United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 99-3204
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Patricia Hendrickson, *
*
Petitioner - Appellant, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Eastern District of Arkansas.
Larry Norris, Director, Arkansas *
Department of Correction, *
*
Respondent - Appellee. *
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Submitted: May 11, 2000
Filed: September 7, 2000
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Before BOWMAN, FLOYD R. GIBSON,1 and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
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LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
In 1984, Patricia Hendrickson was found guilty of capital murder and sentenced
to death for conspiring with Norma Foster and Mark Yarbrough to hire Howard Vagi
to kill her husband. The Supreme Court of Arkansas reversed the conviction,
concluding that an inculpatory post-arrest statement was improperly admitted because
1
Complications from an automobile accident have prevented Judge Gibson from
reviewing this opinion prior to its being filed. The opinion is consistent with Judge
Gibson’s vote at conference.
the police had continued to question Hendrickson after she asked to talk to her
attorney. See Hendrickson v. State, 688 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Ark. 1985). Hendrickson
was retried, again convicted, and sentenced to life in prison without possibility of
parole. The Supreme Court of Arkansas affirmed. See Hendrickson v. State, 719
S.W.2d 420, 422-24 (Ark. 1986). After Hendrickson was denied state post-conviction
relief, she filed this petition for federal habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The
district court2 denied her petition, and Hendrickson appeals. The issue on appeal is
whether Hendrickson’s constitutional rights were violated when the trial judge ruled
that the State could impeach a psychologist’s testimony at the second trial using
Hendrickson’s illegally obtained statement and her testimony at the first trial. Agreeing
with the district court that any such error was harmless, we affirm.3
At the second trial, the State’s main witness was Mark Yarbrough, who testified
in detail about the arrangements for carrying out the murder. Much of the planning was
done outside the presence of Hendrickson, with Norma Foster explaining the scheme
to Yarbrough, who then dealt with the killer, his school friend Vagi. But after Foster
had identified the victim as Orin Hendrickson, and given Yarbrough a map and key to
the Hendrickson home, Hendrickson met with Yarbrough at Foster’s home and gave
2
The HONORABLE HENRY L. JONES, JR., United States Magistrate Judge
for the Eastern District of Arkansas, to whom the case was referred with the consent
of the parties. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).
3
In affirming Hendrickson’s second conviction, the Supreme Court of Arkansas
construed Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222, 226 (1971), and Oregon v. Hass, 420
U.S. 714, 723 (1975), as permitting this cross-examination of a defense witness with
the defendant’s otherwise inadmissible statement. Four years later, the United States
Supreme Court refused to extend Harris and Hass to the cross-examination of defense
witnesses other than the defendant. See James v. Illinois, 493 U.S. 307, 320 (1990).
The district court granted a certificate of appealability only on its harmless error
determination, and the parties have not briefed the merits of this constitutional issue.
Because we affirm the harmless error ruling, we need not address it.
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him a picture of her husband, commenting she had too much to lose in a divorce and
“it would be better if he died.” Hendrickson later gave Yarbrough $120 for Vagi’s
expenses. As planned, the murder occurred on a Thursday, when Foster and
Hendrickson were out of town. After the murder, Yarbrough returned the key to
Hendrickson, and she gave Yarbrough payments totaling over $5,000.
Howard Vagi testified that he had no contact with Hendrickson. He received the
map, the key, and the victim’s name and picture from Yarbrough and committed the
murder according to the plan, shooting Orin Hendrickson on Thursday and ransacking
the home to look like a robbery had occurred. The State presented corroborating
evidence through John Clark, who testified that Hendrickson asked him a few months
prior to the murder if he knew someone who could have someone killed. In addition,
Paul Roberson, a business partner of the Hendricksons, testified that, while in jail,
Hendrickson explained how she had paid for the murder and said, “I’m sorry. I didn’t
mean for it to happen. I do not feel guilty.”
Hendrickson’s defense was that she was intellectually and emotionally incapable
of contriving the murder, she did not want the murder to be committed, and her low
I.Q. and personality traits made her highly susceptible to the influence or control of
others. To support this theory, the defense called psychologist Douglas Stevens, who
interviewed Hendrickson four times while she was incarcerated after the first trial and
administered various psychological tests. Dr. Stevens testified that Hendrickson’s I.Q.
is well below average, and that she is “a very feminine, mousey, passive, dependent
kind of person who would be expected to be easily led.” Dr. Stevens further testified
that Hendrickson’s memory was sketchy for several months following the murder. His
direct testimony ended with the following:
Q. Doctor, did you make a determination as to whether she had
any guilty knowledge in connection with the death of Orin Hendrickson?
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A. I did. It was my determination that she does not have.
Prior to commencing cross-examination, the prosecutor asked the court to order
Hendrickson to make herself available for cross-examination on the question whether
she had any guilty knowledge or memory of her husband’s death. The court refused
to order Hendrickson to testify, but ruled that the State could cross examine Dr.
Stevens using Hendrickson’s inadmissible inculpatory statement and her testimony
from the first trial. The defense then withdrew Dr. Stevens as a witness, and the court
instructed the jury to disregard his direct testimony.
Hendrickson argues that the trial court violated her Sixth Amendment right by
permitting the prosecution to cross examine Dr. Stevens with her illegally obtained
incriminating statement, a ruling that forced the defense to withdraw Dr. Stevens’s
direct testimony. This contention is subject to harmless error analysis. See Arizona
v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 306-12 (1991) (opinion of Rehnquist, C.J.). When the
state courts have not conducted a harmless error analysis, as in this case, we apply the
harmless error standard set out in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967),
requiring the State to show “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of
did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” See Orndorff v. Lockhart, 998 F.2d 1426,
1430 (8th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1060 (1994). Applying that standard, the
district court concluded that the ruling eliminating Dr. Stevens’s testimony was
harmless error because “its slight weight simply could not have overcome the State’s
case.” We review this harmless error determination de novo, as a mixed question of
law and fact. See Orndorff, 998 F.2d at 1432.
On appeal, Hendrickson argues the trial court’s ruling was “devastating to the
defense” because Dr. Stevens’s testimony supported her theory that she did not want
the murder to be committed and her low I.Q. and personality traits made her susceptible
of being led by Foster and Yarbrough. After careful review of the trial record, we
agree with the district court’s harmless error analysis. In particular, we note that,
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immediately after Dr. Stevens’s testimony was withdrawn, Dr. Donald Chambers, a
psychiatrist, testified for the defense that Hendrickson has a very low I.Q. and is “very
unaggressive and very unassuming and undemanding.” Thus, Dr. Stevens’s withdrawn
testimony was essentially cumulative, convincing us beyond a reasonable doubt that its
absence did not contribute to the verdict.
Hendrickson further argues that the trial court’s ruling permitting the prosecution
to cross examine Dr. Stevens with her prior trial testimony “den[ied] Hendrickson her
Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment right to make a voluntary decision whether to testify”
at the second trial. This contention is without merit. “A defendant who chooses to
testify waives his privilege against compulsory self-incrimination with respect to the
testimony he gives.” Harrison v. United States, 392 U.S. 219, 222 (1968); see United
States v. Azure, 845 F.2d 1503, 1508 (8th Cir. 1988). In Harrison, prior trial testimony
was excluded as the fruit of unconstitutionally obtained pretrial confessions.
Hendrickson does not contend that her testimony from the first trial could not be used
to cross examine Dr. Stevens because it was the fruit of her illegally obtained pretrial
statement. Such a contention clearly could not withstand our harmless error analysis
of the impact of omitting Dr. Stevens’s testimony altogether.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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