United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 00-1081
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Thomas O. Yates, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellant, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of Minnesota.
Rexton, Inc., *
*
Defendant - Appellee. *
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Submitted: November 13, 2000
Filed: October 5, 2001
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Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD and JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judges,
and GOLDBERG,1 Judge.
___________
JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.
Thomas Yates appeals from the entry of summary judgment on his age
discrimination claim against Rexton, Inc. Yates alleges that Rexton terminated his
employment in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29
U.S.C. §§ 621-634 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998), and the Minnesota Human Rights Act,
1
The Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, Judge, United States Court of
International Trade, sitting by designation.
Minn. Stat. § 363.03 (2000). Yates argues that the district court applied the wrong
analytical framework and erred in its pretext analysis, that it improperly concluded that
certain evidence submitted by Yates was inadmissible hearsay, and that it improperly
made findings of fact in ruling on Rexton's summary judgment motion. We reverse and
remand.
Because we are reviewing the entry of summary judgment, we view the facts in
the light most favorable to Yates. Fast v. S. Union Co., 149 F.3d 885, 887 (8th Cir.
1998). Rexton manufactures and sells hearing aids. Yates co-founded the company
in 1981 and was its first president. In 1986, he and the other Rexton shareholder sold
the company to Siemens Hearing Instruments, Inc., a subsidiary of the German
company Siemens AG. Following the sale, Yates no longer wished to be president of
Rexton because he wanted to return to sales. He and Peter Daetz, the head of the
hearing aid division at Siemens AG's corporate headquarters in Germany, agreed that
Yates would become executive vice president of sales. John Zei became Rexton's
president. In his new position, Yates managed Rexton's inside and outside sales forces.
In 1988, Rexton moved from Chicago to Plymouth, Minnesota, and the company
recruited a new management team, engineers, technicians, and marketing and sales
staff. Yates, one of the few Rexton employees to make the move, assisted in the
recruitment.
Although Rexton's policy is that all employees are to receive regularly scheduled
performance reviews with an accompanying written summary, Yates received no such
reviews during his employment. According to Zei, the most important performance
criterion for Yates was “how many did you sell and what price did you sell them at.”
Judged by that yardstick, Yates performed well. From 1988 to 1996, he was
responsible for increasing Rexton's annual sales from $5 million in 1988 to $16 million
in 1996. During that same time, Rexton's sales grew an average of 30 percent per year
and the average selling price of an in-the-ear hearing aid rose from $179 to $302.
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Yates received approximately $22,650 in merit pay increases and $157,469 in
performance bonuses from Rexton during those years.
Zei was promoted in 1991 to become president of Siemens Hearing Instruments
in New Jersey and chairman of the board of Rexton. While he was still in Minnesota
as Rexton’s president, Zei asked Yates if he had plans to retire and, in spite of Yates's
denial, Zei told others that Yates would soon be retiring. Zei was replaced as president
of Rexton by Brian Woodhurst, who was terminated by Hans Weckherlin, a managing
director of Siemens AG, within a few months of his hiring. The next Rexton president,
Delain Wright, remained in that position through the time Yates was terminated in
1996.
During his tenure, Wright had numerous conversations with Zei in which Zei
expressed the need to get Yates removed as a Rexton employee. Zei attributed this
decision to two Siemens AG officials in Germany: Weckherlin and Dr. Prigge, who
were a managing director and a manager, respectively. According to Wright,
Weckherlin and Prigge had told Zei that they were of the opinion that employees over
age 60 should retire, and they believed that Yates would retire soon because of his age.
Zei told Wright that he was authorized to enter into a consulting agreement with Yates,
which Zei believed Yates would take because no other company would hire him at this
time in his life.
Zei's pressure on Wright was documented in an August 13, 1994 memo stating:
"We have discussed the issue of Tom Yates. You have a commitment to demonstrate
that Tom is off the payroll and head count by the end of the year. You are authorized
to keep him on in a consulting capacity." Zei and Yates corresponded directly about
a potential consulting agreement. In a letter dated June 8, 1995, Zei rejected Yates's
proposal and wrote that he had substantial concerns about Yates's performance. Yates
responded a month later and referred to a June 20 lunch he had with Wright in which
Wright assured him that there were "no issues" with his performance. Yates's letter
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continued: "Indeed, not only have you and I never had a discussion about my
performance, no one at Rexton (or Siemens, for that matter) has ever questioned my
ability as a manager."
Wright told Yates in the spring of 1996 that he was going to hire Tom Cutting,
age 35, to assist him in his duties. Although Wright asserts that Yates told him in the
spring of 1995 that he intended to retire in two years, Wright also acknowledged that
he became aware no later than the spring of 1996 that Yates had no such plans.
Nevertheless, Wright sent Yates a memo on April 5, 1996, stating that he intended to
bring Cutting on in early May as National Sales Manager. He intended for Cutting to
begin with responsibility for inside sales, then gradually take on more responsibility for
marketing and behind-the-ear hearing aid sales, and eventually take over all of Yates's
duties.
On November 23, 1996, Wright terminated Yates at age 68. Cutting was then
in charge of the inside sales force and Yates was responsible for marketing, behind-the-
ear sales, and outside sales. Cutting never did assume all of Yates's responsibilities,
as the supervision of outside sales fell to Wright.
Rexton asserts that Yates was part of an across-the-board reduction-in-force
which resulted in the termination of eight employees. The average age of the
terminated individuals, excluding Yates, was approximately 35. In a letter written by
its attorney in response to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s request
for information, Rexton took the position that Yates was included in the reduction-in-
force because of poor performance: he was unable to successfully hire and retain field
sales personnel; he failed to adequately review and control expense reports; he failed
to follow up with training field sales personnel; he failed to develop meaningful sales
plans and promotions; he failed to record business deals with customers and made poor
decisions on business loans to customers; and he used abusive language and engaged
in abusive behavior towards other employees.
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Yates argues that these reasons are pretextual. He asserts that age was the
reason for his firing and in support offers evidence from a variety of sources. He points
to: comments made by Zei, Prigge, and Weckherlin expressing their opinion that Yates
would and should retire because of his age; other Rexton and Siemens employees over
fifty who were fired and replaced by much younger employees; ageist attitudes by
Siemens management that, because of the control Siemens exercised over Rexton, were
relevant to Yates’s situation; and the promotion and retention of Tom Cutting.
I.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, giving the
non-moving party the benefit of any reasonable inferences. Britton v. City of Poplar
Bluff, 244 F.3d 994, 996 (8th Cir. 2001). We affirm only where there is no genuine
issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Fast v. S. Union Co., 149 F.3d 885, 889 (8th Cir. 1998).
Yates asserts that Rexton discriminated against him in violation of both federal
age discrimination and Minnesota human rights laws. The district court applied the
burden-shifting analysis of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973),
to both claims. Yates argues that the district court erred in applying that analysis, and
that it should have used the mixed motives analysis of Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins,
490 U.S. 228 (1989). We understand Yates’s argument to be that the district court
should have found direct evidence of discrimination, thereby placing the burden on
Rexton to prove that it would have made the same decision even if it had not taken the
illegitimate reason into account. See Radabaugh v. Zip Feed Mills, Inc., 997 F.2d 444,
448 (8th Cir. 1993). In contrast, when the plaintiff presents indirect evidence, he or she
must establish a prima facie case of discrimination before the burden of production
shifts to the employer to produce evidence of a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason.
The burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the employer’s explanation is
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a pretext for discrimination. The burden of persuasion remains with the plaintiff
throughout. Hutson v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 63 F.3d 771, 776-77 (8th Cir. 1995).
The district court was correct in applying the McDonnell Douglas analysis, as
Yates presented no direct evidence of discrimination.2 “Direct evidence is that which
demonstrates a specific link between the challenged employment action and the alleged
animus.” Kells v. Sinclair Buick-GMC Truck, Inc., 210 F.3d 827, 835 (8th Cir. 2000).
Although Yates argues that the statements of various Siemens managers about him
specifically and about age in general constitute direct evidence, they do not. Rexton
presented evidence that Wright alone made the decision to include Yates in the
reduction-in-force without input from Zei or anyone else. In the face of a summary
judgment motion, Yates is duty-bound to set forth specific facts that would be
admissible in evidence showing that there is a genuine issue as to the independence of
Wright’s decision. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). Although the facts he put forth are
relevant to a claim of pretext, they do not dispute Rexton’s assertion that Wright alone
decided that Yates would be included in the reduction-in-force.
Because Yates presented only indirect evidence of discrimination, McDonnell
Douglas applies. The requirements Yates must satisfy in order to establish a prima facie
case are stated somewhat differently because this is a reduction-in-force action. Yates
must show that (1) he is age forty or older; (2) he met the applicable job qualifications;
(3) he was discharged; and (4) age was a factor in the employer’s decision to terminate
him. Reynolds v. Land O’Lakes, Inc., 112 F.3d 358, 361 (8th Cir. 1997). Ordinarily,
replacement by a younger worker is sufficient to establish a prima facie case.
However, in recognition that duties have to be redistributed within the employer’s
2
The Minnesota Supreme Court has determined that the McDonnell Douglas
analysis also applies to age discrimination claims in the employment arena which allege
violation of the Minnesota Human Rights Act. Anderson v. Hunter, Keith, Marshall
& Co., 417 N.W.2d 619, 627 (Minn. 1988).
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remaining workforce after a reduction-in-force, redistribution to a younger person is not
circumstantial evidence of discrimination. Instead, in meeting his burden under the
fourth factor, Yates must come forward with some additional evidence that age played
a role in his termination. Fast, 149 F.3d at 890; see also Holley v. Sanyo Mfg., Inc.,
771 F.2d 1161, 1165-66 (8th Cir. 1985).
The district court determined that Yates satisfied each of the four factors and that
he therefore established a prima facie case. Rexton argues that Yates did not present
additional evidence that age was a factor in his termination. As the district court noted,
this Court has determined that the “additional showing” inquiry is not a significant
hurdle for an employment discrimination plaintiff. Hutson, 63 F.3d at 778-79 (“The
only question is whether the circumstances are such that, in the absence of an
explanation from the defendant, a fact finder may reasonably infer intentional
discrimination.”). Yates presented evidence that Cutting was hired approximately six
months before Yates was terminated with the idea that Cutting would assume all of
Yates’s duties in a little more than a year. Yates was chosen to be part of the
reduction-in-force instead of Cutting. Finally, Yates presented evidence of numerous
statements from Zei and more senior members of Siemens management which could
allow a fact-finder to reasonably infer that Yates’s firing was a result of age
discrimination. Yates easily established a prima facie case.
II.
The district court determined that Rexton presented evidence to support its
legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for firing Yates: Yates was not performing
satisfactorily, and he was part of a legitimate reduction-in-force. Accordingly, the
burden then shifted back to Yates to demonstrate pretext. Yates argues that, once the
analysis moved to the issue of pretext, the district court incorrectly applied that analysis
and erroneously determined that Yates had not presented sufficient evidence to create
a genuine issue of material fact.
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Once the employer produces evidence of a non-discriminatory reason for its
employment decision, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to offer proof that would
allow a rational fact-finder to conclude that the proffered reason was not the true reason
for the employment action, and that age was. St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S.
502, 507-08 (1993). In determining whether a plaintiff has met its burden with respect
to pretext in a summary judgment motion, a district court is prohibited from making a
credibility judgment or a factual finding from conflicting evidence. See El Deeb v.
Univ. of Minn., 60 F.3d 423, 430 (8th Cir. 1995). In a reduction-in-force case, two
additional general rules apply. The ADEA does not authorize a court to judge the
wisdom of a company’s business decision to reduce its workforce in response to
economic pressures. See Holley v. Sanyo Mfg., Inc., 771 F.2d 1161, 1166 n.8 (8th Cir.
1985). However, even within the context of a legitimate reduction-in-force, an
employer may not fire an employee because of his age. Carlton v. Mystic Transp., Inc.,
202 F.3d 129, 136 (2d Cir. 2000).
Yates can avoid summary judgment in the face of Rexton’s presentation of non-
discriminatory reasons only if he presents evidence that (1) creates a question of
material fact as to whether Rexton’s proffered reasons are pretextual, and (2) creates
a reasonable inference that age was a determinative factor in the adverse employment
decision. Fisher v. Pharmacia & Upjohn, 225 F.3d 915, 921 (8th Cir. 2000). The
evidence that is available for these inquiries includes the evidence that established
Yates’s prima facie case and the inferences properly drawn therefrom. Reeves v.
Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 120 S. Ct. 2097, 2106 (2000).
We conclude that Yates created a question of material fact as to whether
Rexton’s proffered reasons for firing him are pretextual. Although Rexton argues that
Yates’s performance was unsatisfactory, Yates presented evidence to the contrary.
Rexton’s policy calls for employees to receive periodic performance reviews, but Yates
received no such reviews during his employment. In a July 1995 letter to Zei, Yates
reported that Wright had told him a few weeks earlier that there were “no issues” with
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his performance. Yates also noted that no one at Rexton or at Siemens had ever
questioned his ability as a manager. In his reply letter, Zei did not specifically address
these statements.
Rexton’s bottom line grew during Yates’s tenure, as well. Rexton’s sales grew
an average of 30 percent a year for each of the five years prior to Yates’s termination.
According to Zei, the most important performance criterion for Yates (whom Zei
supervised from 1987 until 1990) is “how many did you sell and what price did you sell
them at.” The average selling price of Rexton’s in-the-ear hearing aid rose from $179
in 1988 to $302 in 1996. Under the standard articulated by Zei, Yates presented
evidence creating a genuine issue of fact concerning his performance.
Similarly, we conclude that Yates created a reasonable inference that age was
a determinative factor in his firing. In so doing, we are mindful that the fact-finder
would be permitted to consider the evidence establishing Yates’s prima facie case and
inferences drawn from that evidence. Reeves, 120 S. Ct. at 2106. Zei, Prigge, and
Weckherlin made numerous statements expressing their specific views about the need
for Yates to retire and the more general view that workers should retire after age 60.
Zei was president of Rexton for a time during Yates’s employment, but he made most
of his comments while he was a Siemens employee and was president of the board of
Rexton. Prigge and Weckherlin occupied management positions with Siemens AG in
Germany, the company Zei described as establishing the direction and setup of Rexton.
The district court considered evidence Yates presented of Siemens AG’s continued
involvement in Rexton and concluded that Yates sufficiently demonstrated the former’s
influence over the latter so that the “interconnectedness” of the companies made
Prigge’s and Weckherlin’s statements relevant.
The district court’s determination is consistent with this court’s treatment of
comments demonstrating age animus. Assuming for the purposes of argument that
Wright was the sole decision-maker as to Yates’s termination, the comments of
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Siemens’ management could not themselves support a finding of discrimination.
However, when the comments are considered along with other evidence of pretext, they
may be sufficient to allow a fact-finder to reasonably infer age discrimination. See
Kells v. Sinclair Buick-GMC Truck, Inc., 210 F.3d 827, 834-35 (8th Cir. 2000)
(“When you get to [age 50], those things happen to you in our company” comment by
person who had ownership interest in company but who did not participate in the
decision to terminate the employee was properly considered as inferential proof of
overt discrimination which, along with other evidence, raised an inference of illegal
discrimination so as to preclude summary judgment); Ryther v. KARE 11, 108 F.3d
832, 842-44 (8th Cir. 1997) (discriminatory comments from fellow sports department
employees about television sportscaster who was terminated were not sufficient to
support finding of discrimination, but were relevant and combined with other evidence
to support a reasonable inference of age discrimination). Neither this court nor the
district court is permitted to substitute its judgment concerning the weight of the
evidence for the fact-finder’s. See Reeves, 120 S. Ct. at 2111.
Although the district court determined that the comments were relevant, it
ultimately did not consider them because it found them to be “hearsay, not falling
within any hearsay exception,” and inadmissible as a matter of law. This ruling
primarily included evidence Yates presented both as to Zei’s own statements to Wright
as well as Zei’s statements to Wright which repeated comments by Prigge and
Weckherlin.
We review the district court’s exclusion of evidence in a summary judgment
motion for abuse of discretion. Nat’l Steel Corp. v. Golden Eagle Ins. Co., 121 F.3d
496, 502 (9th Cir. 1997). The district court’s ruling demonstrates an abuse of its
discretion. These statements were not hearsay. According to Yates, Wright told him
that Zei told Wright that Prigge and Weckherlin said that employees over age 60 should
retire and that Prigge had targeted Yates because Weckherlin said he was retiring.
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Although these include layers of out-of-court statements, each layer was admissible as
a statement of a party opponent. See Fed. R. Evid. 805.
Some of the statements were also admissible because they were made by an
agent of a party-opponent and therefore are not hearsay. See Fed. R. Evid.
802(d)(2)(D). The district court’s determination that Prigge’s and Weckherlin’s
statements were relevant because of the control Siemens exercised over Rexton plays
a role in this analysis. We need not consider whether Prigge and Weckherlin were
decision-makers with respect to Yates’s termination because they were intimately
involved in the process of shaping Rexton’s work-force. For the purpose of
determining whether Prigge and Weckherlin were “agents” under Rule 801(d)(2)(D),
it is not necessary that they be the actual decision-makers. “Significant involvement,
either as advisor or other participant in a process leading to a challenged decision,”
may be sufficient to establish agency under Rule 801(d)(2)(D). Equal Employment
Opportunity Comm’n v. Watergate at Landmark Condo., 24 F.3d 635, 640 (4th Cir.
1994).
We conclude that the inter-connectedness of Rexton and Siemens is sufficient
to establish that Prigge and Weckherlin were agents of Rexton in this evidentiary
context. Our conclusion is consistent with an earlier ADEA case from our circuit,
Bevan v. Honeywell, Inc., 118 F.3d 603 (8th Cir. 1997). In Bevan, the employer
objected to the admission into evidence of remarks attributed to a decision-maker. The
objection was two-fold: first, the employer argued that the comment was irrelevant to
the employee’s termination; second, the employer argued that it was double hearsay.
We determined that the comment was admissible under Rule 801(d)(2)(D) because
each layer of the out-of-court statement was a statement of a party opponent. Id. at
610-11.
Zei’s statement to Wright that Yates would accept a consulting agreement
because no one else would hire him at his age and Zei’s statement to two fellow
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employees that Yates was retiring were also admissible. Not only were these
statements of a party opponent, but they were not hearsay because they were not
offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Fed. R. Evid. 801(c); see Equal
Employment Opportunity Comm’n v. HBE Corp., 135 F.3d 543, 552 (8th Cir. 1998)
(in race discrimination case, hotel general manager’s statements that hotel policy
precluded hiring black waitresses or playing “black music” in hotel bar were not
hearsay under Rule 801(c) because they were offered to show that the statements were
made, not offered for the truth of the matter asserted).
We conclude that Yates created both a question of fact as to pretext and a
reasonable inference that age was a determinative factor in his termination. Thus, even
though Rexton set forth non-discriminatory reasons for its action, Yates provided
sufficient evidence of pretext to avoid summary judgment.
Because our opinion results in the remand of this case for trial, we need not
separately consider Yates’s final argument that the district court erred in making
findings of fact in its summary judgment ruling.
III.
For the reasons set forth above, we reverse the district court’s entry of summary
judgment in favor of Rexton and remand for trial on Yates’s age discrimination claims.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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