Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
12-9-2008
USA v. Wolfe
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 06-3675
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 06-3675
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JOHN JAY WOLFE, JR.
A/K/A JOHN WOLFE
John Jay Wolfe,
Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Criminal Action No. 05-cr-00322-2)
District Judge: Honorable Alan N. Bloch
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
December 3, 2008
Before: AMBRO and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges,
and RODRIGUEZ,* District Judge
(filed: December 9, 2008 )
OPINION
*
Honorable Joseph H. Rodriguez, Senior United States District Judge for the
District of New Jersey, sitting by designation
AMBRO, Circuit Judge
John Jay Wolfe, Jr. was convicted in the Western District of Pennsylvania of
retaliation against a witness and sentenced to 100 months’ incarceration. He now appeals
his conviction and sentence. We affirm both.
I.
Because we write solely for the parties, we recite only those facts necessary to our
decision. In April 2005, Wolfe’s sister, Mae Wolfe, was indicted along with Ronald
Knox and charged with distribution of crack cocaine and conspiracy to distribute crack
cocaine. Knox agreed to cooperate with authorities, helping them understand the
structure of Mae Wolfe’s organization, and was subsequently released from custody. On
August 28, 2005, Wolfe and his brother, Virgil Wolfe, approached Knox while he was
stopped in his car with his wife and child. The Wolfe brothers convinced Knox to get out
of his car and join them in a nearby alleyway. There Virgil Wolfe confronted Knox about
his alleged cooperation in the case against Mae Wolfe. In response to Knox’s contention
that everyone in the case was cooperating with federal authorities, Virgil Wolfe flicked a
cigarette in Knox’s face, while John Wolfe punched him in the side of the head with his
belt wrapped around his hands, knocking him down. The brothers then began to kick
Knox in the ribs. The altercation ended when Knox’s mother-in-law and wife intervened.
Knox sustained injuries to his head, jaw, neck and ribs.
On October 12, 2005, John and Virgil Wolfe were each indicted for retaliating
against a witness in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1513(b). On April 12, 2006, the jury found
2
both men guilty. Wolfe then filed a timely motion for Judgment of Acquittal, which the
District Court denied. Following presentation of the Presentence Investigation Report, he
objected to his classification as a career offender pursuant to U.S.S.G. §4B.1.1(a) and
requested a downward departure due to an overstatement of his criminal history. The
District Court issued its Tentative Findings of Fact, affirming Wolfe’s classification as a
career offender. The Court denied his request for a downward departure and sentenced
him to one hundred months’ incarceration and three years’ supervised released. Wolfe
timely appeals.
II.
Three arguments are before us on appeal.1
Wolfe argues first that the trial evidence was insufficient to support a conviction
because it failed to establish with the requisite certainty that he beat up Knox with an
intent to retaliate against him for cooperating in the case against his sister.2 His support
for this contention is that (1) Knox never acted as a witness against Mae Wolfe, (2) the
initial probable cause affidavit did not mention retaliation as a motive for the battery, and
(3) at the time that Knox testified against John and Virgil Wolfe, Knox was serving seven
and half years in prison on the drug charges and was looking to have his sentence
1
The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction
under 18 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a).
2
To establish that Wolfe retaliated against a witness in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1513(b), the Government was required to show both that he intentionally injured Knox
and that he did so intending to retaliate against Knox for cooperating in the case against
Wolfe’s sister. The first point is not contested.
3
reduced. That aside, there was more than enough evidence presented from which a jury
could reasonably conclude that Wolfe had the requisite intent. At trial, Knox testified to
the following: (1) when Virgil and John Wolfe directed him into the alleyway, Virgil
specifically informed him that “[w]e don’t want anything to happen . . . in front of your
family;” (2) once in the alleyway, Virgil berated Knox for “telling on [his] sister,
testifying against her,” and accused him of providing written statements against Mae
Wolfe and of “giving up the tapes . . . on her”; and (3) after those accusations were made,
both John and Virgil hit Knox, with John punching Knox in the side of his head and
puncturing his ear with his belt buckle. That testimony was sufficient to support the
jury’s verdict against Wolfe, especially in light of the degree of deference we owe to the
jury’s factfinding. See United States v. Flores, 454 F.3d 149, 154 (3d Cir. 2006) (“We
must sustain a verdict if there is substantial evidence, viewed in the light most favorable
to the government, to uphold the jury’s decision.”).
Second, Wolfe argues that his prior Pennsylvania conviction for simple assault
cannot serve as a basis for classifying him as a career offender for sentencing purposes.
He makes two separate arguments in support of this contention. First, he contends that,
because simple assault under Pennsylvania law only requires a mens rea of recklessness,
it cannot be considered a “crime of violence” for federal sentencing purposes, which it
must be in order to function as a predicate for career offender status under U.S.S.G.
4
§4B1.1.3 We rejected this argument in United States v. Dorsey, 174 F.3d 331 (3d Cir.
1999). There, we held that because a “simple assault can be committed recklessly does
not” disqualify it as a “crime of violence” for purposes of establishing career offender
status under the Sentencing Guidelines. Id. at 333. Thus, this challenge fails.
Wolfe next argues that using his Pennsylvania simple assault conviction to qualify
him for career offender status violates his equal protection rights, since the same offense,
if charged in another state in this Circuit or neighboring states such as New York or Ohio,
would not carry a high enough potential sentence to count as a “crime of violence.” 4 This
argument was not addressed in Dorsey, but is similarly unpersuasive. “It is beyond
dispute that as long as Congress does not use an invidious or suspect classification, it has
broad power under the commerce clause to define the class of criminals to whom . . .
enhancement . . . applies.” United States v. Bregnard, 951 F.2d 457, 461 (1st Cir. 1991).
Wolfe does not show that it was irrational for “Congress to conclude [in this instance]
that its primary source of reference should be the maximum permissible punishment
3
Under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, “[a] defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant
was at least eighteen years old at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of
conviction; (2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of
violence or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at least two prior
felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.”
Wolfe’s second prior qualifying conviction was for possession with intent to distribute
drugs.
4
To qualify as a “crime of violence” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, an offense “must be
punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year . . . .” Wolfe asserts this is
true of simple assault in Pennsylvania, but not true of the same offense in New Jersey,
Delaware, the Virgin Islands, Ohio or New York.
5
under the applicable law . . . .” United States v. Houston, 547 F.2d 104, 107 (9th Cir.
1976). Accordingly, this equal protection challenge fails. See United States v. Milsaps,
157 F.3d 989, 996–97 (5th Cir. 1998) (rejecting a similar challenge); Bregnard, 951 F.2d
at 461 (same); Houston, 547 F.2d at 107 (same).
Finally, Wolfe claims that the District Court erred in refusing his request for a
downward departure from the Guidelines on the ground that his criminal history
categorization substantially over-represents the seriousness of his criminal record.
However, we lack “jurisdiction to review discretionary decisions by district courts to not
depart downward.” United States v. Vargas, 477 F.3d 94, 103 (3d Cir. 2007).
Accordingly, this challenge also fails.
III.
For these reasons, we affirm.
6