United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 98-1774
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Karla Kaye Kuehl, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellee, *
*
v. *
* Appeal from the United States
Stephen P. Burtis; Terry Satterlee; * District Court for the
* District of South Dakota.
Defendants- Appellants *
*
Other John Doe Defendants; *
*
Defendant *
*
City of Sioux Falls; Ezekial *
James McBeth *
*
Defendants - Appellants. *
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Submitted: November 17, 1998
Filed: March 29, 1999
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Before LOKEN, JOHN R. GIBSON, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit
Judges.
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JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.
Officer Stephen P. Burtis appeals the district court’s1 denial of his motion for
summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity. Burtis arrested Karla Kaye
Kuehl at the Metro Boutique in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Kuehl owns and manages
the Boutique and was arrested by Burtis after an altercation in the store with Ezekial
James McBeth. Burtis arrested Kuehl for simple assault, and Kuehl later sued Burtis
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for arresting her without probable cause. We affirm the
judgment of the district court.
I.
As we review a motion for summary judgment, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to Kuehl, the non-moving party. Resolution Trust Corp. v. Armbruster,
52 F.3d 748, 750 (8th Cir. 1995). On May 4, 1996, McBeth entered the Metro
Boutique. While in the store, McBeth, who is an African-American, believed that
Kuehl was following him and watching him too closely because of his race. McBeth
approached Kuehl, pushed her roughly, stated that he was not a thief, and called Kuehl
a “prejudice bitch” and a “mother fucker.” McBeth’s behavior and size2 frightened
Kuehl; when she began to retreat from the encounter, McBeth followed her. Kuehl
asked McBeth to leave the store, but he refused. She then tried to reach a telephone
in order to call the police, but McBeth blocked her way. McBeth remained three to
four inches from Kuehl, and Kuehl tried to push him out of the way. In doing so, she
inadvertently struck McBeth’s face with her hand. In return, McBeth struck Kuehl with
a closed fist; Kuehl flew some eight feet through the air, lost her glasses and earrings,
and suffered marked facial bruising. When Kuehl was still on the floor, Walid Lakdhar,
one of her employees, stood nearby and feared that McBeth would attack Kuehl again.
1
The Honorable John B. Jones, Senior United States District Judge for the
District of South Dakota.
2
McBeth is 6’2” to 6’3” in height and weighs 220 pounds, while Kuehl is 5’9”
tall and weighs 160 pounds.
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As McBeth approached Kuehl, Lakdhar stepped in front of him. McBeth and one of
his friends threw Lakdhar against a wall then onto the floor. Another of Kuehl’s
employees, meanwhile, contacted mall security. Security guards restrained McBeth,
removed him to the outside of the store, and called the police.
Burtis was dispatched to the scene along with two or three other members of the
Sioux Falls Police Department. He interviewed McBeth, McBeth’s brother and two
friends, an employee of Kuehl’s named Doris Gunsolus, and two shoppers in the store.
All of them stated that Kuehl struck McBeth on the face, and Burtis observed some
“very slight bruising” on McBeth’s face. Gunsolus tried to retract her statement that
Kuehl had slapped McBeth, but Burtis ignored this retraction and omitted it from his
police report. Meanwhile, Burtis spoke to Kuehl for only about twenty seconds. Kuehl
explained to Burtis that McBeth had hit her, that she had feared for her safety, and that
she pushed him out of the way so that she could reach a telephone and call the police.
Despite the pronounced bruising on Kuehl’s face, Burtis refused to speak further with
her, and he omitted Kuehl’s version of events from his police report. Further, Lakdhar-
-the only witness who saw the entire altercation between Kuehl and McBeth--attempted
to explain to Burtis what had transpired between Kuehl and McBeth, but Burtis
indicated that he was not interested in what Lakdhar had to say, declined to interview
Lakdhar, and made no mention of Lakdhar’s account in the police report. Throughout
his investigation, Burtis ignored the circumstances that would have explained why
Kuehl struck McBeth or that would have shown that McBeth’s injuries occurred
inadvertently when Kuehl tried to push him away from her.
Having once more told Kuehl that he would not listen to her, and that, “I’ve
made up my mind,” Burtis arrested her for simple assault. In relevant part, South
Dakota law defines simple assault as: “attempt[ing] to cause bodily injury to another
. . . [with] the actual ability to cause the injury” as well as “intentionally caus[ing]
bodily injury to another which does not result in serious bodily injury.” S.D. Codified
Laws § 22-18-1 (1988 Rev.). Burtis took Kuehl to the Minnehaha County Jail, where
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she was detained for two or three hours until her husband posted bail. State
prosecutors eventually reduced the charge to disorderly conduct. When McBeth failed
to appear at Kuehl’s trial and after Gunsolus informed the prosecutor that Burtis’s
police report was inaccurate, the charges against Kuehl were dropped.
This lawsuit followed. Kuehl sued Burtis, Sioux Falls Police Chief Terry
Satterlee, the City of Sioux Falls, and other unnamed officers under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
alleging that Burtis arrested her without probable cause.3 The officers and the City
moved for summary judgment and argued that Burtis was shielded from liability by
virtue of qualified immunity. The district court denied the motion, and the officers and
the City appealed.4
II.
Kuehl challenges our jurisdiction to review the district court’s order. We reject
this challenge, but we must first establish our jurisdiction to hear the case. When a
district court’s denial of a claim of qualified immunity turns upon an issue of law, it is
an appealable “final decision.” See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985). By
contrast, a rejection of a qualified immunity defense is not appealable when the district
court merely determines that the record presents a genuine issue of fact for trial. See
Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 319-20 (1995). In this case, we must determine
whether, considering the facts in the light most favorable to Kuehl, Burtis violated
clearly established law. Our inquiry is a quintessentially legal one, and we accordingly
have jurisdiction to consider the defendants’ appeal. See Waddell v. Forney, 108 F.3d
889, 890 (8th Cir. 1997) (“While we cannot review the district court’s determination
3
Kuehl also sued McBeth for assault and battery, but McBeth is not a party to
this appeal.
4
Although Satterlee and the City of Sioux Falls appeal the judgment below, only
Burtis’s conduct is relevant to this appeal.
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that material issues of fact remain for trial . . . we can consider the legal question
whether, in view of the facts that the district court deemed sufficiently supported for
summary judgment purposes, the individual defendants’ conduct was objectively
reasonable given their knowledge and the clearly established law.”). Appellee’s motion
to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is therefore denied.
III.
In determining whether the district court should have granted summary judgment
on the basis of qualified immunity, we must consider whether Kuehl has alleged a
violation of a clearly-established constitutional right and whether a reasonable officer
in Burtis’s position would have known that his actions violated that right. Merritt v.
Reed, 120 F.3d 124, 125-26 (8th Cir. 1997). The Fourth Amendment right of citizens
not to be arrested without probable cause is indeed clearly established. See Habiger
v. City of Fargo, 80 F.3d 289, 295 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S. Ct. 518
(1996). Nevertheless, law enforcement officers are entitled to qualified immunity if
they arrest a suspect under the mistaken belief that they have probable cause to do so--
provided that the mistake is objectively reasonable. Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224,
228-29 (1991). Stated otherwise, “The issue for immunity purposes is not probable
cause in fact but arguable probable cause.” Habiger, 80 F.3d at 295 (citation omitted).
Probable cause exists when the totality of circumstances demonstrates that a
prudent person would believe that the arrestee has committed or was committing a
crime. United States v. Washington, 109 F.3d 459, 465 (8th Cir. 1997). We must give
law enforcement officers “substantial latitude in interpreting and drawing inferences
from factual circumstances,” id., but such latitude is not without limits. First, because
the totality of circumstances determines the existence of probable cause, evidence that
tends to negate the possibility that a suspect has committed a crime is relevant to
whether the officer has probable cause. An officer contemplating an arrest is not free
to disregard plainly exculpatory evidence, even if substantial inculpatory evidence
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(standing by itself) suggests that probable cause exists. See Bigford v. Taylor, 834
F.2d 1213, 1218 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 822 (1988), 488 U.S. 851 (1988).
In this sense, the Fourth Amendment requires that we analyze the weight of all the
evidence--not merely the sufficiency of the incriminating evidence--in determining
whether Burtis had probable cause to arrest Kuehl for simple assault. For example, an
officer may make an arrest if a credible eyewitness claims to have seen the suspect
commit the crime, see United States v. Easter, 552 F.2d 230, 233-34 (8th Cir.), cert.
denied, 434 U.S. 844 (1977), but the officer may not arrest the suspect if, in addition,
the officer is aware of DNA evidence and a videotaped account of the crime that
conclusively establish the suspect’s innocence. See, e.g., Baptiste v. J.C. Penney Co.,
147 F.3d 1252, 1257 (10th Cir. 1998) (no probable cause to arrest plaintiff for
shoplifting despite security guards’ informing police that plaintiff stole merchandise,
where officers viewed videotape rebutting guards’ account and where plaintiff
explained her actions to officers and produced receipts for the merchandise in
question).
Second and relatedly, law enforcement officers have a duty to conduct a
reasonably thorough investigation prior to arresting a suspect, at least in the absence
of exigent circumstances and so long as “law enforcement would not [be] unduly
hampered . . . if the agents . . . wait[] to obtain more facts before seeking to arrest.” See
United States v. Woolbright, 831 F.2d 1390, 1394 (8th Cir. 1987); United States v.
Everroad, 704 F.2d 403, 407 (8th Cir. 1983); see also 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and
Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment § 3.2(d), at 47-48 (3d ed. 1996). An
officer need not conduct a “mini-trial” before making an arrest, Brodnicki v. City of
Omaha, 75 F.3d 1261, 1264 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S. Ct. 179
(1996); Morrison v. United States, 491 F.2d 344, 346 (8th Cir. 1974), but probable
cause does not exist when a “minimal further investigation” would have exonerated the
suspect. See Bigford, 834 F.2d at 1219; BeVier v. Hucal, 806 F.2d 123, 128 (7th Cir.
1986) (a police officer “may not close her or his eyes to facts that would help clarify
the circumstances of an arrest”); Romero v. Fay, 45 F.3d 1472, 1476-77 and n.2 (10th
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Cir. 1995) (police need not interview alleged alibi witnesses but must “reasonably
interview witnesses readily available at the scene, investigate basic evidence, or
otherwise inquire if a crime has been committed at all before invoking the power of
warrantless arrest and detention”); Sevigny v. Dicksey, 846 F.2d 953, 956-58 (4th Cir.
1988) (no probable cause where officer unreasonably failed to interview witnesses at
scene of automobile accident who would have corroborated plaintiff’s version of story);
Baptiste, 147 F.3d at 1259 (officers may weigh the credibility of witnesses in making
a probable cause determination, but they may not ignore available and undisputed
facts). Cf. Brodnicki, 75 F.3d at 1264 (no duty to investigate suspect’s proffered alibi
prior to arrest); Criss v. City of Kent, 867 F.2d 259, 263 (6th Cir. 1988) (suspect’s
plausible explanation of events held not to require officer “to forego arrest pending
further investigation if the facts as initially discovered provide probable cause”).
Under these standards, we cannot conclude that Burtis is entitled to qualified
immunity. First, Burtis ignored plainly exculpatory evidence that negated the intent
required for simple assault. Kuehl explained to Burtis that she pushed McBeth out of
the way so that she could telephone the police, and Burtis observed the sizeable bruise
over her left eye. Burtis also knew that Kuehl had asked McBeth to leave the store,
and he was told that McBeth hit Kuehl with considerable force. He also ignored
Gunsolus’s efforts to retract her statement that Kuehl had slapped McBeth, and his
report made no mention of this retraction. Evidence known to Burtis therefore
suggested that Kuehl neither “attempt[ed] to cause bodily injury” nor “intentionally
caus[ed] bodily injury.” See S.D. Codified Laws § 22-18-1. Second, Burtis refused
to interview Lakdhar despite Lakdhar’s having witnessed the entire altercation between
Kuehl and McBeth. Lakdhar’s account would have further exonerated Kuehl and
negated probable cause. Third, a more thorough interview of Kuehl and Lakdhar would
not have unduly hampered the process of law enforcement. Burtis was accompanied
by at least two other Sioux Falls police officers, and the record presents no indication
that exigent circumstances precluded a more thorough investigation by Burtis and his
colleagues.
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Substantial eyewitness testimony may have indicated that Kuehl assaulted
McBeth, but this evidence neither relieved Burtis of the duty to conduct a reasonable
investigation nor permitted him to ignore exculpatory evidence within his knowledge.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge, dissents.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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Karla Kaye Kuehl v. Stephen P. Burtis
Combined Opinion