United States v. Randy Phelps

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________

No. 98-1226
___________

United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of South Dakota.
Randy Phelps, *
*
Appellant. *
___________

Submitted: October 20, 1998
Filed: January 4, 1999
___________

Before BOWMAN, Chief Judge, BRIGHT, and RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Circuit
Judges.
___________

BOWMAN, Chief Judge.

The appellant, Randy Phelps, was convicted by a jury of assault with a
dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 113(a)(3) and 1153, and use of a
firearm in a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 113(a)(3) and 1152. Phelps
was sentenced to 81 months in prison. Phelps appeals, raising seven issues: (1) that
his prosecution in federal court violated the Double Jeopardy Clause because he had
already been prosecuted in a tribal court; (2) that the District Court1 did not have

1
The Honorable John B. Jones, United States District Judge for the District of
South Dakota.
jurisdiction over him because the land on which he resided was not part of the Yankton
Sioux Indian Reservation; (3) that the District Court abused its discretion by admitting
several statements under the excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay; (4)
that the evidence was not sufficient to support his convictions; (5) that the District
Court gave several erroneous jury instructions; (6) that the District Court erred when
it found that the officer's entrance into Phelps's home was consensual; and, (7) that the
District Court erred by admitting evidence relating to Phelps's actions immediately
before and after the shooting. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm Phelps's
convictions.

I.

Phelps is a Caucasian male,who resides in Greenwood, South Dakota. Phelps
leased a house which is located on a tract of trust land that is owned by the Yankton
Sioux Indian Tribe. Phelps shared this house with his girlfriend, Shannon Keeler, and
her two sons. The convictions in this case arose out of Phelps's acts on November 30,
1996, when Phelps fired several shots at Keeler and her sons after an argument with
Keeler.

On December 5, 1996, Phelps was arraigned in the Yankton Sioux Tribal Court
for aggravated assault and possession of a weapon by an intoxicated person, in violation
of the Yankton Sioux Law and Order Code 3-14-2 and 3-11-9. Phelps pled guilty to
both counts and a judgment of conviction was entered by the tribal court on December
6, 1996.

On February 14, 1997, a federal indictment was filed in the United States District
Court for the District of South Dakota charging Phelps with assault with a dangerous
weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 113(a)(3) and 1153, and use of a firearm in
relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 113(a)(3) and 1152. These
charges arose from the November 30 shooting. Phelps filed a motion to dismiss the

-2-
indictment, arguing that his prosecution in both tribal and federal court for the same
conduct violated the Double Jeopardy Clause. The District Court denied his motion.
On October 23, 1997, a jury found Phelps guilty of both federal charges. These federal
convictions are the subject of Phelps's appeal. The following is a summary of the
evidence that was admitted in Phelps's federal trial.

On November 30, 1996, Phelps returned home, and began to argue with Keeler.
Phelps told Keeler that he wanted her out of his house permanently. Phelps was
swearing at her and speaking loudly. Keeler thought that he might have been drinking.
She asked for keys to the car so she could leave, and he threw them at her. As Keeler
bent over to pick up the keys, Phelps pointed a small gun at her and told her to leave
again. She and her sons left the house and got into a brown Skylark, but were unable
to leave because Phelps had given Keeler the wrong keys. As they exited from the car,
Phelps came out of the house, carrying a larger gun. Keeler and the children ran
towards a neighbor’s house. As she was running, Keeler heard a gunshot. She pushed
her children to the ground and fell on top of them to protect them. Keeler heard five
to six gunshots. The shots were fired by Phelps, who was standing approximately 257
feet away from Keeler and the children.

When Keeler arrived at her neighbor’s house, she called 911. There was
conflicting testimony at trial regarding Keeler’s 911 phone calls. Tiphany Dvorak, the
911 dispatcher, testified that Keeler had called 911 twice. Dvorak testified that during
the first call, Keeler stated that someone was shooting at her and requested police
assistance. During both calls, Keeler sounded upset and there was crying in the
background. When asked if she thought that Keeler had been “making more of [the
incident] than what it really was,” Dvorak testified that “it sounded pretty bad.”
Dvorak’s testimony was admitted under the excited utterance exception to the rule
against hearsay.

-3-
 In contrast to Dvorak's testimony, Keeler testified that she had called 911 three
times. She testified that in her first call, she had requested assistance to retrieve her
belongings from Phelps's house and that the dispatcher did not offer assistance. Keeler
testified that she repeated her request during the second call and still received no
assistance. Keeler then claimed that she was frustrated because an officer had not been
dispatched, so she called a third time and said that someone was shooting at her.

Keeler also had called a relative, Nancy Cooke, shortly after the shooting. Keeler
spoke to Cooke for several minutes. Keeler told Cooke that she needed a ride out of
Greenwood and that she needed “to get out of here fast.” At trial, Cooke testified that
Keeler had sounded out of breath, scared, and nervous throughout their conversation.
Cooke had known Keeler for many years and testified that she did not usually sound
this way. Cooke’s testimony was admitted under the excited utterance exception to the
rule against hearsay.

Officer Russell Leaf testified that he arrived on the scene approximately 15
minutes after receiving a phone call from Cooke. Leaf testified that he spoke to Cooke
for several minutes and then saw Keeler and her sons walk out from a field. Leaf
testified that he spoke to Keeler, who was very upset. Her hands were shaking, and she
and the children were crying. Keeler told Leaf that her boyfriend had tried to shoot her
and had threatened to use her and the children for target practice. Leaf repeatedly urged
her to calm down, but she remained upset throughout her description of the shooting.
Keeler was adamant that Phelps had been pointing a gun at her and stated that the shots
had been fired from right behind her. Leaf testified about Keeler’s statements under the
excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay.

Shortly after the shooting, and while Leaf was speaking to Keeler, Phelps arrived
on the scene. He was angry and belligerent. Leaf placed Phelps under arrest, and
Phelps asked Leaf to secure his house. There was conflicting testimony regarding
Phelps's exact words regarding his consent to enter the house. Phelps testified that he

-4-
intended for his consent to be limited to boarding up a broken window. Leaf testified
that Phelps asked him to secure his house and to remove any intruders. While Leaf
secured the house and checked each room for intruders, he discovered a 12-gauge
Mossberg shotgun, another shotgun, and shotgun shells in plain view. This evidence
was admitted at trial over Phelps's objection.

At the close of the trial, a jury found Phelps guilty of both charges, and Phelps
was sentenced to 81 months in prison.

II.

A.

The first issue Phelps raises on appeal is that his prosecution in federal court
violated the Double Jeopardy Clause because he had been prosecuted in a tribal court
for the same conduct. Phelps's argument is based on this Court's decision in United
States v. Weaselhead, 156 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 1998). In Weaselhead, we held that the
Double Jeopardy Clause bars the federal prosecution of a Native American who
previously has been tried for the same conduct by a tribal court of which he was not a
member. Id. at 824. The Court recently has granted the government's petition for
rehearing en banc in Weaselhead, and the panel opinion thus has been vacated. We
review Phelps's Double Jeopardy claim de novo. See United States v. Basile, 109 F.3d
1304, 1306 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 189 (1997).

The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides that no person
shall "be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." U.S.
Const. amend. V. Protection from double jeopardy is fundamental to the American
justice system. See United States v. Dixon, 913 F.2d 1305, 1309 (8th Cir. 1990). The
Double Jeopardy Clause, however, "does not come into play until a proceeding begins
before a trier 'having jurisdiction to try the question of guilt or innocence of the

-5-
accused.'" Serfass v. United States, 420 U.S. 377, 391 (1975) (quoting Kepner v.
United States, 195 U.S. 100, 133 (1904)). Because Phelps is Caucasian, rather than
Native American, the Yankton Sioux Tribal Court did not have jurisdiction to enforce
tribal laws against him. Indian tribal laws are enforceable against Indians only, not
against non-Indians. See Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191, 205
(1978). Because the Yankton Sioux did not have jurisdiction to prosecute Phelps in
tribal court, the Double Jeopardy Clause was not violated by Phelps's prosecution in
federal court.

B.

The second issue Phelps raises on appeal is that the District Court did not have
subject matter jurisdiction over his case because the offense did not occur in Indian
Country. Federal courts have jurisdiction over offenses committed in Indian Country.
18 U.S.C. § 113 (1994). Indian Country is defined as "all land within the limits of any
Indian reservation under the jurisdiction of the United States" and "all Indian
allotments, the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished." 18 U.S.C. § 1151
(1994).

Prior to trial, Phelps filed a motion to dismiss his indictment, arguing that the
District Court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the case. The District Court
denied his motion, citing Yankton Sioux Tribe v. Southern Missouri Waste
Management Dist., 99 F.3d 1439 (8th Cir. 1996), which subsequently was reversed by
the Supreme Court. See South Dakota v. Yankton Sioux Tribe, 118 S. Ct. 789 (1998).
Phelps contends that his indictment should be dismissed or remanded to the District
Court for an evidentiary hearing in light of the Supreme Court's holding.

Phelps's argument is without merit. Phelps assaulted Keeler on a tract of tribal
trust land owned by the Yankton Sioux Tribe. The Supreme Court's decision in
Yankton Sioux Tribe has no bearing on tribal trust lands because the Court carefully

-6-
limited its holding to "the narrow question presented: whether unallotted, ceded lands
were severed from the reservation." Yankton Sioux Tribe, 118 S. Ct. at 805. Since the
tract of land on which Phelps resides is still part of the Yankton Sioux Reservation, it
is within Indian Country. Therefore, the District Court had subject matter jurisdiction
over Phelps, and his motion to dismiss was properly denied.

C.

The third issue raised by Phelps is that the District Court abused its discretion
when it admitted the testimonies of Tiphany Dvorak, Nancy Cooke, and Officer Russell
Leaf under the excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay. The Federal
Rules of Evidence define hearsay as "a statement, other than one made by the declarant
while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted." Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). Hearsay is inadmissible unless it falls under
one or more exceptions. See Fed. R. Evid. 802. One such exception is for an excited
utterance, which is "[a] statement relating to a startling event or condition made while
the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition." Fed.
R. Evid. 803(2).

To determine whether the declarant was still under the stress of
excitement caused by the assault when he made the statement, we must
consider the lapse of time between the startling event and the statement,
whether the statement was made in response to an inquiry, the age of the
declarant, the physical and mental condition of the declarant, the
characteristics of the event, and the subject matter of the statement.

United States v. Moses, 15 F.3d 774, 777-78 (8th Cir. 1994). In order for Rule 803(2)
to apply, "it must appear that the declarant's condition at the time of such statement was
such that the statement was spontaneous, excited or impulsive rather than the product
of reflection and deliberation." United States v. Iron Shell, 633 F.2d 77, 86 (8th Cir.

-7-
1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1001 (1981). We review the admission of this evidence
only for abuse of discretion. See id.

As to the testimony of Tiphany Dvorak under the excited utterance exception to
the rule against hearsay, Dvorak testified that Keeler called 911 twice, reporting that
someone had been shooting at her and requesting police assistance. Dvorak testified
that Keeler sounded very upset and that the situation "sounded pretty bad." The
evidence did not establish that any appreciable amount of time had elapsed between the
shooting and Keeler's phone calls to 911. Keeler's statements to Dvorak were made
shortly after Phelps had fired a gun at Keeler and her sons, Keeler sounded upset during
the phone calls, the characteristics of the shooting are such that an ordinary person
would have been startled, and the statements concerned the shooting. In these
circumstances, the District Court did not abuse its discretion when it permitted Dvorak
to testify about Keeler's phone calls to 911.

Likewise, the District Court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted the
testimony of Nancy Cooke under the excited utterance exception to the rule against
hearsay. Cooke testified that Keeler had called her to request a ride out of Greenwood
and that Keeler stated she needed to get "out of here fast." Cooke stated that she had
known Keeler all of her life, and that during the phone call, Keeler spoke quickly, was
out of breath, and sounded scared and nervous. Cooke testified that this was not how
Keeler usually sounded when they spoke. Keeler called Cooke immediately after she
called 911, so there was not an appreciable amount of time between the call and the
shooting. Keeler's statements to Cooke were not in response to an inquiry, and Keeler
sounded scared and upset during the phone call. Keeler's statements were related to the
shooting incident and shared identical characteristics to Keeler's phone calls to 911.
The District Court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted Cooke's testimony.

Finally, the District Court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted Officer
Leaf's testimony under the excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay. Leaf

-8-
testified that he arrived at Cooke's home within 15 minutes of Cooke's phone call
requesting assistance and spoke to Keeler only minutes after his arrival on the scene.
The lapse of 15 to 30 minutes between an exciting incident and a statement does not
render the statement inadmissible. See Iron Shell, 633 F.2d at 86 (holding statements
elicited by a police officer between 45 minutes and one hour and 15 minutes after an
assault were admissible). When Keeler spoke to Leaf about the shooting, she was
visibly distraught. Keeler was crying and her hands were shaking. Each time Keeler
began to talk to Leaf about the shooting, she began to cry, despite Leaf's attempts to
calm her down. Keeler's statements to Leaf were not made in response to suggestive
questioning. Keeler's statements occurred only shortly after an exciting event, were
made while she was still visibly upset from the shooting, and described the shooting.
It was not an abuse of discretion, in these circumstances, for the District Court to find
that Keeler was in a state of continuous excitement from the shooting and to admit
Leaf's testimony.

D.

The fourth issue Phelps raises on appeal is that there was insufficient evidence
to sustain his conviction for assault with a dangerous weapon under 18 U.S.C.
§ 113(a)(3). Phelps contends that a shotgun fired at a distance of 257 feet cannot be a
dangerous weapon because Keeler and her sons could not have been injured by the
gun's pellets at that distance. At the close of evidence, Phelps moved the District Court
to acquit him on that basis, and the District Court denied his motion.

The District Court properly denied Phelps's motion for acquittal. The issue of
what constitutes a dangerous weapon in a particular case is a question of fact for the
jury. See United States v. Moore, 846 F.2d 1163, 1166 (8th Cir. 1988). In this case,
there was conflicting evidence regarding whether the shotgun's pellets could have
injured Keeler and her sons. Thus the issue was properly submitted to the jury. Upon
weighing the evidence in this case, the jury found that Phelps was guilty of assault with

-9-
a deadly weapon. A jury verdict “should not be overturned lightly.” United States v.
Scott, 64 F.3d 377, 380 (8th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation and citation omitted).

“In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, the court views the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary conflicts
in favor of the government, and accepting all reasonable inferences drawn from the
evidence that support the jury’s verdict.” Scott, 64 F.3d at 380 (internal quotation and
citation omitted). To sustain a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(3), the government
must prove:

1) that the victim was assaulted, 2) with the use of a dangerous weapon,
and 3) with the intent to inflict bodily harm. An assault is any intentional
and voluntary attempt or threat to do injury to the person of another, when
coupled with the apparent present ability to do so sufficient to put the
person against whom the attempt is made in fear of immediate bodily
harm.

United States v. LeCompte, 108 F.3d 948, 952 (8th Cir. 1997). The government is
required to present sufficient evidence only that the appellant assaulted the victim with
an object capable of inflicting bodily injury, and not that the victim actually suffered
bodily injury as a result of the assault. Id. at 952-53.

Here, the evidence presented by the government, viewed in the light most
favorable to the verdict, is sufficient to support Phelps's conviction. The evidence
supports the jury’s determination that Phelps assaulted Keeler. Testimony was
presented that Phelps pointed a gun at Keeler while she was inside the house and that
he ordered her to leave. He then stood on the porch, pointed a larger gun at her and her
sons, and threatened to use them for target practice. Phelps then fired the gun in their
direction. Keeler clearly felt endangered, as was evident when she pushed her sons to
the ground and laid on top of them to protect them. Based on this evidence, the jury
reasonably could have inferred that an assault had occurred.

-10-
 The evidence also supports the jury’s determination that Phelps used a dangerous
weapon to carry out the assault. Although experts testified that it was unlikely that the
pellets from a 12-gauge Mossberg shotgun would travel 257 feet, another witness
testified that, in his personal and professional opinion, pellets could travel much greater
distances than those claimed by the experts. In addition, based on the evidence, the jury
could have determined that Keeler was closer than 257 feet at the time Phelps fired the
shots. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the facts are sufficient to
support Phelps’s conviction for assault with a dangerous weapon.

E.

The fifth issue raised by Phelps on appeal is that the District Court abused its
discretion when it refused to give the jury an instruction regarding his intoxication at
the time of the shooting. Phelps claims that the trial court should have instructed the
jury on intoxication as a defense to assault with a dangerous weapon because the
offense includes the element of specific intent to do bodily harm.

A criminal defendant is entitled to an instruction on a theory of defense only if
there is adequate evidence in the record to justify it. United States v. Fay, 668 F.2d
375, 377 (8th Cir. 1981). An intoxication instruction should not be given if it lacks
evidentiary support or is based on mere speculation. United States v. Lavallie, 666 F.2d
1217, 1219 (8th Cir. 1981).

In the present case, some evidence was presented that Phelps had been drinking.
Testimony revealed that his eyes appeared bloodshot and that he was carrying alcoholic
beverages with him. In addition, Keeler testified that she thought that Phelps had been
drinking. However, there was also evidence that Phelps was not intoxicated. Keeler's
mother, who knew Phelps well, testified that she had seen him immediately after the
shooting and that she did not think that he had been drinking. She stated that he seemed
calm and was acting normally. Further, none of the witnesses testified that

-11-
Phelps was staggering or slurring his words. Thus, although there was some evidence
that Phelps had been drinking, the evidence would not support a finding that he was
intoxicated. Therefore, the District Court did not abuse its discretion by denying
Phelps's request for an intoxication instruction.

Phelps also challenges several of the other jury instructions given in his trial.
Phelps alleges at least ten errors in the District Court's jury instructions, many of which
stem from the District Court's refusal to give the instructions suggested by Phelps.
"When reviewing a challenge to the jury instructions, we recognize that the district
court has wide discretion in formulating the instructions and will affirm if the entire
charge to the jury, when read as a whole, fairly and adequately contains the law
applicable to the case." United States v. Casas, 999 F.2d 1225, 1230 (8th Cir. 1993),
cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1078 (1994). We have reviewed the jury instructions and are
satisfied that, viewed in their entirety, they fairly and adequately contain the law
applicable to the issues in the case. Therefore, the District Court did not err in its
instructions.

F.

The sixth issue Phelps raises on appeal is that the District Court erred when it
denied Phelps's motion to suppress two shotguns and shotgun shells discovered in plain
view while Officer Leaf was in Phelps's home. At the suppression hearing, there was
conflicting testimony regarding what Phelps had said to Leaf. Phelps testified that he
gave Leaf permission to enter his home, but that this consent was limited to allowing
Leaf to board up a broken window. In contrast, Leaf testified that Phelps asked him to
secure the premises, and said, "[I]f anybody is in there, I want them out of my house."
The magistrate judge found Leaf's testimony to be more credible. Determinations
regarding credibility are "virtually unreviewable on appeal." Black, 88 F.3d at 680.

-12-
 The test for determining whether an officer has exceeded the scope of a suspect's
consent to enter the suspect's premises "is that of 'objective' reasonableness – what
would the typical reasonable person have understood by the exchange between the
officer and the suspect?" United States v. Sanchez, 32 F.3d 1330, 1334 (8th Cir. 1994)
(quoting Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991)), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1158
(1995). In this case, the District Court properly found that it was objectively
reasonable for Leaf to interpret Phelps's statements as giving his consent to allow Leaf
to enter his home and to check each room for intruders. Therefore, the district court did
not err when it denied Phelps's motion to suppress evidence.

G.

The final issue Phelps raises on appeal is that the District Court erred when it
admitted testimony regarding: (1) Phelps's possession and use of a nine-millimeter
pistol shortly before the shooting; (2) Leaf's initial stop of Phelps; (3) Phelps's traveling
to Ben Gonzales's house and giving Delma Bruguier his nine-millimeter pistol; and, (4)
Phelps's arrest. Phelps argues that evidence of these "bad acts" should have been
excluded because the government did not give proper notice under Federal Rule of
Evidence 404(b). Phelps also argues that even if Rule 404(b) does not apply, the
District Court failed to conduct the required Rule 403 analysis.

When making evidentiary rulings, the District Court has broad discretion, and
its decisions will be overturned on appeal only when there has been an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Jorgensen, 144 F.3d 550, 562 (8th Cir. 1998). In this case,
the district court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted evidence relating to
Phelps's actions immediately before and after the shooting. "'[B]ad acts that form the
factual setting of the crime in issue' or that 'form an integral part of the crime charged'"
are not part of Rule 404(b)'s coverage. United States v. Heidebur, 122 F.3d 577, 579
(8th Cir. 1997) (quoting United States v. Williams, 95 F.3d 723, 731 (8th Cir. 1996),
cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 750 (1997)). We have held:

-13-
 [W]here evidence of other crimes is "so blended or connected, with the
one on trial as that proof of one incidentally involves the other; or explains
the circumstances; or tends logically to prove any element of the crime
charged," it is admissible as an integral part of the immediate context of
the crime charged. When the other crimes evidence is so integrated, it is
not extrinsic and therefore not governed by Rule 404(b).

United States v. Swinton, 75 F.3d 374, 378 (8th Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). In this
case, all of the evidence challenged by Phelps concerns either events immediately
before and after the discharge of the shotgun or events surrounding Phelps's arrest.
None of the challenged acts concerns remote or unrelated events, and the evidence is
blended and connected to the charged crimes. Therefore, Rule 404(b) does not apply.

Phelps correctly asserts that even if Rule 404(b) does not apply, "[t]he dictates
of Rule 403 must still be applied to ensure that the probative value of this evidence is
not outweighed by its prejudicial value." United States v. Bass, 794 F.2d 1305, 1312
(8th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 869 (1986). We reverse a district court's ruling under
the Rule 403 balancing test only if the court committed a clear abuse of discretion.
United States v. Davis, 154 F.3d 772, 780 (8th Cir. 1998). In this case, Phelps does not
provide any evidence that the District Court failed to consider the dictates of Rule 403.
The evidence admitted was not unfairly prejudicial to Phelps's case and it had
significant probative value. Evidence that Phelps brandished a nine-millimeter pistol
just moments before firing a shotgun at Keeler is probative of his threatening behavior,
and evidence of his behavior at the time of his arrest is probative of his hostility toward
Keeler and the officers. The District Court did not clearly abuse its discretion under
Rule 403 when it admitted evidence relating to Phelps's actions immediately before and
after the shooting.

III.

Phelps's convictions are affirmed.

-14-
BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, Dissenting.

The majority of our panel concludes that the district court properly refused to give
jury instructions regarding intoxication as a defense to the specific intent element of the
crime charged. The court justifies this conclusion by suggesting that the evidence would
not support a finding that Mr. Phelps was intoxicated. I disagree. Substantial proof
exists on the record to indicate that such an instruction was warranted, and, because I
would remand on this issue alone, I dissent.

Although it is true that an instruction should not be given “if it lacks evidentiary
support or is based on mere speculation”, United States v. Lavallie, 666 F.2d 1217,
1219 (8th Cir. 1981), this court also applies the well-established principle of United
States v. Fay, 668 F.2d 375 (8th Cir. 1981), that when a criminal defendant makes a
timely request for a jury instruction on a theory of defense, he is entitled to receive that
instruction if it “‘is supported by evidence’” and “‘sets out a correct declaration of
law.’” Id. at 377 (quoting United States v. Manning, 618 F.2d 45, 47-48 (8th Cir.
1980)).

In Fay, the defendant was charged with assault with a dangerous weapon and the
district court refused to give an instruction to the jury concerning intoxication as a
theory of defense. On appeal, we reversed, citing evidence that: the defendant
purchased beer and other liquor on several occasions in the hours leading up to the
events for which he was convicted; he had been drinking for as much as 24 hours
preceding the outbreak of violence at the victim’s house; and the defendant was “passed
out” shortly before the crime. See Fay, 668 F.2d at 377-78. On these facts, we held
that the evidence would “support” a finding that he was intoxicated and therefore lacked
the specific intent necessary for conviction.

In contrast, in Hayes v. Lockhart, 852 F.2d 339 (8th Cir. 1988), we determined
that no instruction on intoxication was required because, on the facts of that case, there

-15-
was minimal evidence that the defendant was impaired at the time of the crime. We did
so based on evidence that: while the defendant testified that he had been drinking all
day, both of his parents testified that he did not appear to be intoxicated and that they
detected no odor of alcohol on his breath; the defendant’s cousin testified that he did not
appear to be intoxicated in the hours before the crime; and the officers that questioned
the defendant all testified that they neither smelled alcohol on his breath, nor observed
him to stagger or slur his words. See Id. at 345.

These cases, and others, indicate the obvious: intoxication instructions are fact
specific. This court has required instructions to be given when the record reflects
something more than minimal evidence of intoxication. At the very least, where the
issue is controverted, where substantial evidence of drunkenness is present but yet must
be balanced against some limited evidence to the contrary, such an issue is properly for
the jury.

The record discloses the following proceedings and evidence. At the outset, the
government began its case by arguing to the court that Mr. Phelps was intoxicated
immediately after the alleged assault, noting that Phelps “was clearly under the influence
of alcohol.” (Tr. at 11). As for the testimony of witnesses, both the victim, Ms. Keeler,
and others who encountered Mr. Phelps testified either to their subjective belief that
Phelps had been drinking or to objective indicia that would suggest intoxication. Ms.
Keeler testified that she thought Phelps had been drinking prior to the assault. (Tr. at
37). One of Keeler’s children -- the only other witnesses to the actual events charged --
testified that, even as an seven-year old, he knew Phelps had been drinking. (Tr. at 93).

Delma Bruguier, Phelps’ friend, saw him shortly after the incident. She testified
that she thought he had been drinking. (Tr. at 125). Phelps was carrying a partially
consumed 12-pack of beer and a bottle of whiskey that was as much as half finished.
(Tr. at 124). Ms. Bruguier also testified that when Phelps arrived at her house he had

-16-
an open bottle of beer, bloodshot eyes, and was behaving in a forward and aggressive
manner. (Tr. at 124-28).

Officer Leaf, the responding and arresting officer, testified that Phelps had been
“out all night drinking” prior to the assault and returned home mad. (Tr. at 243-44).
According to officer Leaf, Phelps was “belligerent and cussed” when accosted
immediately after the incident, and, in a bizarre sequence, when requested by officers
to put his hands up, Phelps instead dropped his pants. (Tr. at 261-62).

Counterbalanced against this evidence, is the testimony of a single witness, Ms.
Gregor. Ms. Gregor -- Ms. Keeler’s mother -- testified that when she saw Phelps briefly
immediately before the incident, he was calm and it did not occur to her that he might
have been drinking. (Tr. at 516).

The majority correctly points out that no witness testified directly that Phelps
either staggered or slurred his words --- implicitly suggesting that those signs are the
true touchstones of drunkenness. Such markers are not conclusive however, and the
absence of such symptoms ought not be adopted as a quick test for sobriety. Rather, I
suggest that we must consider the totality of the circumstances because such a reckoning
proves to be a more reliable guide.

In short, there was significant evidence presented to the jury from which it might
determine that Phelps was intoxicated at the time of the incident. While the evidence
of intoxication may not be overwhelming, such a weight of proof has never been
required by the law of this circuit. Instead, the Fay standard requires a jury instruction
on a theory of defense if the request for instruction is merely “supported by evidence
and if it sets out a correct declaration of law.” Fay, 668 F.2d at 377 (emphasis added).
In my view, Phelps presented ample evidence to support intoxication as a theory of
defense. That intoxication may defeat specific intent is an indisputably correct
declaration of law. See, e.g., Lavallie, 666 F.2d at 1219.

-17-
 The defendant presented sufficient evidence for the court to instruct on this issue.
Thus, the district court’s refusal to so instruct constitutes prejudicial error in my view,
and on that basis I would remand the case to the district court for a new trial.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

-18-