Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
3-15-2007
USA v. Jennings
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-4003
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"USA v. Jennings" (2007). 2007 Decisions. Paper 1469.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-4003
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
WAYNE JENNINGS,
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
D.C. Criminal No. 02-cr-0635
(Honorable Joseph E. Irenas)
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
March 1, 2007
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, McKEE and NOONAN * , Circuit Judges.
(Filed: March 15, 2007)
OPINION OF THE COURT
SCIRICA, Chief Judge.
Wayne Jennings appeals his sentence of 120 months’ imprisonment for one count
of unlawful possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
*
The Honorable John T. Noonan, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Judicial
Circuit, sitting by designation.
922(g)(1). Jennings contends the District Court applied the wrong standard of proof for
determining facts that led the District Court to enhance Jennings’s Guidelines base
offense level by four levels for possessing a firearm in connection with another felony
offense under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5). We will affirm.
I.
On June 16, 2002, Camden City police officers received a specific tip about
suspected drug activity originating from a car parked in a vacant lot in Camden, New
Jersey. Acting on the tip, the Officers observed an individual (later identified as
Jennings) sitting inside a car parked in the lot, trying to hide a plastic bag of marijuana
and a cigar in his pocket. The Officers recognized Jennings as an individual known to
have outstanding warrants for arrest, and proceeded to place him under arrest. The
subsequent search of the vehicle revealed a “Jennings Nine” 9mm semi-automatic
handgun with a defaced serial number and 120 small sealed bags containing crack
cocaine. A search of Jennings revealed additional drugs and cash.
On August 20, 2002, Jennings was charged in a one-count federal criminal
indictment with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
922(g)(1). He entered a guilty plea on November 7, 2002. The Presentence Investigation
Report recommended a Guidelines range of 130 to 162 months, which was reduced to
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120 months because the maximum term of imprisonment under § 922(g)(1) is ten years.1
The recommended range of 130 to 162 months included a four-level enhancement for
possession of a firearm in connection with another felony offense, which in this case was
possession of either cocaine or crack cocaine with intent to distribute.2 U.S.S.G. §
2K2.1(b)(5).
At sentencing, Jennings challenged the application of the four-level enhancement
for possession of a firearm in connection with another felony offense. On March 14,
2003, the District Court heard testimony from Officer Jason Pike, the arresting officer,
about the drugs recovered from the car at the time of Jennings’s arrest. On April 17,
2003, the District Court found the four-level enhancement applied and sentenced
Jennings to 120 months’ imprisonment and three years’ supervised release.
Jennings timely appealed and we remanded on May 19, 2005, for re-sentencing in
light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). See United States v. Davis, 407
F.3d 162 (3d Cir. 2005). At a re-sentencing hearing on August, 18, 2005, the District
Court found the four-level enhancement was established by a preponderance of the
1
This Guidelines range was based on a criminal history category of VI and a total
offense level of 27. U.S.S.G. Chapter 5, Part A.
2
The recommended Guidelines range also included a two-level enhancement for
possession of a firearm with a defaced or obliterated serial number, U.S.S.G. §
2K2.1(b)(4), and a three-level downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility,
U.S.S.G. §§ 3E1.1(a), (b).
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evidence and reimposed the maximum statutory sentence of 120 months’ imprisonment
and three years’ supervised release. Jennings timely appealed.
II.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). Jennings
contends the District Court erred by imposing the four-level enhancement for possession
of a firearm in connection with another felony because the District Court did not make the
necessary factual findings beyond a reasonable doubt. We recently resolved this issue in
United States v. Grier, 475F.3d 556 (3d. Cir. 2007), in which we held “that the right to
proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not apply to facts relevant to enhancements under
an advisory Guidelines regime.” Id. at 565. Because the Guidelines are advisory after
Booker, “[f]acts relevant to application of the Guidelines—whether or not they constitute
a ‘separate offense’—do not” increase the statutory maximum punishment to which the
defendant is exposed, but rather “inform the district court’s discretion without limiting its
authority. They therefore do not constitute ‘elements’ of a ‘crime’ under the rationale of
Apprendi and do not implicate the rights to a jury trial and proof beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Id. at 567 (citing Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000)). See also
U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(a) (“Where the statutorily authorized maximum sentence is less than
the minimum of the applicable guideline range, the statutorily authorized maximum
sentence shall be the guideline sentence.”). Here, the District Court made a finding by a
preponderance of the evidence that Jennings possessed the firearm in connection with
4
possession of narcotics with intent to distribute, and then sentenced Jennings to the
statutory maximum under § 922(g). The District Court applied the correct standard of
proof because it sentenced Jennings to the statutory maximum sentence for the charged
offense.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of conviction and sentence.
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