United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 02-1382
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National Labor Relations Board, *
*
Petitioner, *
*
International Brotherhood of *
Electrical Workers Local 265, * Petition for Enforcement
* of an Order of the
Intervenor on Appeal, * National Labor Relations Board
*
v. *
*
Wolfe Electric Company, *
Respondent.
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Submitted: September 12, 2002
Filed: December 24, 2002
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Before McMILLIAN, BRIGHT and BOWMAN, Circuit Judges.
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McMILLIAN, Circuit Judge.
The National Labor Relations Board (the Board) petitions for enforcement of
a final order finding that Wolfe Electric Company (the company) violated
Sections (a)(1) and (3) of the National Labor Relations Act (the Act or NLRA), 29
U.S.C. §§ 158(a)(1), (3), by refusing to hire nine applicants because of their union
membership, and by other actions. NLRB v. Wolfe Elec. Co., 336 N.L.R.B.
No. 48 (2001). The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 265 (the
union), intervenes in support of the Board. We enforce the order.
The evidence before the Board established the following. Richard Wolfe
(Wolfe) is president of the company, a non-union electrical contractor. After learning
that the union was attempting to organize non-union contractors by getting them to
hire its members, Wolfe told his employees that, in light of the union's organizing
activities, the company would quit advertising for workers in the newspaper and
would hire employees through word-of-mouth referrals. Wolfe also stated that he
would close the business before he would allow the union to organize it. In early
1996, Wolfe told employees that the company would begin using an employment
agency, Advantage Personnel, to hire workers, noting that the agency was
experienced in screening out union members. On April 3, 1996, Advantage Personnel
referred Doyle Horwart to Wolfe. Horwart, a union organizer, had concealed his
union membership from Advantage. Horwart began working for the company on
April 9, 1996.
On June 20, 1996, Wolfe told Horwart that two electricians had just quit and
that he immediately needed six more workers. Horwart told the union's business
agent, Bill Roussan, about his conversation with Wolfe. On July 8, 1996, Roussan
and seven other union journeymen electricians and one union welder went to the
company to apply for work. They had a video camera and tape recorder and
identified themselves as union members. They asked Wolfe's wife, Karen, who was
working as a receptionist, whether work was available. She told them that they would
have to speak to her husband. Roussan gave her a list of the nine applicants and
thanked her, and she replied: "You're very welcome." Unbeknownst to the applicants,
Mrs. Wolfe had terminal cancer. After they left, she called her husband, telling him
that she was upset because she might have said something that could be the basis of
a lawsuit against the company.
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After speaking to his wife, Wolfe posted signs outside the office stating that
the company was not accepting applications and that audio and video equipment was
prohibited. About two hours later, five of the applicants returned to the company.
Wolfe told them that they had upset this wife and that she was suffering from cancer.
They apologized, informing him that their encounter with Mrs. Wolfe had been
cordial. Wolfe told them that he was not accepting applications and asked them to
leave.
The next day, Wolfe held a employee meeting at which he expressed his anger
at the union applicants for upsetting his wife. Wolfe further stated if any of the
employees wanted to join the union, they could leave and that he would fight "to the
end" the union or anyone who upset his wife. On July 22, 1996, Wolfe called another
meeting at which he told the employees that he had refused to accept a certified letter
from the union, reaffirming that he would fight the union to the end, if necessary. He
asked the employees if they knew of any electricians that he could hire and that, if his
attorneys approved, would take the "no applications" signs down for five minutes so
that they could apply.
Between July 8 and September 9, 1996, the company hired six workers, but
did not hire or consider any of the union applicants. At a November 1, 1996,
employee meeting, Wolfe stated that if the employees voted in favor of the union, his
customers would leave and he would have "to close the book on growth" because he
could not pay union benefits. On December 23, 1996, Horwart gave the company a
letter disclosing his status as a union organizer. That afternoon, Wolfe called an
employee meeting. Before the meeting, Wolfe met with Horwart and gave him a
copy of the company's new no-solicitation policy. At the meeting, Wolfe gave the
employees the policy and the letter disclosing Horwart's status as a union organizer.
Wolfe also mentioned that "union thugs" had been distributing handbills in front of
the company and that he would file trespassing charges against anyone whose name
appeared on a handbill found on the company's premises.
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Adopting the decision of an administrative law judge (ALJ), the Board found
that the company had violated Sections 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by refusing to hire
the union applicants and by other actions, including threatening employees of adverse
consequences if they unionized, changing employment practices to preclude the
hiring of union members, and promulgating and enforcing the no-solicitation policy.
As to the refusal-to-hire violation, the Board found that the company had concrete
plans to hire workers on July 8, 1996; the applicants were qualified; and that the
company had refused to hire the union applicants because of their union membership.
The Board rejected the company's personal animosity defense under Wright Line, 251
N.L.R.B. 1083 (1980), enforced on other grounds, 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir. 1981), cert.
denied, 455 U.S. 989 (1982). The company argued that even in the absence of
protected activity, it would not have hired the union applicants because Wolfe was
angry at them for having upset his wife. Noting that Mrs. Wolfe had terminal cancer
and expressing sympathy, the Board held that the defense was unavailing because the
union applicants were engaged in protected activity during their encounter with Mrs.
Wolfe and had done nothing to deprive themselves of the benefit of the Act.
"Our standard of review affords great deference to the Board's affirmation of
the ALJ's findings." Town & Country Elec., Inc. v. NLRB, 106 F.3d 816, 819 (8th
Cir. 1997). "We will enforce the Board's order if the Board correctly applied the law
and its factual [and credibility] findings are supported by substantial evidence on the
record as a whole." Id. In this case, substantial evidence supports the Board's order.
Indeed, there is overwhelming evidence of the company's anti-union animus.
Contrary to the company's argument, the Board did not err in rejecting its
Wright Line defense of personal animosity. Under Wright Line, once the General
Counsel establishes that "protected conduct was a 'motivating factor' in the
employer's decision [,] . . . the burden will shift to the employer to demonstrate that
the same action would have taken place even in the absence of the protected
conduct." Pace Indus., Inc. v. NLRB, 118 F.3d 585, 590 (8th Cir. 1997) (internal
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quotation omitted), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1020 (1998). As the Board noted, Wolfe's
animosity towards the union applicants arose from their conduct in a protected
activity. It is true that "not every act in support of . . . unionization . . . is protected
by the law." NMC Finishing v. NLRB, 101 F.3d 528, 531 (8th Cir. 1996) (NMC).
However, conduct that occurs in the context of protected activity cannot be a lawful
ground for adverse employment action unless it is "so egregious as to take it outside
the protection of the Act, or of such a character as to render the employee unfit for
further service." Consumers Power Co., 282 N.L.R.B. 130 (1986). The test to
determine whether conduct is protected is objective, not subjective. NMC, 101 F.3d
at 531.
In this case, there was no evidence of "misconduct that [was] sufficient to take
the acts outside of the protections afforded [the applicants] under the NLRA." Id.
Under an objective standard, the applicants' conduct during their July 8 encounter
with Mrs. Wolfe was not threatening, "offensive, abusive, [or] obscene." Id. at 532.
To the contrary, the evidence was that the encounter was cordial, and that the
applicants had not violated any company rules. Moreover, the evidence was that Mrs.
Wolfe was not upset because of the applicants' behavior, but because she feared her
response to them may have provided the basis for a lawsuit against the company. We
agree with the Board that Mrs. Wolfe's subjective fear of a lawsuit, or Wolfe's anger
at the applicants having upset her, does not provide a justification for the company's
refusal to hire the union applicants.1
1
The company's reliance on Bay Elec., Inc., 323 N.L.R.B. 200 (1997) is
misplaced. In that case, the Board held that the General Counsel had not established
a prima facie refusal-to-hire case, finding that union organizers had not applied for
jobs and that there were no job openings. As to one of the organizers, the Board
noted that, in any event, the employer would not have hired him because of "personal
animosity and dislike and not [because of] any activity . . . protected by the Act."
Id. at 201.
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The company's other arguments against enforcement of the Board's order are
without merit. Accordingly, we enforce the Board's order. See 8th Cir. R. 47B.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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