United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________
No. 03-3654
___________
Carol Harley; Lenora Banaszewski; *
Michael Payton, individually, and on *
behalf of all others similarly situated, *
*
Plaintiffs - Appellants, *
*
v. *
*
Richard Zoesch, *
*
Plaintiff, * Appeals from the United States
* District Court for the
v. * District of Minnesota.
*
Guilio Agostini; Michael J. Barrett; *
Larry E. Eaton; Harry A. Hammerly; *
Richard A. Lidstad; Dwight A. *
Peterson; John J. Ursu, *
*
Defendants - Appellees. *
__________
No. 03-3655
__________
Carol Harley; Lenora Banaszewski; *
Michael Payton, individually, and on *
behalf of all others similarly situated; *
*
Plaintiffs - Appellants, *
*
Richard Zoesch, *
*
Plaintiff, *
*
v. *
*
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing *
Company, *
*
Defendant - Appellee. *
___________
Submitted: June 16, 2004
Filed: June 28, 2005
___________
Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, JOHN R. GIBSON, and BYE, Circuit Judges.
___________
JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.
Participants and beneficiaries (hereinafter "Participants") of a pension plan
appeal from the district court’s orders denying their motions to vacate its judgments
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b). In earlier proceedings, Participants of
the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (“3M”) Employee Retirement
Income Plan brought two class actions against 3M and certain of its employees
alleging that 3M breached its fiduciary duties under ERISA, the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act. The district court1 entered summary judgments for 3M and its
employees, and this Court affirmed in a consolidated appeal. Within one year of the
filing of this Court's opinion, the Participants moved for relief from judgment in both
1
The Honorable John R. Tunheim, District Judge for the United States District
Court for the District of Minnesota.
-2-
related cases under Rule 60(b), on the grounds that 3M obtained the summary
judgments through misrepresentations about the Plan’s funding. Participants
appealed the district court's denials of both motions, and the appeals were
consolidated. We affirm.
3M sponsors the 3M Employee Retirement Income Plan, a “defined benefit
plan” subject to the terms of ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. § 1002 (35). As a defined benefit
plan, the Plan is obligated to pay a fixed level of benefits to its participants upon
retirement. The Plan included thousands of participants and beneficiaries and
contained total assets in excess of $4 billion. 3M and its Pension Asset Committee,
which directs the investment of Plan assets, are both Plan fiduciaries.
In 1990 the Committee invested $20 million of Plan assets in the Granite
Corporation, a hedge fund that invested primarily in collateralized mortgage
obligations--fixed income securities that are derived from and secured by pools of
private home mortgages. In March 1994, a significant rise in interest rates devastated
the value of Granite’s portfolio. At the same time, Granite was severely leveraged
and brokerage firms began demanding additional money to serve as margin. Granite
was forced to declare bankruptcy and was ultimately liquidated. The Plan lost its
entire investment in Granite.
Participants filed suit against 3M in June 1996, alleging that 3M was liable to
the Plan under 29 U.S.C. § 1109 for breaching its fiduciary duties. They claimed that
3M failed to investigate Granite adequately before investing, failed to monitor the
Granite investment properly, and allowed the Plan to enter into a prohibited
performance-based compensation agreement with Granite’s investment advisor that
created a conflict of interest.
The district court granted 3M summary judgment on the prohibited transaction
claim because Participants presented no evidence that the compensation agreement
-3-
was unreasonable. The district court denied summary judgment on the failure to
investigate and monitor claims, indicating that further discovery was needed to
determine whether Participants could establish an essential element of their claim--a
loss to the Plan. The district court relied on the Supreme Court’s decision in Hughes
Aircraft Co. v. Jacobson, 525 U.S. 432 (1999), to conclude that participants in
defined benefit pension plans have no entitlement to surplus funds. If the Plan had
a surplus, Participants would not be able to establish a loss to the Plan. After this
ruling, Participants filed the second action asserting the same claims against seven
members of the Committee.
After further discovery on the surplus issue, 3M renewed its motion for
summary judgment. The parties proposed a number of possible methods for
measuring whether the Plan had a surplus. The district court determined that, since
“the 3M Plan is a robust, richly-funded, ongoing plan,” it was appropriate to measure
surplus according to the Retirement Protection Act of 1994 (“the Act"), rather than
under the termination method advocated by Participants. Order of March 29, 2000,
slip op. at 18. The Act requires plan sponsors to make contributions when a plan’s
“funded current liability percentage” is less than 90%. The funded current liability
percentage is calculated by dividing the value of the plan’s assets by the plan’s
current liability, using ERISA-mandated interest rates and mortality tables. Because
there was “no dispute that the Plan’s funding has exceeded the 90% threshold every
year since the Granite loss,” the court concluded that the Plan was fully funded and
therefore the Granite investment caused no loss to the Plan. Id. Participants could
not meet an essential element of liability–loss to the Plan–so the court granted 3M’s
motion for summary judgment. In a later order, the court dismissed the Participants’
second suit, holding that the claims against the Committee defendants are barred by
collateral estoppel.
Participants appealed the summary judgments in both suits to this Court, and
we affirmed. Harley v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., 284 F.3d 901 (8th Cir. 2002).
-4-
On the prohibited transaction claim, we agreed with the district court that Participants
presented no evidence that the compensation agreement was unreasonable. On the
failure to investigate and monitor claims, we affirmed the district court but disagreed
that the Plan suffered no cognizable harm. The Plan’s $20 million investment in
Granite became worthless after Granite declared bankruptcy in April 1994, and this
constitutes a loss to the Plan according to the plain meaning of section 1109(a).
Instead, we affirmed the dismissal of these claims because Participants lacked
standing to bring an action under section 1132(a)(2). Hughes Aircraft made clear that
Participants have no claim or entitlement to a defined benefit plan’s surplus. In this
case, the Granite loss may have depleted plan assets, but if the remaining assets were
more than adequate to pay all accrued or accumulated benefits, any loss was to plan
surplus. Because Participants have no claim or entitlement to Plan surplus, “the
reality is that a relatively modest loss to Plan surplus is a loss only to 3M, the Plan’s
sponsor.” Harley, 284 F.3d at 906. Participants failed to meet their burden of
proving the absence of a substantial surplus under any relevant valuation method.
Thus, we held that the Granite loss was a loss only to plan surplus, not to Participants,
and Participants therefore had not suffered a cognizable harm. Allowing Participants
to nonetheless sue under section 1132(a)(2) to recover on behalf of the plan would
violate the constitutional standing requirement in Article III that a “plaintiff must
have suffered an ‘injury in fact.’” Id. (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504
U.S. 555, 560 (1992)). Moreover, granting Participants standing would also violate
prudential considerations, since we determined that ERISA’s primary purpose–the
protection of individual pension rights–would not be furthered by allowing
Participants to pursue these claims. Id. at 907.
Participants allege that approximately two weeks before this Court issued its
March 26, 2002, opinion, 3M began to publicly disclose information that the Plan was
underfunded and had been underfunded since at least September 30, 2001. On March
11, 2002, 3M filed an SEC Form 10-K report. According to the Participants, the
-5-
report indicated that as of September 30, 2001 (the date for measuring Plan funding
for SEC reporting purposes), utilizing optimistic assumptions, the Plan appeared to
be underfunded by $300 million. Participants sought rehearing and rehearing en banc
of the panel's opinion, and they included the allegation of underfunding in their
petition. This Court denied rehearing.
Participants moved in the district court for relief from judgment in both related
cases pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b), arguing that the judgment and this Court's
decision had been predicated on 3M’s misrepresentations that the Plan was
overfunded. According to Participants, 3M misrepresented the level of Plan funding
while the appeal was pending before this Court and only admitted a lack of surplus
when Participants’ appellate rights were exhausted. The district court denied the
motions, and they have been consolidated for appeal.
I.
Participants moved for relief from judgment under Rule 60(b) of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure. The rule allows district courts to vacate a judgment that
was secured through a party's misrepresentations, among other things, and for "any
other reason justifying relief." Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(3), (6). Rule 60(b) “provides for
extraordinary relief which may be granted only upon an adequate showing of
exceptional circumstances.” Atkinson v. Prudential Property Co., Inc., 43 F.3d 367,
371 (8th Cir. 1994) (quoting United States v. Young, 806 F.2d 805, 806 (8th Cir.
1986) (per curiam)). The district court’s decision to deny a Rule 60(b) motion will
be reversed only for an abuse of discretion. MIF Realty L.P. v. Rochester Assocs.,
92 F.3d 752, 755 (8th Cir. 1996). Rule 60(b) is a motion grounded in equity and
exists "to prevent the judgment from becoming a vehicle of injustice." Id. (citation
omitted). "The rule attempts to strike a proper balance between the conflicting
principles that litigation must be brought to an end and that justice should be done."
-6-
11 Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 2851, at 227
(2d ed. 1995).
II.
Participants argue that 3M misrepresented the level of Plan funding several
times throughout the litigation. To prevail on a Rule 60(b)(3) motion, Participants
must show, "with clear and convincing evidence, that the opposing party engaged in
a fraud or misrepresentation that prevented the movant from fully and fairly
presenting its case." Atkinson, 43 F.3d at 372-73.
Participants argue that 3M misrepresented Plan funding in its brief filed with
this Court on August 7, 2000. 3M asserted: “Today, and at all times since Granite’s
collapse, the Plan’s assets have exceeded its liabilities (that is, the present value of
the participants' accrued benefits). . . . [T]he Plan has surplus assets of over $2.2
billion.” 3M made similar assertions in its oral argument to this Court on March 12,
2001. Counsel argued, “The money is there. The plan is still in a surplus position.
. . . This is a grossly over-funded Plan. . . . The plan didn’t suffer a loss here because
all the money that’s necessary to pay the beneficiaries is still there.” The Participants
have not demonstrated that these were misrepresentations, as both were made before
September 2001, the date on which the Plan became underfunded according to 3M's
10-K report. Participants have produced no evidence that indicates 3M had any
knowledge of this alleged underfunding before September 2001.
After September 2001, 3M was called upon to address the underfunding
problem in its response to Participants’ petition for rehearing and rehearing en banc.
On March 11, 2002, two weeks before this Court issued its opinion in the underlying
case, 3M filed its 10-K report with the SEC. Participants noted the report in a
footnote in their petition for rehearing. 3M likewise responded in a footnote by
criticizing the Participants for citing to "a recent SEC filing by 3M" as an
-7-
inappropriate attempt to go outside the summary judgment record. 3M also called the
information irrelevant because different valuation methods were used for the SEC
filing and for ERISA purposes. We see no reason why these statements should be
considered misrepresentations.2 Participants have not presented the kind of clear and
convincing evidence of misrepresentation necessary to prevail on a Rule 60(b)(3)
motion.
III.
The Participants also argue that they are entitled to relief under Rule 60(b)(6).
Relief is available under Rule 60(b)(6) only where exceptional circumstances have
denied the moving party a full and fair opportunity to litigate his claim and have
prevented the moving party from receiving adequate redress. Atkinson, 43 F.3d at
373.
Participants argue that the Plan is now so underfunded that justice will not be
served unless we revisit the standing analysis in our first opinion. We held that
Participants suffered no injury in fact because the challenged investment caused a loss
in Plan surplus only. Without injury, they lacked standing to bring an action. We
further held that, in order to demonstrate standing, the Participants had an affirmative
burden to prove that the Plan did not have an adequate surplus. Participants claim
that 3M’s 2002 10-K report shows at least a $300 million deficit since September
2001, and 3M's 2003 IRS filing shows a $1.5 billion deficit since January 2002. They
argue that our first decision was fact-specific. If we had known the Plan was not in
2
Participants also claim that certain statements 3M made about Plan surplus
in response to Participants' petition for rehearing were misrepresentations. We
believe it is clear from the context of the statements that 3M was referring to Plan
funding as it was litigated in the district court. In addition, any statements 3M made
about Plan funding to the press or its investors in 2002 and 2003 are not relevant for
the purposes of this appeal.
-8-
fact a “robust, richly funded, ongoing plan,” we would not have denied Participants
standing to recover for 3M's alleged fiduciary breaches.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Participants’ Rule
60(b) motion. The district court denied Participants’ motion because Participants'
claims do not alter the standing analysis as stated in this Court’s first decision. The
funding levels in the SEC and IRS filings resulted from different valuation methods,
and Participants advance no convincing arguments as to why these valuation
measures are relevant. More importantly, “[b]ecause standing is determined as of the
lawsuit’s commencement, we consider the facts as they existed at that time.” Steger
v. Franco, Inc., 228 F.3d 889, 892 (8th Cir. 2000). Participants filed their amended
complaint in this case on November 27, 1996. The district court determined that the
Plan's funding status had a surplus under the appropriate level during every year from
1994 to 2000. We recognize that, if market conditions had been different when
Participants brought suit, or if a different valuation method had been used, they might
have met their burden of proof for standing. However, the first indication that this
may no longer be a well-funded Plan was not until nearly five years after Participants
filed suit, when 3M’s 10-K raised the specter that the Plan had been underfunded
since September 2001. The policy in favor of finality weighs too heavily here to
grant Participants' Rule 60(b) motion.
This case does not present the exceptional circumstances which make the
extraordinary relief of Rule 60(b) appropriate. We affirm the judgment of the district
court.
BYE, Circuit Judge, concurring.
The district court correctly concluded standing depends on the facts as they
exist when a lawsuit is commenced. This Court concluded in the first appeal the plan
participants lack standing because there was no loss to the plan when this action was
filed in June 1996. See Harley v. Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co., 284 F.3d 901, 904, 906-
-9-
08 (8th Cir. 2002) (Harley I). Thus, I agree the district court did not abuse its
discretion in denying the plan participants' motion for relief under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 60(b). Although I am bound by the Court's conclusion the plan
participants lacked standing when this lawsuit was commenced, I write separately to
express again my disagreement with the standing analysis in the first appeal. See id.
at 909-10 (Bye, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
Under the approach adopted in Harley I, a plan participant's standing to bring
suit under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2) on behalf of a defined benefit plan may depend on
nothing more than how the stock market is performing. When the market is doing
well – as it was in the late 1990s – a defined benefit plan is more likely to have a
surplus, and thus a plan participant will lack standing to bring a lawsuit on behalf of
the plan. When the market is performing poorly, plan participants are more likely to
have standing to recoup a loss to a defined benefit plan because the plan is more
likely to be underfunded.
I do not see the sense in tying a plan participant's standing under § 1132(a)
to the stock market's performance. A defined plan's ability to recover losses caused
by a fiduciary's breach should not depend upon the vagaries of the stock market.
Under Harley I, plan fiduciaries are partially insulated from liability during times
when the market is good. But in the long run – as this case demonstrates – the loss
will still affect plan participants when the market is down. Thus, I still believe a suit
by plan participants under § 1132(a)(2) should be recognized for what it is – an action
by the plan itself, but brought by plan participants "in a representative capacity to
remedy an injury to the Plan itself." Harley I, 284 F.3d at 910 (Bye, J., dissenting).
The question of standing for bringing such a suit should be tied to whether the plan
had a loss, period, not whether the plan participants arguably suffered a loss at any
particular snapshot in time, based on fluctuations in the stock market.
______________________________
-10-