harmed, either physically or mentally,
if he was harmed at all. On this point, the IJ’s decision, while succinct, was sufficient.
Implicit in her focus on the claim of future persecution if Hartono were to be returned to
Indonesia was the finding that he had not made a showing of past persecution that would
entitle him to a presumption of future persecution. Indeed, it appears to us that Hartono
did not claim that his past treatment amounted to persecution, relying instead on the
alleged likelihood of future persecution.
Similarly, Hartono did not show that he will likely be “singled out” for future
persecution were he to return to Indonesia, or that in Indonesia ethnic Chinese Christians
are subjected to a pattern or practice of persecution; indeed, his testimony in those regards
was weak in the extreme. Moreover, the IJ found that conditions for ethnic Chinese and
Christians have actually improved, a finding supported by the documentary evidence.
Substantial evidence supported the IJ’s determination that Hartono was not eligible for
withholding of removal.
The IJ’s conclusion that Hartono’s CAT claim should be denied is more easily
sustainable, not because her findings are more extensive, but because the implementing
regulations impose fewer specific requirements. The applicant bears the burden of proof
of showing that “it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed.” 8
C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). The IJ is to consider a non-exclusive list of relevant evidence, id.
§ 208.16(c)(3), and “shall first determine whether the alien is more likely than not to be
tortured in the country of removal,” id. § 208.16(c)(4). Here, the IJ found that Hartono
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had “fail[ed] to satisfy a higher burden and showing that it is more likely than not that he
would be harmed if he returned to Indonesia.” Because acts that constitute “torture” also
constitute “harm,” see 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1) (torture requires “severe pain or
suffering”), this finding addressed the issue the IJ was required to address. It was also
amply supported by the evidence. None of the past acts Hartono described even remotely
approached the “extreme form of cruel and inhuman treatment,” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(2),
that would constitute torture, and he suffered minimal, if any, injury. Similarly, none of
the additional evidence he introduced indicated that he faced a “more likely than not”
chance of being tortured if returned. Substantial evidence supports the IJ’s determination
that Hartono failed to establish eligibility for CAT relief.
The petition for review will be denied.
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