Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
1-26-2007
Oppong v. First Union Mtg
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 06-1388
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
________________
No. 06-1388
________________
ATUAHENE OPPONG,
v.
FIRST UNION MORTGAGE CORPORATION;
WELLS FARGO HOME MORTGAGE INC.; FRANCIS S. HALLINAN
____________________________________
On Appeal From the United States District Court
For the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civ. No. 02-cv-02149)
District Judge: Honorable Eduardo C. Robreno
____________________________________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
January 4, 2007
Before: FISHER, ALDISERT and WEIS, Circuit Judges.
(Filed January 26, 2007 )
_______________________
OPINION
_______________________
PER CURIAM
Atuahene Oppong appeals from the District Court’s order granting Defendant
Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc.’s (“Wells Fargo”) motion for summary judgment. For
the reasons that follow, we will vacate in part and affirm in part the District Court’s
judgment.
This action stems from a loan that Oppong obtained in 1996, which is now owned
by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Company. The loan was secured by his residence.
Oppong appears to have been in default on the loan since 1997. In January 2000, First
Union Mortgage Corporation (“First Union”), the company that serviced the loan,
instituted a foreclosure action. Effective March 15, 2001, First Union assigned the
servicing rights to Oppong’s mortgage to Wells Fargo, and Wells Fargo was substituted
as a party in the foreclosure action.
On August 2, 2001, Oppong filed a motion to dismiss the foreclosure action,
claiming, inter alia, that Wells Fargo violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
(“FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692, et seq. (App. Ex. I). On January 28, 2002, after a bench
trial, Judge Cohen of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County found in favor
of Wells Fargo in the amount of $117,549.22. (App. Ex. J at Tr. 1/28/02 39:4-20.)
Oppong filed a post-verdict motion reiterating his arguments, including his FDCPA
claim. (App. Ex. K.) The post-verdict motion was denied on March 19, 2002 (App. Ex.
M), and Oppong appealed.
During the pendency of his appeal, Oppong filed for bankruptcy. The
Pennsylvania Superior Court dismissed his appeal without prejudice, to be reinstated after
2
the bankruptcy proceedings concluded. (App. Ex. U.) The bankruptcy case was closed in
March 2003. (App. Ex. T, Bankr. Docket.)
On April 16, 2002, Oppong filed this action in federal court against Wells Fargo,
First Union, and Francis Hallinan, an attorney retained by Wells Fargo who had attempted
to negotiate a settlement in the foreclosure action. Oppong’s complaint alleged that the
Defendants violated the FDCPA by sending him misleading documents in violation of 15
U.S.C. § 1692j and failing to properly validate the debt as required by 15 U.S.C. § 1692g.
Oppong also brought state claims.
The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on all
claims. Oppong appealed, and we affirmed the grant of summary judgment in favor of
First Union and Hallinan but remanded the FDCPA claims against Wells Fargo because
there was an issue of material fact about whether Wells Fargo was a “debt collector”
within the meaning of the FDCPA. Oppong v. First Union Mortgage Co., No. 04-1252,
slip op. at 9 (3d Cir. July 22, 2004) (nonprecedential opinion). After further discovery,
Wells Fargo renewed its motion for summary judgment, arguing that it was not a debt
collector and that Oppong’s claims were barred by res judicata. The District Court found
that Wells Fargo was a “debt collector,” but granted the motion, holding that Oppong’s
FDCPA claims were precluded by res judicata. Oppong appealed.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and exercise plenary review
over an order granting a motion for summary judgment. See Kelly v. Drexel University,
3
94 F.3d 102, 104 (3d Cir. 1996). Summary judgment is appropriate when the record
shows that there is no need for a trial because “there is no genuine issue of material fact
and []the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” F ED. R. C IV. P. 56(c);
Celotex Corp. v. Cattrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
I.
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1738, the rulings of state courts “shall have the same full faith
and credit in every court within the United States . . . as they have by law or usage in the
courts of such state . . . from which they are taken.” Thus, in determining the preclusive
effect of a state court judgment, we apply the rendering state's law of res judicata. See
Marrese v. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 380 (1985).
Under Pennsylvania law, for the defense of res judicata to prevail, it is necessary
that, between the previous action and the present action, there be an identity of issues
decided, identity of the cause of action, identity of the persons and parties to the action,
and identity of the quality or capacity of the parties suing or sued. E.g., Duquesne Slag
Products Co. v. Lench, 415 A.2d 53, 55 (Pa. 1980). In order for there to be an identity of
issues between the previous action and the current one, the previous action must have
been decided by a judgment on the merits. See Gutman v. Giordano, 384 Pa. Super. 78,
81 (Pa. Super. 1989) (“It is apparent that a non pros for failure to answer a trial listing is
not an adjudication on the merits and thus may not form the basis for application of res
judicata.”) Further, res judicata does not preclude a litigant from bringing in a second
4
action a claim that he could not have raised in the first action. See McCarter v. Mitcham,
883 F.2d 196, 199 (3d Cir.1989) (finding that Title VII action not barred by judgment on
Pennsylvania civil rights suit because Title VII claims cannot be brought in state court).
Oppong’s FDCPA claims are not precluded by res judicata because they were
never decided on the merits in any of the prior litigation. Oppong first raised his FDCPA
claims in his August 2, 2001, motion to dismiss the foreclosure action. (App. Ex. I.) The
docket of the Court of Common Pleas indicates that Oppong’s motion to dismiss was
denied as moot because he had removed the case to federal court. (App. Ex. O at 10.)
When Judge Cohen found in favor of Wells Fargo in the foreclosure action, he did
not rule on Oppong’s FDCPA claims on the merits. The oral verdict is short, and does
not refer to Oppong’s FDCPA claim. The verdict, in its entirety says:
The Court finds that the plaintiff has complied with the act 6 of the
mortgage foreclosure law, and the Court is convinced that the assignment
and proof of assignment has been filed of record. And notice was given to
defendant in this matter incorporating the evidence presented in trial as well
as the pretrial statements of both plaintiff and defendant. Court will make a
finding in favor of plaintiff against the defendant in the complaint in
mortgage foreclosure amount of $117,549.22 including interest, costs and
attorneys fees.
(Id. at Tr. 1/28 39:5-19.) Contrary to Wells Fargo’s argument, the “notice” that Judge
Cohen found to have been given to Oppong does not seem to refer to the notice required
by the FDCPA. See § 1692g. Judge Cohen does not mention the FDCPA, or terms such
as “validation” that were integral to Oppong’s argument. Rather, Cohen’s “notice” refers
to the notice of an intention to foreclose required by Act 6 of the mortgage foreclosure
5
law, 41 Pa. Conn. Stat. § 403. This notice was necessarily provided by First Union prior
to its initiation of the foreclosure action (see App. Ex. F at 1), and says nothing about
whether Wells Fargo complied with the FDCPA notice requirements or whether Wells
Fargo engaged in other practices prohibited by §§ 1692j and 1692g as alleged in
Oppong’s complaint.
Judge Cohen’s order denying Oppong’s post-verdict motion also did not adjudicate
the FDCPA claims on the merits. Rather, Judge Cohen expressly stated that, regarding
the FDCPA claims, “[t]he Court will not address these issues.” 1 (App. Ex. M at 2.)
Accordingly, because none of these orders constituted a judgment of the FDCPA claims
on the merits, Oppong’s claims in the instant complaint are not barred by res judicata.2
Wells Fargo’s argument that, because Oppong presented his FDCPA claims in the
Court of Common Pleas and the court ruled against him in the foreclosure action, his
claims were necessarily adjudicated on the merits, is unavailing. There is no evidence
that Judge Cohen considered Oppong’s FDCPA claims; he never mentioned the FDCPA
1
Judge Cohen refers to unnamed rulings from the state and federal courts that had
already disposed of those claims. However, none of these rulings adjudicated Oppong’s
FDCPA claims on the merits.
2
Wells Fargo appears to argue that the FDCPA claims were previously adjudicated
in Oppong’s bankruptcy action as well as by the District Court when Oppong removed the
foreclosure action to federal court. (See Appellee Br. at 21.) However both those orders
dismissed Oppong’s claims for lack of jurisdiction, (See App. Ex. Q and U.), and do not
constitute judgments on the merits for the purposes of res judicata. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
41(b); Compagnie Des Bauxites de Guinee v. L'Union Atlantique S.A. d'Assurances, 723
F.2d 357, 360 (3d Cir. 1983).
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or used any terms such as “validation” in his opinions that would indicate that he was
ruling on those issues. Further, Oppong’s FDCPA claims against Wells Fargo were
procedurally barred from being adjudicated in the foreclosure action. Because the
FDCPA claims arose only after Oppong was in default, they were not proper
counterclaims to bring in a mortgage foreclosure action. See Pa. R. Civ. P. 1148 (“A
defendant may plead a counterclaim which arises from the same transaction or occurrence
or series of transactions or occurrences from which the plaintiff’s cause of action arose.”);
Chrysler First Business Credit Corp. v. Gourniak, 411 Pa. Super. 259, 264 (Pa. Super.
1992) (“[Rule 1148] has been interpreted as permitting to be pled only those
counterclaims that are part of or incident to the creation of the mortgage itself.”). Further,
the only remedy provided in the FDCPA for private litigants is damages, see Weiss v.
Regal Collections, 385 F.3d 337, 342 (3d Cir. 2004), and thus, success on these claims
would not necessarily have prevented the foreclosure. Accordingly, Oppong’s FDCPA
claims are not barred by res judicata because they were never adjudicated on the merits.
II.
Wells Fargo argues that the requirements of the FDCPA, such as § 1692g at issue
here, do not apply because it is not a “debt collector” as defined in 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6).
Section 1692a(6) defines a debt collector as “any person who uses any instrumentality of
interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the
collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or
7
indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another.” Thus, a business
may be a “debt collector” because its “principal purpose” is the collection of debts or
because it “regularly” engages in the collection of debts. This definition of “debt
collector” excludes creditors who attempt to collect their own debts, but does not exclude
an entity in Wells Fargo’s position who has acquired a debt that was already in default.
See Pollice v. National Tax Funding, L.P., 225 F.3d 379, 403 (3d Cir. 2000).
Wells Fargo is not an entity whose “principal purpose” is to collect others’ debts.
Rather, the declaration by Kristina Nagel submitted to the District Court along with the
renewed summary judgment motion shows that, in a three-month period, only 89, out of
141,597, of the loans that Wells Fargo acquired were in default. (Ex. T. Tab A.)
However, the District Court was correct to conclude that Wells Fargo is a debt collector
under the FDCPA because it “regularly” collects debts owed to another.
Wells Fargo’s primary argument appears to be that, because the proportion of its
business that involves collecting others debts is so small in relation to its other business of
originating mortgages, as a matter of law it does not “regularly” collecting debts.
However, even though this issue is an open in this circuit, Wells Fargo provides no
authority from any other circuit that supports their interpretation of the law.3 The
3
The District Court noted that Wells Fargo’s position was supported by the Sixth
Circuit Court of Appeals in Schroyer v. Frankel, 197 F.3d 1170, 1176 (6th Cir. 1999).
However, Schroyer is inapposite to this case. Schroyer involved interpreting the effect of
the 1986 repeal of the exemption of attorneys from the coverage of the FDCPA. The
Sixth Circuit held that the House reports regarding the repeal revealed that Congress
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authority from our sister circuits weighs heavily against Wells Fargo’s position. The Fifth
Circuit, in Garrett v. Derbes, 110 F.3d 317, 318 (5th Cir. 1997), held that “if the volume
of a person’s debt collection services is great enough, it is irrelevant that these services
only amount to a small fraction of his total business activity.” The Ninth Circuit, without
inquiring into the proportion of its business consisted of debt collection activities, found
that Western Union “regularly” collected debts because it engaged in debt collection in
the usual course of its business. Romine v. Diversified Collection Services, Inc., 155
F.3d 1142, 1146 (9th Cir. 1998). And the Second Circuit recently overturned a district
court that had found in favor of Wells Fargo’s position. In Goldstein v. Hutton, Ingram,
Yuzek, Gainen, Carroll & Bertollotti, 374 F.3d 56, 62-63 (2d Cir. 2004), the Second
Circuit held that a law firm was “regularly” engaged in debt collection by assessing “facts
closely relating to ordinary concepts of regularity” regardless of whether the entity
derives significant portion of its business from debt collection.
intended for the FDCPA to apply only to attorneys engaging in litigation who, in essence,
play the role that non-attorney debt collectors played prior to the passage of the FDCPA
in 1975. Because Wells Fargo is not an attorney or law firm, the debates surrounding the
repeal of the attorney exemption are irrelevant to the issue of whether, under the 1977
Act, Wells Fargo “regularly” engages in debt collection. Further, the Sixth Circuit held
that an attorney “regularly” collects debts when “the attorney or law firm collects debts as
a matter of course for its clients or for some clients, or collects debts as a substantial, but
not principal, part of his or its general law practice.” Id. (emphasis added). Since Wells
Fargo appears to engage in debt collection “as a matter of course,” Schroyer would not
support Wells Fargo’s claim even if it were applicable.
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Wells Fargo wishes us to disregard these analyses, as well as the common usage of
the term “regularly” to find that even though it regularly “collects . . . debts owed to
another,” it should not be considered a debt collector under the FDCPA because it also
engages in other activities. We decline that invitation. In Crossley v. Lieberman, 868
F.2d 566, 570 (3d Cir. 1989), we found that an attorney who had a long-term relationship
with four creditor clients and filed 175 foreclosure or other collection suits in an eighteen-
month period “regularly” collected debts owed to another. According to the certification
of Kristina Nagel, Wells Fargo acquires approximately 89 home mortgages that are in
default in a typical three-month period. (Ex. T.) Thus, in a typical eighteen-month
period, it appears that Wells Fargo acquires 534 mortgages in default. Presumably Wells
Fargo attempts to collect these debts, meaning that they attempt to collect three times the
number of debts as the lawyer in Crossley, who we found to regularly collect debts. See
828 F.2d at 570. Because Wells Fargo, “the nation’s leading originator of mortgages,”
(Appellee Br. at 30), is clearly a much larger operation than Lieberman’s law firm, its
debt collection activities represent a smaller proportion of its revenues. However, this
disparity in size, by itself, is not dispositive of whether Wells Fargo “regularly” collects
debts. See Goldstein, 374 F.3d at 63 (“[D]ebt collection constituting 1% of the overall
work or revenues of a very large entity may, for instance, suggest regularity, whereas such
work constituting 1% of an individual lawyer's practice might not.”).
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Wells Fargo’s remaining argument, is that § 1692(a)(6) excludes “security
enforcement activities” from the definition of debt collector. However, this argument is
squarely foreclosed by our precedents. In Piper v. Portnoff Law Assocs., Ltd., 396 F.3d
227, 234 (3d Cir. 2005), we found that attorneys who were enforcing a lien for unpaid
water bills were collecting a debt such that the notice provisions of the FDCPA applied.
In the process, we considered the same argument Wells Fargo raises here ! that
businesses enforcing security interests were excluded from the definition of “debt
collector” under § 1692a(6) ! and found that argument without merit. Id. at 236.
Further, in Crossley we held that communication threatening foreclosure was covered by
the FDCPA and looked at foreclosure filings to determine whether the defendant
“regularly” engaged in debt collection activities. See 868 F.2d at 570. Accordingly we
agree with the District Court that Wells Fargo is a “debt collector” under the FDCPA.
For the foregoing reasons, Wells Fargo was not entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Although we agree with the District Court that Wells Fargo is a debt collector, we
disagree with the District Court’s ruling as to the res judicata defense. Accordingly, the
District Court’s judgment will be affirmed in part and vacated in part. We will remand
for further proceedings.
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