United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 99-3667
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American Red Cross, a not-for-profit *
corporation, *
*
Appellant, * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the
v. * Western District of Missouri
*
Community Blood Center of the Ozarks, * [TO BE PUBLISHED]
a not-for-profit corporation; St. John's *
Regional Health Center, Springfield *
Missouri, a not-for-profit corporation; *
Lester E. Cox Medical Centers, a not- *
for-profit corporation. *
*
Appellees. *
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Submitted: November 15, 2001
Filed: July 25, 2001
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Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, McMILLIAN, and BYE, Circuit Judges.
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BYE, Circuit Judge.
The American Red Cross (ARC) appeals the district court's grants of summary
judgment, orders, and final judgment in this case. We affirm in part and reverse in part,
and remand for further proceedings.
I.
During the mid-1990s, the ARC underwent its "transformation" program, which
included a series of reforms for streamlining its operations. This resulted in more
centralized decisionmaking in Washington, DC. These changes caused dissatisfaction
among many people in the Greater Ozarks region of southwest Missouri. In September
1995, a group formed the Community Blood Center of the Ozarks (CBCO), as an
alternative to the ARC blood bank. The CBCO was helped substantially by, among
others, St. John's Regional Health Center (SJRHC).
When the CBCO was formed, ARC filed a civil action alleging a multitude of
business torts and other claims. The ARC accused the defendants of forming the
CBCO allegedly for the "purpose of destroying" ARC in the Greater Ozarks. The
defendants argue the ARC's case is based on its belief that the mere formation of the
CBCO as an alternative blood center tortiously interfered with ARC's monopoly on
blood supplies in the Greater Ozarks. The district court granted partial summary
judgment to the defendants, dismissing SJRHC from the case.
The district court then held what it called a one-day default hearing (CBCO
stopped actively defending itself after the summary judgment stage). At the conclusion
of the hearing, the district court awarded $3.5 million in damages to ARC for CBCO's
misappropriation of ARC's blood donor lists. Otherwise, the court found that ARC had
not made out a prima facie case on its other claims, and, in any event, that its proof of
damages was not reliable. ARC appeals.
II.
As in the proceedings below, ARC raises a litany of complaints, few of which
merit much discussion. Of ARC's seven groups of alleged errors, two concern SJRHC
and five concern CBCO. We will address the issues in that order.
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A. Summary Judgment for SJRHC on Tortious Interference
and Alter Ego Liability
ARC appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment to SJRHC on ARC's
claims of tortious interference with business expectancies and alter ego liability. We
review the grant of summary judgment de novo. Minnesota Ass'n of Nurse Anesthetists
v. Unity Hosp., 208 F.3d 655, 659 (8th Cir. 2000).
On the claim of tortious interference with business expectancies, the district
court found that ARC had failed to produce evidence sufficient to withstand summary
judgment on two essential elements: (1) that SJRHC's actions induced a tortious breach
in ARC's valid business relations; and (2) that SJRHC's actions were without
justification. See Rice v. Hodapp, 919 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Mo. 1996). We agree.
While SJRHC actively supported the formation of the CBCO, competitive conduct is
not tortious simply because it happens to interfere with another party's contracts or
expectancies. See Honigman v. Hunter Group, Inc., 733 S.W.2d 799, 807 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1987). While ARC's brief is full of hyperbolic, often uncited allegations, ARC
has failed to present a genuine dispute over whether SJRHC used any improper means
in supporting CBCO. See Murray v. Ray, 862 S.W.2d 931, 935 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993).
Morever, ARC ignores the abundant evidence showing SJRHC was justified in seeking
an alternative to the ARC's dominance of the blood market. Missouri law requires the
plaintiff to show the defendants acts were without justification, Franciso v. Kansas City
Star Co., 629 S.W.2d 524, 529 (Mo. App. 1981). Given ARC has failed to come
forward with admissible evidence sufficient to create a genuine dispute on these
elements, ARC's claim cannot withstand summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249-250 (1986) (standard of review).
Similarly, on ARC's claim of alter ego liability, ARC failed to present admissible
evidence sufficient to show SJRHC used any control it may have had over the CBCO
for any improper or wrongful purpose. Again, the evidence shows that the CBCO was
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formed for the legitimate purpose of ensuring local control over the blood service
operations of the Ozarks and for seeking an alternative to the ARC. Neither reason
forms a basis for finding alter ego liability. See Cmty. Title Co. v. Roosevelt Sav. &
Loan Ass'n, 796 S.W.2d 369, 373 (Mo. 1990). Nor has ARC presented any admissible
evidence to show SJRHC used CBCO for any other wrongful purpose, such as to avoid
creditors or the laws of another state. See State on Inf. of McKittrick v. Koon, 201
S.W.2d 446, 455 (Mo. 1947). Accordingly, we affirm the grant of summary judgment
to SJRHC in all respects.
B. Summary Judgment Against CBCO
The district court granted partial summary judgment to the CBCO, which
defended itself through the summary judgment stage. The district court denied CBCO's
motion for summary judgment on ARC's claim of tortious interference with its valid
expectancy in regard to its employees. But the district court entered summary judgment
in favor of CBCO as to ARC's three additional claims that CBCO tortiously interfered
with ARC's business expectancies in regard to its donors, volunteers, and customer
base. The district court reached these three claims even though CBCO had never
raised them in its motion for summary judgment. As the district court itself noted: "It
is clear [CBCO] intends to only address the claims against it which allege that the
employees left ARC for [CBCO] . . . ."
Reluctantly, we are forced to find reversible error on this issue. The district
court in effect granted CBCO summary judgment sua sponte, because the three claims
pertaining to tortious interference with donors, volunteers, and customers were never
raised in CBCO's motion. However, a district court may not grant summary judgment
sua sponte unless the non-movant has been notified and afforded an opportunity to
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respond. See Walker v. Mo. Dep't of Corr., 138 F.3d 740, 742 (8th Cir. 1998).1 We
understand the district court's frustration with CBCO's decision not to actively defend
the case, and ARC's overlitigation of these proceedings. Nevertheless, on these facts,
the district court's sua sponte grant of summary judgment on issues not raised in the
movant's motion for summary judgment constitutes reversible error. See Williams v.
City of St. Louis, 783 F.2d 114, 116 (8th Cir. 1986). Accordingly, we reverse and
remand on ARC's claim of tortious interference in regard to its donors, volunteers, and
customer base.2
C. Claims Against CBCO and Default
The remaining claims were adjudicated by the district court following summary
judgment. We note at the outset the somewhat unusual proceedings in the district
court. CBCO defended itself through summary judgment. However, on the morning
of the one-day bench trial or "default hearing," CBCO's counsel withdrew pursuant to
a confidential agreement with ARC. Thereafter the district court conducted a one-day
hearing, in which it considered the testimony of a handful of ARC's witnesses,
including its damages expert. While describing it as a "default hearing," the district
court found in favor of the unrepresented CBCO on every claim but the
misappropriation of ARC's blood donor list and for injunctive relief. In the end,
however, we find no reversible error on this record.
1
Our decision should not be read as expressing disagreement with the district
court's legal reasoning on these three claims.
2
It appears that CBCO is in default. On remand, the district court will have to
determine whether to reinstitute its sua sponte summary judgment motion, affording
ARC an appropriate opportunity to respond, or to proceed as if CBCO had defaulted.
We express no opinion as to the propriety of either course of action, as the issue was
not fully briefed and is not squarely presented for our review. We leave the resolution
of this question to the district court.
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First, we reject ARC's argument this case should be remanded because the
district court purportedly did not issue sufficient findings of fact pursuant to Fed. R.
Civ. P. 52(a). The district court explained its findings at the conclusion of the hearing
in a manner adequate given the limited proceedings. Moreover, ARC did not object
to the form of the district court's findings and did not take up the court's affirmative
offer to render more detailed findings in writing. See Miller v. Bittner, 985 F.3d 935,
940 (8th Cir. 1993).
Second, we emphatically reject ARC's contention that the district court erred in
its treatment of ARC's avalanche of stipulations. ARC submitted 645 requested
stipulations of fact contained in some 83 pages of text and related to some 2,500 pages
of exhibits. ARC took advantage of the fact that it lacked an adversary to verify each
stipulation by moving to have entered the entire body of stipulations en masse at the
hearing. The district court verbally granted the motion. Later the district court
reversed itself, noting it never intended to render a blanket order on stipulations. The
district court found that ARC's request to stipulate was "argumentative in many
respects, irrelevant in many respects, submitted in bad faith and overly burdensome."
We agree, and find no error.
While stipulations are binding, only "stipulations of fact fairly entered into are
controlling and conclusive . . . ." Sims v. Wyrick, 743 F.2d 607, 610 (8th Cir. 1984)
(emphasis added). We agree with the district court's finding that ARC's request was
made in bad faith and was overly burdensome. A request to stipulate should not be
used as a means of ambushing the district court. Given the unusual circumstances of
these proceedings, we find no error.
Third, we find no reversible error on ARC's claim that the district court failed to
accept its factual allegations after entry of default. It is true that the district court found
in favor of the CBCO on the majority of the remaining claims, even though it
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characterized CBCO as being in default. However, any possible error was harmless,
see Fed. R. Civ. P. 61, because ARC failed to prove its various damages to a
reasonable degree of certainty.
We have held that when a default judgment is entered on a claim for an
"indefinite or uncertain amount of damages, facts alleged in the complaint are taken as
true, except facts relating to the amount of damages, which must be proven in a
supplemental hearing or proceeding." Everyday Learning Corp. v. Larson, 242 F.3d
815, 818 (8th Cir. 2001) (citing Thomson v. Wooster, 114 U.S. 104, 111 (1885)).
Regardless of whether ARC was entitled to an entry of default on liability, ARC still
had the burden of proving its uncertain damages. The district court provided ARC with
ample opportunity to prove its damages for each of its claims. The district court was
openly skeptical of the testimony of ARC's damages expert and the expert's valuation
methods. In addition, the expert failed to adequately separate out alleged damages due
to legitimate competition. In the end, the court found that ARC's proof of damages was
unreliable. The district court was not clearly erroneous, in finding ARC failed to prove
its damages. See Downtowner/Passport Int'l Hotel Corp. v. Norlew, Inc., 841 F.2d
214, 218 (8th Cir.1988).
Because ARC did not prove its alleged damages, its remaining arguments
concerning the district court's findings are moot. We have reviewed ARC's other
assertions and allegations, complaints and contentions, and we find them all without
merit. See 8th Cir. R. 47(B).
III.
For those reasons, we reverse and remand the district court's order granting
summary judgment on ARC's claim against CBCO for tortious interference with ARC's
donors, volunteers, and customers. We affirm in all other respects.
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A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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