Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
7-18-2008
Jerez Sanchez v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 07-3499
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
________________
No. 07-3499
________________
ADELA JEREZ-SANCHEZ,
GELBER JEREZ, KIMBERLY JEREZ,
Petitioners
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
Respondent
_____________________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
(BIA Nos. A72-776-896, A70-868-160, A70-868-161)
(U.S. Immigration Judge: Honorable Rosalind K. Malloy)
_______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
July 16, 2008
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, CHAGARES and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges.
(Filed July 18, 2008 )
___________________
OPINION OF THE COURT
___________________
PER CURIAM.
Adela Jerez-Sanchez and her two children, Gelber Jerez and Kimberly Jerez,
petition for review of a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”),
affirming the denial by the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) of their application for asylum and
withholding of removal.1 Before the IJ, Jerez-Sanchez testified that she feared returning
to Guatemala because of her past experiences with guerillas. The IJ, finding that Jerez-
Sanchez’s experiences did not constitute persecution, denied her application. Jerez-
Sanchez appealed the decision to the BIA, which remanded the case so that she could
present evidence of current conditions in Guatemala. On remand, the IJ, adopted the
reasoning of the previous Immigration Judge, denied the application, and granted
Petitioners voluntary departure in lieu of removal to Guatemala. Jerez-Sanchez appealed
and the BIA affirmed the decision of the IJ.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). We uphold the BIA’s
determinations if they are supported by reasonable, substantial and probative evidence on
the record considered as a whole. Yusupov v. Att’y Gen., 518 F.3d 185, 197 (3d Cir.
2008). Where the BIA substantially adopts the findings of the IJ, we review the decisions
of both the IJ and the BIA. He Chun Chen v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 215, 222 (3d Cir. 2004).
To establish eligibility for asylum, Jerez-Sanchez must show a reasonable
likelihood that she experienced past persecution or that she has a well-founded fear of
future persecution “on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A) (referring to 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A)); Chukwu v. Att’y Gen., 484 F.3d 185, 188 (3d Cir. 2007). To obtain
1
The children’s applications are derivative of Jerez-Sanchez’s asylum application.
2
withholding of removal, she must demonstrate a clear probability that her life or freedom
would be threatened in Guatemala on account of her race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A);
Romanishyn v. Att’y Gen., 455 F.3d 175, 178 n.1 (3d Cir. 2006).
Jerez-Sanchez’s claim of past persecution rested on various encounters her
husband, family members, neighbors and friends had with guerilla forces from 1980 to
1991.2 Jerez-Sanchez testified that guerillas threatened her fiancé, brother-in-law and
father. She believes her family was targeted by guerillas because they informed the
government of the guerillas’ whereabouts and were members of the Civilian Patrol.
Finally, Jerez-Sanchez testified that, since she left Guatemala, her two sisters were raped
in her home town and a friend of the family was killed by guerillas while working as a
security guard at a bank.
While Jerez-Sanchez’s experiences in Guatemala are tragic, they do not constitute
past persecution under Immigration and Nationality Act. See Konan v. Att’y Gen., 432
F.3d 497, 506 (3d Cir. 2005)(general conditions of civil unrest or chronic violence and
lawlessness do not support asylum). Jerez-Sanchez failed to testify to any personal harm
she suffered at the hands of guerillas. See Cham v. Att’y Gen., 445 F.3d 683, 693 (3d
Cir. 2006) (an applicant cannot rely solely on the persecution of her family members to
2
Because we write solely for the parties who are familiar with the facts, we will not
recount each incident in detail. The incidents, however, were violent and often ended in
the death of Jerez-Sanchez’s family or friends.
3
qualify for asylum). Further, the threats made by guerillas were not personally directed at
her, nor can they be described as “highly imminent, concrete and menacing.” Chavarria
v. Gonzales, 446 F.3d 508, 520 (3d Cir. 2006). Because Jerez-Sanchez failed to
demonstrate past persecution she was not eligible for discretionary grant of asylum for
humanitarian reasons. See Al-Fara v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 733, 740 (3d Cir. 2005).
Jerez-Sanchez also failed to prove a well-founded fear of future persecution. See
Gomez-Zuluaga v. Att’y Gen., 527 F.3d 330, 345 (3d Cir. 2008). Jerez-Sanchez
presented only her subjective belief that guerillas were still active in Guatemala. See
Kibinda v. Att’y Gen., 477 F.3d 113, 120 (3d Cir. 2007) (well founded fear of persecution
must be supported by objective evidence). She did not present any tangible evidence that
her family is being targeted because they were government informants. Moreover, the
U.S. State Department Country Report on Guatemala indicates that there were no
substantiated reports of politically motivated killings in 2004.
We find no merit in Jerez-Sanchez’s contention that she did not receive an
individualized determination from the BIA. See Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549
(3d Cir. 2001). The BIA opinion specifically identifies and rejects arguments she made in
front of the IJ. Id. at 550.3
For the above-stated reasons, we will deny the petition for review.
3
Because Jerez-Sanchez failed to make out an asylum claim, she necessarily failed
to satisfy the more stringent standard for withholding of removal. See Lukwago v.
Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 157, 182 (3d Cir. 2003).
4