Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
9-26-2007
USA v. Potts
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-4744
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
Nos. 05-4744, 05-4914 and 06-1821
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
RICHARD POTTS
also known as NASIR HAQQ
also known as NASIR JONES
also known as NASIR
also known as NAZ
Richard Potts,
Appellant Case No. 05-4744
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
KEITH WATERS
a/k/a KEITH MOORE
a/k/a KARATE KEITH
a/k/a MR. KEITH
KEITH WATERS,
Appellant Case No. 05-4914
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
TRAVIS COFFEY
a/k/a Trav
a/k/a Travis
Travis Coffey,
Appellant Case No. 06-1821
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Criminal No. 01-cr-00457-3, 2, and 11)
District Judge: Honorable James T. Giles
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
September 11, 2007
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, RENDELL and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.
(Filed September 26, 2007 )
OPINION OF THE COURT
RENDELL, Circuit Judge.
Richard Potts, Keith Waters, and Travis Coffey appeal the orders entered by the
District Court following our remand of all three cases for resentencing in light of the
Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). In this
appeal, Potts and Waters challenge their convictions and sentences and Coffey challenges
his sentence. We have jurisdiction over the appeals pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18
U.S.C. § 3742 and we will affirm.
I.
Following a jury trial, Richard Potts was convicted of conspiracy to distribute
cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and murder in furtherance of a continuing
criminal enterprise, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848. The District Court sentenced Potts to
life imprisonment on each count. Potts appealed his sentence and conviction. On appeal,
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we affirmed Potts’ conviction, but remanded for resentencing in light of the Supreme
Court’s decision in Booker. On remand, Potts was again sentenced to life imprisonment.
This appeal followed.
Potts’ counsel has filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738
(1967), in which he states that there are no non-frivolous grounds for appeal and asks for
leave to withdraw as counsel. “If the court is satisfied that counsel has diligently
investigated the possible grounds of appeal, and agrees with counsel’s evaluation of the
case, then leave to withdraw may be allowed and leave to appeal may be denied.” Anders,
386 U.S. at 741-42. We are satisfied that counsel thoroughly reviewed the record and we
agree with counsel’s assessment that there are no non-frivolous grounds for appeal.
Potts has filed a pro se brief offering three grounds for appeal. First, Potts argues
that the District Court committed error during the jury voir dire. However, in Potts’
previous appeal, we examined and rejected Potts’ challenges to his conviction, and
remanded only for resentencing. Potts did not raise the challenge to the voir dire in his
initial appeal, and this argument is therefore waived. See United States v. Pultrone, 241
F.3d 306, 307-08 (3d Cir. 2001).
Potts’ next argument, that the District Court erred by finding that the substance he
distributed was crack, rather than powder cocaine, is frivolous. Potts was charged in the
indictment with possession of “crack,” the jury returned a guilty verdict on this count, and
there is no question that there was sufficient evidence presented at trial to allow the jury
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to conclude that the substance Potts conspired to distribute was crack cocaine.
Finally, Potts argues that the sentence imposed by the District Court was
unreasonable because the Court failed to give adequate consideration to all of the factors
in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). This argument is also frivolous. The record reflects that the
District Court considered all of the factors in § 3553(a) and did not give undue weight to
the Guidelines sentencing range in its § 3553(a) analysis.
Potts also raises several arguments for the first time in his reply brief and in the
supplement to his reply brief. He argues that the District Court erred by finding facts at
sentencing based on a preponderance of the evidence and by not specifically instructing
the jurors that they must find that Potts was individually responsible for 50 grams or more
of cocaine base. He also contends that his counsel was ineffective at trial, sentencing,
and on appeal. However, absent extraordinary circumstances, an argument not raised and
argued in the opening brief is deemed abandoned. See, e.g., Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d
176, 182 (3d Cir. 1993) (holding that all issues must be raised and argued in the opening
brief). Furthermore, we find that, even if these arguments had not been abandoned, they
too are frivolous.
Accordingly, we will affirm Potts’ conviction and the sentence imposed by the
District Court and grant his counsel’s motion to withdraw.
II.
Following a jury trial, Keith Waters was convicted of conspiracy to distribute
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more than 50 grams of cocaine base within 1000 feet of a school zone, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 846(b)(1), § 841(a)(1), and § 860, and was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Waters appealed his sentence and conviction. On appeal, we affirmed his conviction, but
remanded for resentencing in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Booker. On
remand, the District Court determined that Waters’ Guidelines sentencing range was life
imprisonment. Waters was resentenced by the District Court to 30 years imprisonment.
This appeal followed.
Waters argues that the District Court erred by failing to vacate his conviction based
on the government’s misconduct in a prior prosecution, No. 00 Cr. 522, during which,
Waters contends, the government promised Waters that his guilty plea in that matter
would resolve all known criminal prosecutions pending again him. In the prior
prosecution, Waters was charged with several offenses, including three counts of
distribution of more than 5 grams of cocaine base within 1000 feet of a school, and
conspiracy. In December 2000, Waters entered into a plea agreement, in which the
government agreed to dismiss all the remaining counts in the 00-522 indictment if Waters
pled guilty to the three counts of distribution. Waters pled guilty on December 18, 2000.
On August 8, 2001, Waters was charged in the instant matter, No. 01 Cr. 457, with one
count of conspiracy to distribute cocaine base and was subsequently convicted. In March
2004, Waters’ moved to vacate his sentence in the 00-522 case. The motion was granted
on the ground that Waters’ counsel was ineffective by giving incorrect information to
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Waters concerning the provisions of the plea agreement, which resulted in Waters
entering into the plea agreement unknowingly and involuntarily. Waters’ conviction and
sentence in the 00-522 case were vacated and a new trial was scheduled. First, we
conclude that Waters’ challenge to his conviction in this case is waived because he failed
to raise it in his initial appeal. See United States v. Ordaz, 184 Fed. Appx. 229, 229-30
(3d Cir. 2006) (not precedential) (citing United States v. Pultrone, 241 F.3d 306 (3d Cir.
2001)). In Waters’ initial appeal, we examined and rejected challenges to his conviction,
and remanded only for resentencing. At the time of his initial appeal, Waters was aware
of all of the circumstances relevant to the challenge he now brings. Furthermore, Waters’
argument is without merit. The conspiracy charge in the prior prosecution was dismissed
before jeopardy attached, and the government never agreed in the plea agreement in the
prior prosecution to refrain from bringing additional charges against Waters related to his
involvement in Daniel Coach’s drug organization.
Waters also contends that the 30-year sentence imposed by the District Court on
resentencing was unreasonable because it was greater than necessary to achieve the
purposes of sentencing set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). We review the District
Court’s sentence for reasonableness. United States v. Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 327 (3d Cir.
2006). We cannot conclude that the District Court’s sentence of 30 years imprisonment
was unreasonable. Accordingly, we will affirm Waters’ conviction and the sentence
imposed by the District Court.
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III.
Following a jury trial, Travis Coffey was convicted of conspiracy to distribute
more than 50 grams of cocaine base within 1000 feet of a school, in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A), § 846, and § 860; carrying a firearm during a drug
trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); possession with intent to
distribute more than 5 grams of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and §
841(b)(1)(B); and possession with intent to distribute cocaine base, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C). He was sentenced to a total of 42 years imprisonment.
Coffey appealed his sentence and conviction. On appeal, we affirmed his conviction, but
remanded for resentencing in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Booker. On
remand, the District Court determined that Coffey’s Guidelines sentencing range was 360
months-to-life for his drug-related offenses, plus a mandatory minimum consecutive
sentence of five years’ imprisonment for the firearm charge. Coffey was sentenced to 372
months’ imprisonment for the drug-related offenses plus 60 months for the firearm
offense, for a total sentence of 36 years’ imprisonment. This appeal followed.
Coffey raises two challenges to his sentence. First, he argues that the District
Court erred by treating the Guidelines as essentially mandatory. Coffey points out the
Court’s statements at sentencing:
I understand that the Sentencing Guideline is not mandatory, but under
Booker, the Court would have to have some dramatically forceful factual
reasons to depart from the Sentencing Guidelines in order to come to a
reasonable sentence. The Court does not have the same kind of discretion
7
that it had prior to the Sentencing Guidelines, even under Booker. Some
would argue that a sentence within the Guideline range is presumptively
reasonable and one that is outside the Guideline range dramatically so, is
presumptively unreasonable. Especially in the absence of some compelling
factual situation that is appropriate to be taken into consideration under
3553(a).
App. 58-59.
We find the District Court’s comments concerning presumptions of reasonableness
and unreasonableness troubling. As the Supreme Court made clear in Rita v. United
States, 217 S. Ct. 2456 (2007), “the sentencing court does not enjoy the benefit of a legal
presumption that the Guidelines sentence should apply.” Id. at 2465. Courts of appeals
review sentences for reasonableness, Cooper, 437 F.3d at 327, but sentencing courts
should not consider the presumptive “reasonableness” of any given sentence. Rather, a
sentencing court must follow the three-step process we outlined in United States v.
Gunter, 462 F.3d 237, 247 (3d Cir. 2006) in determining what sentence to impose.
However, we conclude, based on our consideration of all of the District Court’s
statements at sentencing, that the Court did not treat the Guidelines as mandatory, rather
than advisory, and gave adequate consideration to the § 3553(a) factors and the arguments
of the parties, without giving undue weight to the Guidelines’ sentencing range. See
Cooper, 437 F.3d at 327. The Court clearly demonstrated its understanding that the
Guidelines were not mandatory, and discussed its consideration of the § 3553(a) factors
as they related to the specific facts of Coffey’s case, specifically discussing Coffey’s
rehabilitation, the seriousness of his offense, and sentences imposed on similarly situated
8
defendants. App. 60-64. We also note that, after considering these factors, the Court
imposed a sentence that was near the bottom of the Guidelines’ sentencing range, but did
not impose the minimum Guidelines sentence. The District Court’s decision not to
impose even the minimum Guidelines sentence further undermines Coffey’s contention
that the District Court felt bound by the Guidelines and might therefore have imposed a
lesser sentence had it correctly apprehended its authority to sentence Coffey to a below-
Guidelines sentence and given greater weight to Coffey’s arguments for doing so.
Coffey also contends that the District Court erred at sentencing in refusing to
consider the Sentencing Commission’s findings regarding the 100:1 disparity in the
Guidelines sentencing ranges for crack cocaine and powder cocaine. We have held that,
post-Booker, “a sentencing court errs when it believes that it has no discretion to consider
the crack/powder cocaine differential incorporated in the Guidelines–but not demanded
by 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)–as simply advisory at step three of the post-Booker sentencing
process.” Gunter, 462 F.3d at 249. Furthermore, “[w]hile the views of the Sentencing
Commission may not be used to justify a new ratio altogether, district courts may consider
the analysis in the Commission’s reports when applying the § 3553(a) factors to a specific
case and defendant.” United States v. Ricks, 494 F.3d 394, 2007 WL 2068098, at *6 (3d
Cir. 2007). However, after stating our holding in Gunter, we also noted that “the District
Court is under no obligation to impose a sentence below the applicable Guidelines range
solely on the basis of the crack/powder cocaine differential.” Gunter, 462 F.3d at 249.
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Here, when presented with Coffey’s argument that he should be sentenced below
the Guidelines sentencing range based on the Guidelines’ unequal treatment of crack and
powder cocaine, the Court noted that it also had to consider at sentencing what disparities
the Court might create between Coffey and his co-defendants if the Court imposed a
lesser sentence on Coffey on the ground that the Guidelines’ unequal treatment of crack
versus powder cocaine is unwarranted. App. 37. The Court also observed that “different
Judges may feel differently about crack cocaine and powder, so you have a disparity all
over the country if Judges depart – if Judges, some Judges treat powder the same as crack
or some don’t,” and that in other cases the Court “had taken the position that the Court
does not have the discretion to say powder is the same as crack.” App. 58.
We find no error in the District Court’s decision not to sentence Coffey to a lesser
term of imprisonment based on the 100:1 crack/powder cocaine drug quantity ratio
provided for in the Sentencing Guidelines. The Court correctly apprehended its authority
under § 3553(a) to consider the unequal treatment of crack and powder cocaine offenses
under the Guidelines in determining what sentence to impose on Coffey, but declined to
impose a lesser sentence based on Guidelines’ harsh treatment of crack offenses largely
based on its consideration of the other factors listed in § 3553(a), particularly “the need to
avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have
been found guilty of similar conduct.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6).
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IV.
Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, we will affirm the judgment of the
District Court as to all three defendants and grant Potts’ counsel’s motion to withdraw.
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