United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________
No. 02-1640
___________
United States of America, *
*
Plaintiff-Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of South Dakota
O'Neil Frank Iron Cloud, *
*
Defendant-Appellant. *
___________
Submitted: October 8, 2002
Filed: December 10, 2002
___________
Before MURPHY, JOHN R. GIBSON, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
___________
MURPHY, Circuit Judge.
O'Neil Frank Iron Cloud pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter in Indian
country in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1112 and 1153, and he was sentenced to 110
months imprisonment. Iron Cloud appeals from the judgment of the district court,1
challenging an upward departure from the sentencing guidelines and an order of
1
The Honorable Charles B. Kornmann, United States District Judge for the
District of South Dakota.
restitution which provided for a traditional Native American giveaway ceremony in
commemoration of his victim.2 We affirm.
Iron Cloud, a member of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, went out with friends
on the evening of June 12, 2001. They stopped at the home of the victim, who was
Iron Cloud's second cousin, and Iron Cloud persuaded his friends to allow her to go
out with them, even though at seventeen she was a little younger than the rest. They
all went to "the tree," an outdoor gathering place near their Little Eagle community
in South Dakota. They all began drinking, and eventually the victim became severely
intoxicated. She was put in the back seat of a car where she slept awhile. After most
of the group had wandered away, Iron Cloud had sexual intercourse with the victim
on the bank of the Grand River. Later she became angry and began insulting Iron
Cloud and his friends. Iron Cloud responded by hitting her hard and knocking her
temporarily unconscious. He then dragged her into the river where she regained
consciousness. The river is approximately three feet deep at this spot, and he
repeatedly forced her under the water. After he had pushed her under thirteen to
fifteen times, he lost his grip and she was swept away downstream. Iron Cloud's
friend searched for her without success, but Iron Cloud did nothing to rescue her.
Neither reported to anyone that she had been lost in the river, allowing her family to
believe a story that she had been seen getting into a car bound for Minneapolis that
night. The police and the community continued to search for her and held out hope
that she was alive until her body was found in the river three days later, resting on a
sandbar.
Iron Cloud pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter and came before the district
court for sentencing. The district court enhanced Iron Cloud's base offense level by
two levels for a vulnerable victim and two levels for physical restraint of the victim.
2
To protect her right to privacy, we do not refer to the victim by name. See 18
U.S.C. § 3509(d) (2000).
-2-
See United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual, §§ 3A1.1, 3A1.3
(Nov. 2001) [USSG]. It gave him a three level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility, see id. § 3E1.1, which resulted in an adjusted offense level of 26.
Combined with a criminal history category of I, this yielded a sentencing range of 63
to 78 months. See id. Ch.5, Pt.A. The court then departed upward four levels for
extreme conduct under § 5K2.8, noting that Iron Cloud had repeatedly thrust the
victim under water, no doubt terrifying her in the process, that he had allowed her to
be swept away without doing anything to help save her, and that he had caused pain
to her family by failing to disclose what had actually happened to her. See id. §
5K2.8. The upward departure produced a sentencing range of 97 to 121 months, see
id. Ch.5, Pt.A, and the district court sentenced Iron Cloud to 110 months, ten months
less than the statutory maximum, see 18 U.S.C. § 1112 (2000). For restitution, the
court ordered him to reimburse the South Dakota Crime Victim's Compensation Fund
for the $3700 it had paid for the victim's funeral expenses and to pay $3000 to the
victim's father for a traditional giveaway ceremony to commemorate her.
Iron Cloud appeals on two grounds. He contends that the upward departure for
extreme conduct was improper because it was based on conduct which was within the
heartland of a voluntary manslaughter offense and which had already been accounted
for by the enhancements for vulnerable victim and restraint of the victim. He argues
in addition that the district court improperly treated the deceased's family members
as victims of the crime in its reasons for departure and imposed an unreasonable
sentence. He also objects that a giveaway ceremony does not come within the terms
of the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (MVRA) which provides that a defendant
shall be ordered to "pay an amount equal to the cost of necessary funeral and related
services." 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(b)(3) (2000).
The standard of review is abuse of discretion on an upward departure under §
5K2.8 and on the reasonableness of the sentence. United States v. Loud Hawk, 245
F.3d 667, 669 (8th Cir. 2001) (upward departure); United States v. Sample, 213 F.3d
-3-
1029, 1034 (8th Cir. 2000) (reasonableness of sentence). In the course of that review,
"'we respect the district court's superior feel for the case.'" Loud Hawk, 245 F.3d at
669–70 (quoting United States v. Perkins, 929 F.2d 436, 438 (8th Cir. 1991)); see
Sample, 213 F.3d at 1034.
Section 5K2.8 permits a court to depart upward from the sentencing range
established by the applicable guidelines if "the defendant's conduct was unusually
heinous, cruel, brutal, or degrading to the victim." USSG § 5K2.8. Examples given
by the Sentencing Commission for such conduct include "torture of a victim,
gratuitous infliction of injury, or prolonging of pain or humiliation." Id. Iron Cloud's
unusually cruel treatment of the victim places him squarely within the parameters of
§ 5K2.8 and outside the heartland of the typical voluntary manslaughter case. Not
only did he knock the girl unconscious and then subject her to repeated pain and fear
after she revived, by forcefully plunging her under the waters of the Grand River
thirteen to fifteen times, but he also allowed her to be swept away by the rushing
current and did nothing to try to save her. We cannot agree with Iron Cloud that this
conduct had already been accounted for by the vulnerable victim and physical
restraint enhancements. The district court indicated that those enhancements were
based on entirely separate factors: the victim's intoxication, her limited state of
consciousness, and the restraint placed on her when Iron Cloud dragged her into the
river. Given the facts of this case, we cannot say that the district court abused its
discretion in departing upward to impose a 110 month sentence. Cf. United States v.
Keester, 70 F.3d 1026, 1027–28 (8th Cir. 1995) (affirming four level upward
departure under § 5K2.8 and 108 month sentence for voluntary manslaughter where
defendant severely beat victim, denied her immediate medical attention, and dragged
her from vehicle to vehicle). Because Iron Cloud's unusually cruel, brutal, and
degrading treatment of the victim is alone sufficient to justify the upward departure,
there is no need to consider whether it was proper for the district court to take into
account injury or pain he caused the victim's family.
-4-
Iron Cloud also challenges the restitution awarded for a giveaway ceremony.
In a case of an offense "resulting in bodily injury that results in . . . death," the MVRA
requires the district court to order the defendant to "pay an amount equal to the cost
of necessary funeral and related services." 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(b)(3). Iron Cloud
argues that the court erred by finding a giveaway ceremony to be a necessary funeral
or related service. We review the court's finding for clear error. Cf. United States v.
Young, 272 F.3d 1052, 1056 (8th Cir. 2001) ("finding of loss relating to restitution"
reviewed under "a clearly erroneous standard").
At the sentencing hearing the victim's father testified that he followed Native
American religious customs, that religious items such as medicine wheels put by the
family at the site of the crime had been vandalized, and that a giveaway ceremony
would be a memorial for his daughter to show how much she was loved and that its
purpose was to "help bury my daughter."3 He further testified that the family would
need to make or buy items to be used in the giveaway, like star quilts and beadwork,
and that this type of ceremony would cost between $3000 and $10,000. Iron Cloud
offered no evidence to challenge that of the victim's father nor did he cross examine
him about his characterization of the ceremony, its purpose, or its cost. The record
supports the district court's determination that in these circumstances $3000 for a
giveaway ceremony was a "necessary funeral or related services" expense. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3663A(b)(3).
3
The purpose of a giveaway ceremony is "to honor persons in a traditional
indigenous manner," Alice B. Kehoe, The Giveaway Ceremony of Blackfoot and
Plains Cree, 25 Plains Anthropologist 17, 17 (1980), and has "its roots in indigenous
social and religious rituals," Gloria A. Young & Erik D. Gooding, Celebrations and
Giveaways, in 13 Handbook of North American Indians 1011, 1023 (William C.
Sturtevant et al. eds., 2001). At a giveaway ceremony for a deceased person, it is
"customary for surviving family members to give away . . . . blankets, beadwork and
quilts," as well as "the material possessions of the deceased to his or her friends."
Margery H. Brown & Brenda C. Desmond, Montana Tribal Courts: Influencing the
Development of Contemporary Indian Law, 52 Mont. L. Rev. 211, 217 n.20 (1991).
-5-
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
-6-