United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 00-2903
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John C. Burns, *
*
Appellant, *
*
v. * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the Western
James Anthony Gammon, Jeremiah * District of Missouri.
(Jay) Nixon, Attorney General, *
Missouri, *
*
Appellee. *
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Submitted: April 11, 2001
Filed: August 14, 2001
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Before BYE, and BEAM, Circuit Judges, and MELLOY,1 District Judge.
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BEAM, Circuit Judge.
Missouri prisoner John Burns appeals the district court's denial of his 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Because we find Burns can show cause
and prejudice sufficient to raise the procedural bar to one of his ineffective assistance
of trial counsel claims, and because we find such claim to be meritorious, we reverse
1
The Honorable Michael J. Melloy, United States District Judge for the Northern
District of Iowa, sitting by designation.
in part and direct that a writ of habeas corpus be issued, subject to conditions outlined
later in this opinion.
I. BACKGROUND
In 1987 Burns was convicted in a Missouri state court of attempted forcible rape,
armed criminal action, and first-degree assault. This is Burns' second appeal to this
court following the district court's denial of his habeas petition. In the first appeal, we
remanded to the district court for an initial determination of whether Burns could show
that he was prejudiced,2 in the context of procedural bar analysis, by deficient
assistance of trial counsel. Burns v. Gammon, 173 F.3d 1089, 1097 (8th Cir. 1999)
(Burns I).
Burns I clearly limited the district court on remand to consideration of the
following issues: 1) whether Burns could establish prejudice to overcome the
procedural bar on the ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims; 2) if the procedural
bar was overcome, whether Burns' ineffective assistance of counsel claims were
sufficiently developed on the trial record to permit consideration on direct appeal; and
3) if these first two conditions were satisfied, whether Burns had meritorious ineffective
assistance of counsel claims under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
2
We found that Burns had adequate cause for the procedural default–that Burns'
direct appeal counsel had a conflict in bringing ineffective assistance claims in the
direct appeal because he was employed by the same public defender's office as trial
counsel. Burns v. Gammon, 173 F.3d 1089, 1094 (8th Cir. 1999). We noted that when
Burns was convicted in 1987, the new Missouri Supreme Court Rule 29.15 had not yet
gone into effect, and ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims at that time could be
raised on direct appeal as long as the appellate court could have resolved the claims on
the record from the trial court. Id. Thus, the absence of conflict-free counsel on direct
appeal violated Burns' Sixth Amendment right to counsel and provided cause for the
procedural default. Id.
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Upon remand, the district court found that Burns could not establish prejudice
for purposes of procedural default because there existed an available postconviction
procedure in which he could have raised his ineffective assistance of counsel claims.
The district court reasoned that because claims of ineffective assistance of counsel were
routinely brought in postconviction proceedings in Missouri, rather than on direct
appeal, the failure of counsel to bring these claims on direct appeal "did not preclude
resort to postconviction proceedings to raise the issue."
Nonetheless, the district court went on to analyze the remaining two issues of the
Burns I mandate and found that one of the ineffective assistance of counsel claims–that
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to lodge a sufficient objection to the prosecutor's
closing argument that Burns had humiliated the victim by requiring her to testify and
be cross-examined at trial–was sufficiently developed on the trial record and has merit.
The court found that the remaining allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel are
either groundless or require further development of the record in a postconviction
proceeding, and therefore are not adjudicable based on the record on direct appeal.
We agree with the district court's analysis of the second and third issues of the
Burns I mandate. Specifically, we agree with the district court that this one claim is
meritorious, and the remaining ineffective assistance of counsel claims alleged in the
habeas petition are either without merit, or were not sufficiently developed on the trial
record and are therefore procedurally barred. See 8th Cir. Rule 47B. However, we
hold that Burns can establish prejudice to overcome the procedural bar on the
meritorious claim.
II. DISCUSSION
The district court found that since Burns could have raised his ineffective
assistance claims in a postconviction proceeding (in addition to the direct appeal), he
was not prejudiced by counsel's failure to bring the claims on direct appeal. However,
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the district court confuses the prejudice needed to show ineffective assistance of direct
appeal counsel with the prejudice Burns must establish to overcome the procedural bar
with regard to trial counsel's errors. While it is true that the conflicted direct appeal
counsel served as cause for the procedural default, we do not look to direct appeal
counsel's conduct to determine prejudice for the procedural default. To establish
prejudice sufficient to excuse a procedural default, Burns must show that the ineffective
assistance of trial counsel worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, and
infected his entire trial with constitutional error. Carroll v. Schriro, 243 F.3d 1097,
1102 (8th Cir. 2001).
Thus, for purposes of the prejudice analysis which we remanded for
consideration, the existence of the postconviction procedure is irrelevant. Instead, we
look to whether trial counsel's conduct–failing to lodge a proper objection to the
prosecutor's argument implicating Burns' constitutional rights to a jury trial and to
confront witnesses–worked to Burns' actual and substantial disadvantage and infected
his entire trial with constitutional error. We find that it did.
As we noted in Burns I, Burns had no prior convictions, and therefore it fell to
the jury to fix punishment. The prosecutor asked the jury, while considering guilt and
sentencing, to consider the fact that Burns, by exercising his constitutional right to a
jury trial and to confront witnesses, forced the victim to attend trial, take the stand and
relive the attack. Counsel failed to lodge a sufficient constitutional objection to this
argument. The Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses is a fundamental right
made obligatory on the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, Pointer v. Texas, 380
U.S. 400, 403 (1965), as is the right to a jury trial in serious criminal cases, Duncan v.
Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 155-56 (1968). The prosecution cannot use the defendant's
exercise of specific fundamental constitutional guarantees against him at trial. See,
e.g., Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 615 (1965) (prosecution prohibited from using
defendant's exercise of constitutional right to remain silent against defendant in case-in-
chief). Cf. Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 182 (1986) (prosecutorial misconduct
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may be grounds for habeas relief when it "implicate[s] . . . specific rights of the
accused"). But cf. Portuondo v. Agard, 120 S. Ct. 1119, 1125-27 (2000) (prosecutor's
closing argument that defendant had opportunity to hear other witnesses testify and
tailor his testimony accordingly did not unlawfully burden his right to be present at trial,
to confront witnesses against him, or to testify on his own behalf, because prosecutor's
comments were directed at defendant's status as witness whose credibility was subject
to attack).
Clearly the jury's unfettered receipt of this argument worked to Burns' actual and
substantial disadvantage. As the argument was made in rebuttal, Burns' attorney was
unable to respond before the jury retired for deliberation. Cf. Antwine v. Delo, 54 F.3d
1357, 1363 (8th Cir. 1995) (court should examine what defense counsel did to
minimize prejudice from prosecutor's closing argument to determine if trial infected
with constitutional error). Given the lack of a sufficient objection, the trial court issued
no cautionary instruction leaving the jury free to consider this highly improper factor
in determining guilt and fixing sentencing. Cf. United States v. Wadlington, 233 F.3d
1067, 1080 (8th Cir. 2000) (defendant not prejudiced by prosecutorial misconduct
during trial where district court gave appropriate cautionary instructions). Had counsel
objected and prompted a curative instruction from the trial court, the court could have
given an appropriate cautionary instruction to the jury.
Counsel's failure to lodge this objection thus prejudiced Burns and infected his
entire trial with constitutional error. Cf. Darden, 477 U.S. at 182 (prosecutorial
misconduct during closing argument may infect trial with constitutional error when it
"implicate[s] . . . specific rights of the accused"). The first requirement of our Burns
I mandate is therefore met, as Burns can establish prejudice sufficient to overcome the
procedural default of this claim.
As stated above, with regard to the remaining two issues– the adequacy of the
trial record and the merits of this claim under Strickland–we agree with the district
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court that Burns is entitled to relief. As the district court noted, the trial record "is
abundantly clear that trial counsel failed to make a constitutional argument predicated
on the prosecutor's invitation to the jury that it punish [Burns] for invoking his
constitutional rights." While many ineffective assistance of counsel claims need further
development of the record that can only occur in a postconviction hearing to determine
the reasoning behind counsel's actions, this claim is not one of those. No sound trial
strategy could include failing to make a constitutional objection to a prosecutor's
improper comment concerning Burns' rights to a jury trial and to confront witnesses.
Cf. Combs v. Coyle, 205 F.3d 269, 286 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 121 S. Ct. 623 (2000)
(there was "no possible strategic reason" for counsel's failure to object to prosecutor's
closing argument use of defendant's pre-arrest silence); Freeman v. Class, 95 F.3d 639,
644 (8th Cir. 1996) (no "reasonable tactical basis" not to object to prosecutor's
comments on defendant's post-arrest silence). Thus, the second requirement from
Burns I is also satisfied.
Furthermore, Burns has a meritorious ineffective assistance of counsel claim
under Strickland. In order to establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Burns must
show both deficient performance and that this deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. To show deficient performance, Burns must
show that counsel made such serious errors as to not be functioning as "counsel" as
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Id. To establish prejudice, Burns must show that
counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive him of a fair trial with a reliable result.
Id. To do this, Burns must establish that the result of the proceeding would have been
different without counsel's unprofessional errors. Pryor v. Norris, 103 F.3d 710, 713
(8th Cir. 1997). In performing the Strickland analysis, we are again required to
examine the underlying error. Boysiewick v. Schriro, 179 F.3d 616, 620 (8th Cir.
1999).
Our previous discussion in the procedural bar prejudice analysis demonstrates
that the underlying error–the prosecutor's closing argument derogating Burns'
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constitutional right to a jury trial and to confront witnesses–worked to Burns' actual and
substantial prejudice, infecting his entire trial with constitutional error. Thus, the
prosecutor's argument here "was constitutionally defective such that any reasonable
counsel would have objected under the circumstances." Combs, 205 F.3d at 279.
Defense counsel's performance was deficient because counsel's inaction allowed, and
in fact, invited the jury to punish Burns for exercising his constitutional rights. There
was no reasonable tactical basis for failing to make a constitutional objection to this
argument. Id. at 286. In not making the constitutional objection, Burns' counsel was
not functioning as "counsel" as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, Strickland, 466
U.S. at 687, and Burns can establish deficient performance.
Burns can also establish prejudice, both at trial and later on appeal. At trial, the
failure of trial counsel to elicit a cautionary instruction from the judge allowed the jury
to consider counsel's argument without riposte. A cautionary instruction would have
lessened, if not eliminated, the prejudice to Burns. See, e.g., United States v. Emmert,
9 F.3d 699, 701-02 (8th Cir. 1993) (defendant not prejudiced by improper prosecutorial
comment on witness veracity during closing argument where district court gave
appropriate cautionary instructions).
Further, trial counsel's failure to make a constitutional argument concerning the
prosecutor's remarks started a chain reaction of burdensome review by the Missouri
appellate courts and this court. Combs, 205 F.3d at 286. Because trial counsel did not
make the constitutional objection, the Missouri Court of Appeals and this court
reviewed the prosecutorial misconduct claim only for plain error to determine whether
the comments had "a decisive effect" on the outcome of the trial. State v. Burns, 759
S.W.2d 288, 294 (Mo. Ct. App. 1988); Burns I, 173 F.3d at 1096. Plain error review
is much more onerous for both the direct appeal defendant and the habeas corpus
petitioner than is review for a defendant or petitioner pursuing a properly preserved
prosecutorial misconduct claim. See Roe v. Delo, 160 F.3d 416, 419 (8th Cir. 1998)
(courts recognize "more rigorous" plain error standard is appropriate where federal
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constitutional error has not been properly preserved). Counsel's performance thus
prejudiced Burns at trial, on direct appeal, and on collateral review. But for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of either the trial or the later appeals would likely have
been different, and Burns can therefore establish that counsel's deficient performance
prejudiced his defense. Pryor, 103 F.3d at 713.
III. CONCLUSION
In sum, we hold that the district court correctly adjudicated all but one of Burns'
ineffective assistance of counsel claims. We further hold that for this one claim, Burns
can establish prejudice for the purpose of overcoming the procedural bar, the claim is
sufficiently developed on the limited trial record, and finally, that it is meritorious under
Strickland. Accordingly, we affirm in part, reverse in part and remand the judgment
of the district court with directions to issue a writ of habeas corpus, unless the State of
Missouri retries Burns within ninety days of this order or within such further time as
the district court may find reasonable.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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