Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
3-22-2007
Zhang v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-3269
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
____________
No. 05-3269
____________
XIN WEN ZHANG,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
Respondent
____________
On Petition for Review from an
Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
(Board No. A96 070 533)
Immigration Judge: Walter A. Durling
____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
February 13, 2007
Before: SMITH and FISHER, Circuit Judges, and DIAMOND,* District Judge.
(Filed: March 22, 2007)
____________
OPINION OF THE COURT
____________
*
The Honorable Gustave Diamond, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
FISHER, Circuit Judge.
Xin Wen Zhang seeks review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
(“BIA”) affirming the denial of his request for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief
under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction to review the
petition pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1) and will deny the petition.
I.
Because we write only for the parties, we forgo a lengthy recitation of the factual
and procedural background of this case. Petitioner Xin Wen Zhang (“Zhang”), a native
and citizen of the People’s Republic of China, arrived in the United States on a valid visa
on October 17, 2002. Zhang was an accountant for a government-owned steel company
in Tianjin City from 1991 through April 12, 2002. Zhang reported corruption in the
company to his supervisors on three occasions and organized a one-day protest of 1,000
factory workers at city hall to draw attention to the corruption at the steel plant. As a
result of his involvement in the steel company protest, Zhang was arrested for two
months. During the first three days of his detention, Zhang was interrogated. At his
immigration hearing, Zhang testified that the police pulled his hair, hit his head on a desk,
and kicked and beat him with batons on the back during his incarceration. Zhang was
subsequently fired from his job. Zhang left China without notifying government
authorities that he was leaving.
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II.
In this case, because the BIA affirmed the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) decision
without opinion we review the decision of the IJ. Partyka v. Attorney General of U.S.,
417 F.3d 408, 411 (3d Cir. 2005). We must affirm the opinion of the IJ if there is
substantial evidence in the record to support it. Senathirajah v. INS, 157 F.3d 210, 216
(3d Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. Under this
standard, the IJ’s “findings must be upheld unless the evidence not only supports a
contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483-84 (3d Cir.
2001) (citing INS v. Elias- Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992)).
III.
To be statutorily eligible for asylum, an applicant must demonstrate refugee status
by showing “(1) an incident, or incidents, that rise to the level of persecution; (2) that is
[or are] ‘on account of’ one of the statutorily-protected grounds; and (3) is [or are]
committed by a government or forces a government is either ‘unable or unwilling’ to
control.” Wu v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 418, 423 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Abdulrahman v.
Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 592 (3d Cir. 2003)). Persecution “includes threats to life,
confinement, torture, and economic restriction so severe that they constitute a threat to
life or freedom.” Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993). A showing of past
persecution leads to a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of future
persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1).
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Zhang’s treatment while incarcerated does not rise to the level of persecution as
we have defined it. In order to form the basis for an asylum claim, the treatment
complained of must be “extreme.” Fatin, 12 F.3d at 1243 (“‘[P]ersecution’ is an extreme
concept that does not include every sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.”).
Although the mistreatment of Zhang in this case was certainly reprehensible, even
unlawful and unjust, “the concept of persecution does not encompass all treatment that
our society regards as unfair, unjust, or even unlawful or unconstitutional.” Id. at 1241.
The incident described by Zhang – in which his hair was pulled, his head was hit on a
desk, and he was beat with batons – apparently did not result in serious injury and was not
unusual or extreme enough to qualify as persecution under our standard. See Voci v.
Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 615 (3d Cir. 2005) (“[O]ur cases suggest that isolated incidents
that do not result in serious injury do not rise to the level of persecution.”).
Having failed to establish past persecution, Zhang is not entitled to a rebuttable
presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution. In order to show a well-
founded fear of future persecution the applicant must show a well founded subjective
fear, which is “supported by objective evidence that persecution is a reasonable
possibility.” Chang v. INS, 119 F.3d 1055, 1066 (3d Cir.1997) (citation omitted). The IJ
stated Zhang “fear[s] prosecution not persecution” for his illegal departure from China.
See id. at 1065 (holding prosecution pursuant to generally applicable laws is generally not
persecution unless based on one of the five statutorily-enumerated factors). Nothing in
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the record compels a contrary conclusion. Consequently, we find substantial evidence
supports the IJ’s conclusion that Zhang is not eligible by statute for asylum.1
Zhang’s final claim is that he is eligible for withholding of removal under the
CAT. An applicant seeking relief under the CAT must establish “that it is more likely
than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.”
Sevoian v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 166, 174-75 (3d Cir. 2002) (quoting 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.16(c)(2)). The Government asserts that Zhang has not exhausted administrative
remedies with respect to his CAT claim and we are therefore without jurisdiction to
consider the claim. Exhaustion is a jurisdictional prerequisite to review of a final order of
removal. Bhiski v. Ashcroft, 373 F.3d 363, 367-68 (3d Cir. 2004). We have noted that an
alien exhausts administrative remedies when “[he] makes some effort, however
insufficient, to place the Board on notice of a straightforward issue being raised on
appeal.” Wu v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 418, 422 (3d Cir. 2005) (citing Bhiski, 373 F.3d at
367-68). In Bhiski, we held that this could be accomplished without filing a brief with the
BIA where the BIA was on notice of the issue for review on appeal. In Wu, the petitioner
failed to allege the IJ committed error by considering only one Government conducted
interview in his brief to the BIA. 393 F.3d at 422. Yet, the petitioner did allege that the
1
“[A]n alien who fails to qualify for asylum is necessarily ineligible for
withholding of removal.” Ghebrehiwot v. Attorney General of U.S., 467 F.3d 344, 351
(3d Cir. 2006) (citing Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 469-70 (3d Cir. 2003)). Here the
IJ correctly concluded that Zhang was ineligible for withholding of removal because he
failed to meet the standard for asylum.
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eligibility determination was not supported by the record. Id. We held that this was
sufficient to give notice to the BIA and therefore the petitioner had exhausted his
administrative remedies. Id.
Unlike Wu, in the instant case there is nothing in the record to put the BIA on
notice that a CAT claim was being appealed. Zhang’s briefs before the BIA did not
address a CAT claim. In addition, at his hearing Zhang failed to describe any conduct
resembling torture and his testimony did not indicate that the threat of torture was a
central part of his application. Zhang has thus not exhausted his administrative remedies
on his CAT claim and this Court lacks jurisdiction to review the issue.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s
decision to deny relief, and we will accordingly deny the petition for review.
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