Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
12-8-2008
USA v. Christilaw
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 07-2651
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 07-2651
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
EDWARD CHRISTILAW
Appellant
No. 07-2794
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
BEVERLY ANN REBOVICH,
Beverly Rebovich
Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Criminal Action No. 06-cr-00247-5 and 06-cr-00247-1)
District Judge: Honorable William J. Nealon
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
December 3, 2008
Before: AMBRO and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges,
and RODRIGUEZ,* District Judge
(Opinion filed December 08, 2008 )
OPINION
AMBRO, Circuit Judge
Edward Christilaw and Beverly Rebovich appeal their sentences stemming from a
scheme to open fraudulent bank accounts. Both co-defendants were charged with one
count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, and entered
guilty pleas. The cases are consolidated for purposes of appeal, but each defendant had
an independent sentencing hearing before the District Court for the Middle District of
Pennsylvania. Both Christilaw and Rebovich appeal the District Court’s rejection of a
downward departure pursuant to the federal Sentencing Guidelines under § 3B1.2(b) for a
“mitigating role” in the conspiracy. Rebovich also appeals her sentence for procedural
unreasonableness. For the reasons below, we affirm the sentences.1
Because we write primarily for the parties, we need not recite the facts of this case
in detail.
*
Honorable Joseph H. Rodriguez, Senior United States District Judge for the
District of New Jersey, sitting by designation
1
The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We
have appellate jurisdiction to review the sentences imposed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291
and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a).
2
I. Rejection of a Downward Departure
In calculating Christilaw and Rebovich’s sentences under the Sentencing
Guidelines, the Court considered their prior criminal history, granted a downward
departure for substantial assistance, and denied a two-level downward departure for minor
participant status under § 3B1.2(b) of the Guidelines. 2 The Court discussed at length its
reasons for finding that neither Christilaw nor Rebovich was a minor participant in the
conspiracy. For Christilaw, the District Court imposed a 24-month sentence of
imprisonment, among other conditions, which was the bottom of the Sentencing
Guidelines range. For Rebovich, the Court imposed a 15-month sentence of
imprisonment, among other conditions, which was also at the bottom of the Guidelines
range. It reduced Rebovich’s criminal history category from III to II, accepting her
argument that the pre-sentencing report’s recommendation over-represented her criminal
record.
The Sentencing Guidelines are advisory, and no longer mandatory following the
Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker. See Gall v. United States, 128 S.Ct.
586, 594 (2007) (citing Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005)). However, we continue to treat
“discretionary denials of departure motions in calculating sentencing guidelines” the same
as we did pre-Booker. United States v. Jackson, 467 F.3d 834 (3d Cir. 2006). “We do
not have jurisdiction to review discretionary decisions by district courts to not depart
2
This section provides that if the defendant was a “minimal participant” in the
offense, his offense level should be dropped 4 levels, but if he was a “minor participant”
it should be dropped 2 levels and “in cases falling between” 3 levels.
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downward.” United States v. Vargas, 477 F.3d 94, 103 (3d Cir. 2007); see also United
States v. Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 332–33 (3d Cir. 2006) (reaffirming post-Booker the
validity of our pre-Booker decisions that no jurisdiction exists for appellate review of a
district court’s discretionary decision not to depart); United States v. Casiano, 113 F.3d
420, 429 (3d Cir. 1997) (explaining that, absent legal error, a district court’s discretionary
decision not to depart is “immune from appellate review”). Thus, to the extent Christilaw
and Rebovich challenge the Court’s discretionary decision not to depart under § 3B1.2(b),
we will dismiss his appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction.3
II. Consideration of § 3553(a) Sentencing Factors re Rebovich
Rebovich also argues that her sentence was unreasonable because the District
Court failed to “adequately consider and apply the relevant provisions of 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) and failed to adequately state its reasons for imposition of the sentence” under
§ 3553(c). (Rebovich acknowledges that she did not raise these arguments at sentencing
and therefore we review only for plain error. See United States v. Wood, 486 F.3d 781,
789–90 & n.6 (3d Cir. 2007).) Specifically, she argues that the District Court failed to
consider mitigating factors warranting a downward variance: she was a minor participant;
she supervises her dependent 17-year old daughter; and her post-arrest rehabilitation as
3
We note that the record reflects that the District Court understood it could have
granted a departure, but elected not to do so because it explicitly discussed Christilaw and
Rebovich’s actions and did not believe either defendant warranted a “mitigating role”
adjustment pursuant to § 3B1.2 (b). Cf. Vargas, 477 F.3d at 103 (“Jurisdiction [to review
the denial of a departure] arises . . . if the district court’s refusal to depart downward is
based on the mistaken belief that it lacks discretion to do otherwise.”).
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shown by her compliance with probation. The sentencing record supports, however, that
the District Court reasonably considered the § 3353(a) factors and explained the basis for
its sentence.
In reviewing the District Court’s judgment of sentence under the deferential abuse-
of-discretion standard, “our role is two-fold. We must first ensure that the district court
committed no significant procedural error in arriving at its decision.” United States v.
Wise, 515 F.3d 207, 217 (3d Cir. 2008). Examples of procedural errors include “‘failing
to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as
mandatory, failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence
based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.’”
Id. (quoting Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597). “To be procedurally reasonable, a sentence must
reflect a district court’s meaningful consideration of the factors set forth at 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a).” United States v. Lessner, 498 F.3d 185, 203 (3d Cir. 2007). The court need
not “discuss and make findings as to each of the § 3553(a) factors if the record makes
clear [it] took the factors into account in sentencing.” Cooper, 437 F.3d at 329 (internal
citations omitted). Instead, a sentencing judge “‘should set forth enough to satisfy the
appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for
exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.’” Lessner, 498 F.3d at 203 (quoting
Rita v. United States, 127 S.Ct. 2456, 2468 (2007).
If we conclude that a court committed no procedural error, we then review the
substantive reasonableness of the sentence. “As long as a sentence falls within the broad
5
range of possible sentences that can be considered reasonable in light of the § 3553(a)
factors, we must affirm.” Wise, 515 F.3d at 218 (citation omitted).
At sentencing, the District Court listened to both parties’ arguments, recognized
the Guidelines were advisory, and then stated its reasons for imposing a sentence at the
bottom of the Guidelines range. The Court described in detail several § 3553(a) factors
particularly relevant to Rebovich and noted that there was nothing in Ҥ 3553(a) that
would require any further adjustment” from the Guidelines range. See Rita, 127 S.Ct. at
2468 (stating that when a judge “applies the Guidelines to a particular case, doing so will
not necessarily require lengthy explanation”).
As to Rebovich’s specific mitigating arguments, the Court considered and found
those circumstances insufficient to warrant a sentence lower than the Guidelines range.
See id. at 2469. It discussed at length why it did not consider Rebovich a minor
participant in the conspiracy. It also did not give any mitigating weight to her “post-arrest
rehabilitation” in complying with probation, in part because of her past drug offenses that
the Court noted “seems [] that she has never learned her lesson.” And the Court was not
persuaded by Rebovich’s argument regarding supervision of her daughter because of the
daughter’s several truancy charges while under Rebovich’s care.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s sentences of Christilaw
and Rebovich.
6