United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 97-1686
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Hessam Ghane, *
*
Appellant, *
*
v. * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the
Togo D. West, Jr., Secretary of the * Western District of Missouri
Army; Francke C. Walberg, Corps *
of Engineers, Kansas City, Missouri, *
*
Appellees. *
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Submitted: November 17, 1997
Filed: July 6, 1998
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Before McMILLIAN, RICHARD S. ARNOLD and MAGILL, Circuit Judges.
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McMILLIAN, Circuit Judge.
Dr. Hessam Ghane (Ghane) appeals from a final order entered in the United
States District Court1 for the Western District of Missouri granting summary judgment
1
The Honorable Gary A. Fenner, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
in favor of Togo D. West, Jr. (appellee), the Secretary of the United States Army, on
Ghane’s Title VII discriminatory and retaliatory discharge claims. Ghane v. West,
No. 94-0911-CV-W-4 (W.D. Mo. Feb. 7, 1997) (order granting motion for summary
judgment) (hereinafter “slip op.”). For reversal, Ghane argues that the district court
erred in holding that (1) he has failed as a matter of law to establish a prima facie case
of unlawful discrimination based on race or national origin, (2) even assuming he
established a prima facie case of discrimination, there is no genuine issue of material
fact as to whether appellee’s legitimate nondiscriminatory reasons for discharging him
are pretexts for such unlawful discrimination, and (3) he has failed as a matter of law
to establish a prima facie case of unlawful retaliation based on statutorily-protected
activity. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction in the district court was proper based upon 28 U.S.C. §1343.
Jurisdiction in this court is proper based upon 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Ghane timely filed
his notice of appeal pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 4(a).
Facts
The following summary of the facts is largely based upon the district court’s
order. Slip op. at 2-6. Ghane, a native of Iran, was hired by the Army Corps of
Engineers in September 1992 to work as a chemist in their GeoTechnical Branch of the
Engineering Division in Kansas City, Missouri. At the time, Ghane was the only
person of Iranian descent employed at that Kansas City branch. Ghane was hired as
a “career-conditional”employee, which meant that he had to serve a one-year
probationary period before being considered for permanent employment. During his
probationary year, he was subject to certain rules governing probationary employees
and could, without formal procedures, be removed for unacceptable job performance
or conduct. See Appellant’s Appendix at 28-32.
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In June 1993, during his probationary period, Ghane’s employment was
terminated upon the recommendation of his supervisor, Allen Tool, and the “Senior
Chemist,” Richard Medary. Ghane was terminated after his former girlfriend made a
telephone call to his work place, in which she claimed that Ghane had threatened to
harm a co-worker and had threatened to blow up a federal office building.
The letter notifying Ghane of his termination, dated June 4, 1993, identified the
following deficiencies in his performance and conduct on the job: (1) an unwillingness
to compromise with co-workers on work-related issues or to engage in communication
critical of his work; (2) work products that had consistently fallen below an acceptable
level in terms of both quality and quantity of work produced; (3) repeated failures to
meet established project deadlines; (4) unacceptable written communications requiring
extensive revisions; and (5) unresponsiveness to counseling and directions from his
supervisor. The letter further stated: “You have been given ample opportunity to
successfully correct these deficiencies in an acceptable manner. Your conduct and
performance referenced in this letter [are] inconsistent with that desired of a
government employee and [have] adversely affected the accomplishment of our
mission.” Id. at 39-40 (letter of notice of removal during probationary period).
According to Ghane, his supervisors denied his requests for training to improve
his skills and denied his requests to attend professional meetings; he could not work on
his projects after hours because he had difficulty obtaining a key card to access the
building; and he had to wait for four months before receiving a computer, which was
outdated and eventually stopped working. He also alleges that on one occasion a co-
worker referred to him as “Iranian.” That co-worker denied making the reference and
was later separated from the agency. It is undisputed that on another occasion a co-
worker, apparently as a practical joke, changed Ghane’s nameplate to read “Sammy
Ganes.” Tool investigated the nameplate incident, and thereafter the perpetrator
acknowledged responsibility and apologized to Ghane.
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More than a year before his termination, Ghane had joined the Corps of
Engineers’ Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) committee. He was elected vice-
chair of that committee in May of 1993, shortly before his termination.
Discussion
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. The question before the
district court, and this court on appeal, is whether the record, when viewed in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party, shows that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(c); see, e.g., Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986);
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249-50 (1986); Get Away Club, Inc.
v. Coleman, 969 F.2d 664, 666 (8th Cir. 1992); St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v.
FDIC, 968 F.2d 695, 699 (8th Cir. 1992). The nonmoving party is entitled to the
benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts in the record.
Vette Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 612 F.2d 1076 (8th Cir. 1980). The nonmoving
party may not merely rest upon allegations or denials in its pleadings, but must set forth
specific facts by affidavits or otherwise showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.
Burst v. Adolph Coors Co., 650 F.2d 930, 932 (8th Cir. 1981).
Discriminatory discharge claim
Because Ghane’s discrimination claim2 is based upon inferences to be drawn
from circumstantial evidence, it is governed by the three-stage burden-shifting pretext
2
We agree with the district court that Ghane’s assertion of discrimination claims
based upon both national origin and race may, for purposes of this summary judgment
analysis, be treated as essentially the same claim. Slip op. at 9 n.3 (citing St. Francis
College v. Al-Khazraji, 481 U.S. 604, 613 (1987) (claim of racial discrimination pursuant
to 42 U.S.C. § 1981 could be based upon showing that discrimination resulted from Arab
ethnicity)).
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analysis set forth in McDonnell Douglas v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-804 (1973)
(McDonnell Douglas); see also Rothmeier v. Investment Advisers, Inc., 85 F.3d 1328,
1332 (8th Cir. 1996). Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff bears the
burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination, which has the effect of
creating a legal presumption of unlawful discrimination. If the plaintiff establishes a
prima facie case, then the defendant must proffer some legitimate nondiscriminatory
reason for the adverse employment action. If the defendant meets this burden of
production, the presumption created by the prima facie case is rebutted and drops from
the case. The burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the employer’s
legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for the employment action was a pretext for the
type of unlawful discrimination alleged. See Rothmeier, 85 F.3d at 1332-33.
The district court held that Ghane had not established a prima facie case of
employment discrimination because he could not show that he was satisfying the
normal requirements of his job or, in other words, that he was performing his job at a
level that met the employer’s legitimate expectations. Slip op. at 11.3 The district court
further held that, even if Ghane had met his prima facie burden, there was no genuine
issue of material fact with respect to whether appellee’s proffered reasons are pretexts
for discrimination based on race or national origin. Id. at 11-12. Because we agree that
Ghane has failed to raise a genuine issue of fact as to whether the reasons proffered by
appellee are pretextual and, consequently, whether race or national origin was a
determinative factor in the decision to discharge him, we affirm without deciding
whether Ghane has failed to meet his prima facie burden as a matter of law.
3
To meet his prima facie burden, Ghane was required by the district court to show
that: (1) he is a member of a protected group; (2) he was performing his job at a level that
met the employer’s legitimate expectations; (3) he was discharged; and (4) there are
“facts adequate to permit an inference of discrimination.” Slip op. at 10-11 (citing
Williams v. Ford Motor Co., 14 F.3d 1305, 1308 (8th Cir. 1994)).
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In support of his pretext argument on appeal, Ghane argues that other non-
Iranian employees were also late in completing work assignments and sometimes
required substantial revisions of their written work. Brief for Appellant at 15. In
response, however, appellee argues, that those employees were not similarly situated
to Ghane in that they were not probationary employees and their work deficiencies did
not rise to the level of Ghane’s. Brief for Appellee at 16 (citing Appellant’s Appendix
at 59 (affidavit of Richard T. Medary)). Having carefully reviewed the record, we
conclude that Ghane’s disparate treatment argument is insufficient as a matter of law
to support a reasonable inference that appellee’s proffered reasons are pretexts for
intentional discrimination based on race or national origin because Ghane has not
demonstrated that those individuals to whom he compares himself are similarly situated
in all relevant respects. See, e.g., Harvey v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 38 F.3d 968, 972
(8th Cir. 1994) (instances of disparate treatment can support claim of pretext, but the
plaintiff has the burden to show that he or she is similarly situated in all relevant
respects to the individuals who were treated more favorably).
Ghane also maintains that, on at least one occasion, he was called by “a
derogatory name directly related to his national origin.” Brief for Appellant at 17. We
agree that a reference to an employee as “Iranian” may be indicative of racial hostility,
depending on the surrounding circumstances and the manner in which the term was
used. However, it is undisputed in the present case that the reference was made by a
co-worker who was later separated from the agency. Therefore, even assuming the
reference was used in a derogatory manner, we hold that the evidence is insufficient as
a matter of law to support a reasonable inference that appellee’s proffered reasons for
discharging Ghane are pretexts for unlawful discrimination because there is no evidence
that the remark was either made by a decision maker or made in connection with the
decisional process. See, e.g., Aucutt v. Six Flags Over Mid-America, Inc., 85 F.3d
1311, 1315-16 (8th Cir. 1996) (discussing “stray remarks” doctrine).
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Finally, Ghane argues, among other things, that he was terminated because of his
former girlfriend’s telephone call to his workplace, in which she alleged that Ghane had
threatened to harm a co-worker and had threatened to blow up a federal building.
Based on this telephone call, which was received in June of 1993 immediately
preceding his termination, Ghane argues “[t]here is, however, strong evidence that the
decision to terminate was based upon the stereotypical notions of superiors that Dr.
Ghane was a ‘crazed Iranian.’” Brief for Appellant at 19. It is undisputed that the
former girlfriend specifically identified Ghane by name as the subject of her phone call.
There is no evidence that she identified him on the basis of his race or national origin.
Therefore, the fact that the phone call was received immediately prior to Ghane’s
termination supports the inference that there was an additional reason for Ghane’s
termination, other than those articulated by appellee, but it does not logically or
reasonably lead to the conclusion that race or national origin was a determinative
factor in the decision to terminate his employment. See Rothmeier, 85 F.3d at 1336-37
(to survive summary judgment, the plaintiff must (1) create fact issue regarding
pretextual nature of proffered reasons and (2) create a reasonable inference that the
protected characteristic was a determinative factor in the adverse employment
decision).
In sum, upon careful review of the record and the parties’ arguments on appeal,
we hold that Ghane has not presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could
reasonably infer that appellee’s proffered reasons for discharging him are pretexts for
intentional discrimination based on race or national origin.
Retaliatory discharge claim
Ghane also claims that he was discharged in retaliation for engaging in
statutorily-protected activity. To establish a prima facie case of unlawful retaliation
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a), Ghane was required to show that (1) he
participated in activity which was statutorily-protected, (2) he suffered an adverse
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employment action, and (3) there was a causal connection between the participation
and the adverse employment action. Jackson v. St. Joseph State Hosp., 840 F.2d 1387,
1390 (8th Cir. 1988).
There is no evidence in the record that Ghane ever filed an EEOC complaint or
formally complained to any of his superiors about illegal discrimination. While it is
true that Ghane did complain to his supervisors about his nameplate being changed, it
is undisputed that Tool immediately investigated the nameplate matter, and the
responsible co-worker apologized to Ghane. We therefore agree with the district court
that nothing in the record shows that this incident motivated Ghane’s supervisors to
terminate him. Slip op. at 12. The only plausible bases for Ghane’s retaliation claim
are the facts that he was a member of the Corps of Engineers’ EEO committee and that
his termination occurred approximately one month after he was elected vice-chair of
that committee. However, Ghane has presented no evidence of a causal connection
between those protected activities and his discharge except for the mere temporal
proximity between his election as a committee officer and his termination. In the
absence of any other evidence supporting a finding of retaliatory motive or any
evidence genuinely disputing appellee’s allegations of job performance and conduct
deficiencies, we agree with the district court that the evidence in the record is
insufficient as a matter of law to establish a causal connection between Ghane’s
statutorily-protected activity and the decision made by his supervisors to discharge him.
See, e.g., Nelson v. J.C. Penney Co., 75 F.3d 343, 346-47 (8th Cir.) (“[i]n light of all
these circumstances, we cannot agree with the trial court that the mere coincidence of
timing established a submissible case of retaliatory discharge”) (citing cases), cert.
denied, 117 S. Ct. 61 (1996).
Accordingly, we hold that Ghane has not presented sufficient evidence from
which a jury could reasonably infer that appellee’s proffered reasons for discharging
him are pretexts for unlawful retaliation based upon his participation in statutorily-
protected activity.
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Conclusion
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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