United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________
No. 01-2959
___________
Stephen C. Orr, *
*
Appellant, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of Nebraska.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., *
*
Appellee. *
___________
Submitted: April 19, 2002
Filed: July 22, 2002
___________
Before BOWMAN, LAY, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
RILEY, Circuit Judge.
Stephen Orr (Orr) filed a law suit against Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart)
alleging violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Nebraska
Fair Employment Practices Act (NFEPA). Concluding Orr failed to show he was
disabled under either the ADA or the NFEPA, the district court1 granted summary
judgment in favor of Wal-Mart. Orr appeals. We affirm.
1
The Honorable Lyle E. Strom, United States District Judge for the District of
Nebraska.
I. BACKGROUND
Stephen Orr is a pharmacist licensed in Nebraska, Wyoming, and South
Dakota. In 1986, Orr was diagnosed with diabetes. To control his diabetes, Orr uses
a glucometer to monitor his blood glucose levels, takes insulin, and eats a special diet
within thirty minutes of taking insulin. During the time relevant to this lawsuit, Orr
injected insulin three times each day – in early morning, at noon, and before bedtime.
Orr controls his disease to the best of his ability. When his diabetes is not well
controlled, he suffers from vision impairment, low energy, lack of concentration and
mental awareness, lack of physical strength and coordination, slurred speech,
difficulties typing and reading, and slowed performance.
In January 1998, Orr became employed full time as a pharmacist at a Wal-Mart
store in Chadron, Nebraska. This Chadron store was a single-pharmacist Wal-Mart
facility, and Orr was the only pharmacist on duty during his work day. Before
accepting employment, Orr informed Wal-Mart District Manager Rick Coleman
(Coleman) he was an insulin-dependent diabetic. Coleman authorized Orr to take a
lunch break and mid-day breaks during his ten-hour work shift. Orr understood
Coleman to authorize him to take an uninterrupted lunch break, and Orr routinely
closed the pharmacy for thirty minutes over the noon hour to eat lunch.
John Foss (Foss) succeeded Coleman as district manager in charge of the
Chadron store. Foss informed Orr that Wal-Mart policy2 required the pharmacy to
2
The applicable part of the Wal-Mart Breaks/Lunch Period policy stated:
In pharmacies with one pharmacist on duty, the pharmacist cannot leave
the pharmacy area unsupervised for any regular length of time for breaks
or lunch periods. Therefore, the pharmacist will take time between busy
periods for a break or eating lunch in the pharmacy prescription area.
(emphasis in original).
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remain open during store hours and instructed Orr not to close the pharmacy during
his lunch break. Orr did not comply with Wal-Mart policy and continued to close the
pharmacy for thirty minutes in order to take an uninterrupted lunch. On March 5,
1998, Foss issued Orr a written warning for closing the pharmacy. The written
warning stated that further non-compliance would result in Orr’s termination.
Orr responded in writing to the warning with his "action plan" and without
mentioning his diabetes.
Per this presentation & our discussion of the issues a[t] hand. I
respectfully protest this presentation & Decision-Making Day. My
understanding of time off for lunch & breaks apparently was a
misunderstanding of company policy as presented by Rick Coleman.
My leaving the Pharmacy on 2/25 was specifically for company
(Pharmacy) business to pick up a CII Rx at the Clinic.
I will from this date forward take my lunch break within the confines of
the Pharmacy & maintain the opening of the Pharmacy from 9-7AM
Mon.-Fri & 9-6 on Sat during my scheduled days shift.
Orr initially abided by Wal-Mart's policy and kept the pharmacy continuously
open during store hours. However, a week after receiving the written warning, Orr
wrote to Foss requesting he rescind the written warning based on Orr's original
understanding and agreement with Coleman. Orr stated, in part: "I had discussed
with Rick Coleman during the interview process conducted at Wal-Mart in Rapid
City, that I was an Insulin Dependent Diabetic. Rick Coleman agreed that I could
take lunch breaks." On April 8, 1998, after receiving no response, Orr wrote to Foss
again asking him to remove the written warning from Orr's personnel file. In his
second letter, Orr informed Foss that, due to his adherence to Wal-Mart policy
requiring the pharmacy to remain open, he was unable to eat until "much after noon,
resulting in my experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia." Orr expressed concern
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that not having an uninterrupted lunch break could adversely affect the control of his
diabetes.
On April 17, 1998, Foss wrote to Orr and advised him that the written warning
would not be rescinded. Foss said he had discussed the situation with higher
management. Foss’s letter informed Orr that Coleman denied ever authorizing Orr
to close the pharmacy to take a lunch break. In his letter Foss also explained that
Wal-Mart had always permitted Orr to control his diabetes by bringing food into the
pharmacy, providing access to a refrigerator, and allowing him to eat or snack in the
pharmacy.
On April 24, 1998, Orr wrote Foss and again asked him to rescind the written
warning. Orr’s letter relayed to Foss that working in the pharmacy without an
uninterrupted daily lunch break was adversely affecting the control of his diabetes.
On May 7, 1998, Orr wrote another letter to Foss, informing him that, as a result of
the no lunch break policy, Orr had incurred "several low, hypoglycemic incidents."
Orr expressed his disappointment with Wal-Mart's indifference to his needs as a
diabetic, and Orr informed Foss he was resuming noon lunch breaks away from the
pharmacy for the maintenance of his diabetic health. Thereafter, Foss terminated Orr.
II. DISCUSSION
Orr argues the district court erred in finding he was not disabled within the
meaning of the ADA. Under the ADA, a disability is defined as "a physical or
mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of
such individual." 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A).
The disability discrimination provisions in the NFEPA are patterned after the
ADA, and the statutory definitions of "disability" and "qualified individual with a
disability" contained in the NFEPA are virtually identical to the definitions of the
ADA. See Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 48-1102(9) & (10); 42 U.S.C. §§ 12102(2),
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12111(8). In construing the NFEPA, Nebraska courts have looked to federal
decisions, because the NFEPA is patterned after Title VII and the ADA. See, e.g.,
Father Flanagan's Boys' Home v. Agnew, 590 N.W.2d 688, 693 (Neb. 1999); IBP,
Inc. v. Sands, 563 N.W.2d 353, 357-59 (Neb. 1997). We therefore employ the same
analysis to determine whether Orr’s diabetes constitutes a disability under both the
ADA and the NFEPA.
In Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 483 (1999), the Supreme
Court held that the threshold inquiry whether an individual is disabled is analyzed on
an individualized basis. The Court concluded that a diabetic is not per se disabled but
must demonstrate his condition substantially limits one or more major life activities.
Id. at 482-83. The Court emphasized that "[a] person whose physical or mental
impairment is corrected by medication or other measures does not have an impairment
that presently 'substantially limits' a major life activity." Id. at 482-83.
Orr claims his diabetes substantially affects his ability to see, speak, type, read,
and walk. Orr also argues "it would not be unreasonable to expect that [his] diabetic
condition will significantly disrupt his lifestyle." (emphasis added). Orr also contends
that if he fails to properly monitor and treat his diabetes, then he "could experience"
adverse symptoms which "would . . . substantially limit [his] major life activity of
working." (emphasis added).
The Supreme Court in Sutton expressly ruled that "[a] 'disability' exists only
where an impairment 'substantially limits' a major life activity, not where it 'might,'
'could,' or 'would' be substantially limiting if mitigating measures were not taken."
Sutton, 527 U.S. at 482 (emphasis added). Therefore, neither the district court nor
we can consider what would or could occur if Orr failed to treat his diabetes or how
his diabetes might develop in the future. Rather, Sutton requires that we examine
Orr’s present condition with reference to the mitigating measures taken, i.e., insulin
injections and diet, and the actual consequences which followed. See id.
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In resisting summary judgment, Orr failed to present evidence explaining either
how diabetes substantially affects his major life activities or the duration and
frequency of any limitations. "[M]ost disabilities from which people suffer,"
including diabetes, "do not have a substantial enough effect on their major life
activities." Berg v. Norand Corp., 169 F.3d 1140, 1145 (8th Cir. 1999) (quoting
Dalton v. Subaru-Isuzu Auto., Inc., 141 F.3d 667, 675 (7th Cir. 1998)). Health
conditions that cause moderate limitations on major life activities do not constitute
disabilities under the ADA. See Taylor v. Nimock's Oil Co., 214 F.3d 957, 960 (8th
Cir. 2000) (heart disease); Weber v. Strippit, Inc., 186 F.3d 907, 914 (8th Cir. 1999)
(heart disease). To hold otherwise could expand the ADA to recognize almost every
working American as disabled to some degree.
Our review of the record establishes that Orr does not have an actual disability
which presently and substantially limits a major life activity. He, therefore, is not
disabled under the ADA or the NFEPA.
On appeal, Orr argues eating is a major life activity that is substantially limited
due to his diabetes, and the necessity of adhering to a strict dietary regimen
substantially limits the major life activity of working.3 He urges this panel to adopt
3
In Sutton, the Supreme Court assumed working is a major life activity, but
questioned whether it is, noting the EEOC's reluctance to define "major life activities"
to include working and its suggestion that working be considered a "residual life
activity." Sutton, 527 U.S. 492 (citing 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App. § 1630.2(j) (1998)).
More recently, the Supreme Court expressed skepticism as to whether working can
be a major life activity, but did not decide the issue. Toyota Motor Mfg., Ky., Inc. v.
Williams, 534 U.S. 184, ___, 122 S. Ct. 681, 692 (2002) ("Because of the conceptual
difficulties inherent in the argument that working could be a major life activity, we
have been hesitant to hold as much, and we need not decide this difficult question
today."). In this circuit we have followed Sutton and Toyota in assuming, without
conclusively ruling, that working constitutes a major life activity for purposes of
applying the ADA. See Duty v. Norton-Alcoa Proppants, No. 01-1478, 2002 WL
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the holding of a recent Seventh Circuit case that, in the context of insulin-dependent
diabetes, eating constitutes a major life activity. See Lawson v. CSX Transp., Inc.,
245 F.3d 916, 923 (7th Cir. 2001).4 Orr did not allege in his complaint or argue in the
district court that eating is a major life activity which is substantially limited because
of his diabetes.5 Ordinarily, we do not consider an argument raised for the first time
on appeal. See Shelton v. ContiGroup Cos., 285 F.3d 640, 643 (8th Cir. 2002); Berg,
169 F.3d at 1145. We consider a newly raised argument only if it is purely legal and
requires no additional factual development, or if a manifest injustice would otherwise
result. Orion Fin. Corp. of S.D. v. Amer. Foods Group, Inc., 281 F.3d 733, 740 (8th
Cir. 2002). Orr does not persuade us that either exception applies. We therefore
decline to consider the argument on appeal.6
1312197, at *17 n.3 (8th Cir. June 18, 2002); Kellogg v. Union Pacific R.R., 233 F.3d
1083, 1087 (8th Cir. 2000).
4
We note Lawson was first cited by the district court in a footnote within its
Memorandum and Order granting summary judgment.
5
Had Orr established a prima facie case of actual disability under the ADA,
Wal-Mart could have raised the threat-to-self defense. Wal-Mart could have argued
that, accepting Orr's contentions at face value, working in a single-pharmacist
pharmacy, which did not provide for uninterrupted meal breaks, posed a direct threat
to Orr's health and that Wal-Mart was justified in not continuing his employment.
See Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal,122 S. Ct. 2045 (2002).
6
Even if the limitations on Orr's ability to eat can be tied to his ability to work,
they cannot salvage his claim under the ADA. "When the major life activity under
consideration is that of working, the statutory phrase 'substantially limits' requires,
at a minimum, that plaintiffs allege they are unable to work in a broad range of jobs."
Sutton, 527 U.S. at 491. See also 29 C.F.R pt. 1630.2(j)(3)(i), App. § 1630.2(j)
(2000). The record reveals only that Orr's diabetic condition occasionally produced
symptoms which moderately impaired his performance as a pharmacist in a single-
pharmacist-on-duty retail store. In contrast to the diabetic plaintiff in Lawson, Orr
consistently performed the essential functions of a pharmacist before, during, and
after his employment with Wal-Mart. Because Orr's diabetes, as portrayed by the
-7-
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons cited above, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
LAY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent.
Based upon the evidence in this particular case, I think the court errs in holding
that the claimant, Stephen C. Orr, was not disabled as a matter of law within the
meaning of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The court refuses
to consider Orr’s contention that he was substantially limited in the major life
activities of working and eating because the Seventh Circuit decision upon which he
relies, Lawson v. CSX Transp., Inc., 245 F.3d 916 (7th Cir. 2001), is first cited in a
footnote in the district court’s decision. I know of no precedent in this or any other
circuit that says a party must cite a particular case in the district court in order to rely
upon it on appeal.
The majority opinion cites Shelton v. ContiGroup Cos., 285 F.3d 640 (8th Cir.
2002), and Berg v. Norand Corp., 169 F.3d 1140 (8th Cir. 1999), to support its refusal
to entertain Orr’s argument. The court’s reliance on these cases is misplaced. In
Berg, we refused to allow a plaintiff to claim for the first time on appeal that her
employer perceived her as disabled. Berg, 169 F.3d at 1145. Under the ADA, “being
regarded” as disabled--as opposed to actually being disabled--is a separate and
distinct basis for liability. Compare 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A) with § 12102(2)(C).
Here, however, Orr’s argument has consistently been that he suffered from “a
record in this case, at most, only moderately limits his ability to perform a particular
specialized job or a narrow range of retail pharmacist jobs, his diabetic condition does
not place substantial limitations on his ability to work.
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physical . . . impairment that substantially limits one or more of [his] major life
activities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A). While it is generally true that courts “do not
consider arguments first raised on appeal,” Shelton, 285 F.3d at 643, this does not
preclude us from considering Orr’s use of Lawson to support his argument that he
suffers from a disability affecting one or more of life’s major activities.
The majority faults Orr for not raising the issue of “eating” as a limitation on
one of his life’s major activities before the district court. In all due respect, this is a
myopic treatment of the record before the district court. Orr’s entire case turned on
the refusal of his employer to allow Orr to follow a dietary regimen. Orr’s argument
focused on eating but eating is inextricably related to “working.”7 As the district
court acknowledged, plaintiff claimed that he was substantially limited in his ability
to work. This claim, however, was obviously based upon Orr’s ability to control his
regulated diet and insulin injections. Thus, eating at defined times is directly related
to his ability to work. Orr’s whole complaint as well as the evidentiary record relates
to Wal-Mart’s refusal to allow Orr to eat during a lunch break. To suggest eating was
not raised in the district court slights the entire evidentiary record. Orr’s claim before
the district court is that if he is not allowed to follow his dietary regimen, he becomes
completely disabled.
In Lawson, the Seventh Circuit discussed eating as one of life’s major
activities, but did so in terms of Lawson’s ability to work: “Mr. Lawson’s diabetes
has limited substantially his ability to work in a broad class of jobs. . . . We believe
that a jury could conclude, from this evidence, that Mr. Lawson can show that a
7
The majority suggests that under Sutton, the Supreme Court has not yet
decided whether working is one of life’s major activities. It is much too late in the
day in this circuit to hold that working may not be one of the major life activities
under the ADA. See Fjellestad v. Pizza Hut of America, Inc., 188 F.3d 944, 954-55
(8th Cir. 1999); Helfter v. United Parcel Service, 115 F.3d 613, 617 (8th Cir. 1997).
Such dicta is a poor crutch to deny Orr, or any other ADA litigant, his day in court.
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record exists indicating that his diabetes has limited substantially his ability to work.”
245 F.3d at 926-27. The court reasoned that the plaintiff “must always concern
himself with the availability of food, the timing of when he eats, and the type and
quantity of food he eats.” Id. at 924. Because the ADA “addresses substantial
limitations on major life activities, not utter inabilities,” Bragdon v. Abbott, 524 U.S.
624, 641 (1998) (cited in Lawson, 245 F.3d at 924), the Seventh Circuit went on to
hold that “[t]he district court failed to consider the extent of the restrictions imposed
by Mr. Lawson’s treatment regimen and the consequences of noncompliance with that
regimen.” Lawson, 245 F.3d at 924. As explained in his brief, Orr has experienced
“seizures, deteriorated vision, slurred speech, frequent urination, lack of
concentration, awareness, coordination, strength, and consciousness, all of which can,
and frequently does [sic], result in hospitalization.” These allegations are not what
“could” happen, but are evidentiary proofs of what has happened when Orr is not
allowed to follow a rigid discipline of eating at a scheduled time. This is verified
through the record by Orr’s deposition and medical reports. I respectfully submit that
we should follow Judge Ripple’s reasoning in Lawson, and hold Orr’s eating and
working are fundamental, major life activities that are substantially limited due to his
diabetes. A distinguished panel of Judge Cudahy and Judge Easterbrook joined Judge
Ripple, and I find it unreasonable to ignore our sister circuit simply because of the
mistaken belief that plaintiff’s counsel failed to raise that argument in the district
court.8 Furthermore, our review should be based on the full evidentiary record before
us, not limited to cited cases.
Orr also testified that when he was hired by Wal-Mart, he told them of his
disability and Wal-Mart agreed that they would accommodate his eating habit at
noon. The district court noted that this fact was denied by Wal-Mart, but held it was
8
We note Lawson was decided barely two weeks before Orr’s response to the
defendant’s motion for summary judgment was filed. It does not, therefore, seem so
unusual for that decision to be cited for the first time in the district court’s
Memorandum and Order granting summary judgment, issued some four months later.
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not material to the issue at hand. I respectfully disagree. I think these claims set forth
genuine issues of material fact relating to the questions of disability and reasonable
accommodation. See Fjellestad v. Pizza Hut of America, Inc., 188 F.3d 944, 949-50
(8th Cir. 1999). These claims should therefore be submitted to the trier of fact.9
In conclusion, I submit that this is not an appropriate case for summary
judgment by the court.
On this basis, I respectfully dissent.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
9
There is additional proof that Wal-Mart has now changed its policy and allows
an uninterrupted lunch break at its single-pharmacist store in Chadron. This relates
to the claim that Wal-Mart refused to make a reasonable accommodation and is
further proof of a pretextual reason for Orr’s discharge. These proofs address factual
issues appropriate for a jury’s resolution.
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