FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 05-50589 Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. v. CR-87-00119-RMT- JOSE DELAMORA, 01 Defendant-Appellee. OPINION Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Robert M. Takasugi, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted May 5, 2006—Pasadena, California Filed June 22, 2006 Before: Donald P. Lay,* Barry G. Silverman, and Kim McLane Wardlaw, Circuit Judges. Opinion by Judge Silverman *The Honorable Donald P. Lay, Senior United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation. 6957 6960 UNITED STATES v. DELAMORA COUNSEL Debra Wong Yang, United States Attorney; Thomas P. O’Brien, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Criminal Division; Michael J. Raphael, Assistant United States Attor- ney, Deputy Chief, Criminal Appeals Section, Los Angeles, California. UNITED STATES v. DELAMORA 6961 Maria E. Stratton, Federal Public Defender; Davina T. Chen, Deputy Federal Public Defender, Los Angeles, California. OPINION SILVERMAN, Circuit Judge: We hold today that a defendant’s term of supervised release is tolled from the time that he absconds from supervision until the time he is found by federal authorities. Accordingly, the district court in this case had jurisdiction to conduct revoca- tion proceedings because a sworn petition to revoke was filed before the term of supervised release, as tolled, had expired. I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND In April 1987, Jose Delamora was convicted on all counts of a nine-count indictment relating to his participation in a cocaine trafficking ring. Delamora’s conviction occurred dur- ing the “window period” between the effective date of two federal statutes that govern post-confinement monitoring of drug offenders. Before the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, some drug offenders, like Delamora, were eligible for parole, but would have to serve an additional term of “special parole” following their incarceration. See Gozlon-Peretz v. United States, 498 U.S. 395, 397-99 (1991). The Anti-Drug Abuse Act replaced special parole with supervised release, see Pub. L. No. 99-570, §§ 1002(2), 1004, 100 Stat. 3207 (1986) (codi- fied as amended at 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)), but did not dis- turb drug offenders’ eligibility for parole. The Sentencing Reform Act, effective November 1, 1987, after Delamora’s conviction, abolished probation and all forms of parole and imposed a unified system of supervised release for all federal crimes. See Pub. L. No. 98-473, tit. II, § 212(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1837 (1984) (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. § 3583).1 1 The Sentencing Reform Act was passed before the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, but it did not become effective until one year after the Anti-Drug Abuse Act took effect. 6962 UNITED STATES v. DELAMORA The district court sentenced Delamora to 10 years’ impris- onment, and ordered that Delamora was parole-eligible upon serving one-third of his 10-year sentence. In accordance with the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, it also ordered that Delamora was to serve eight years of supervised release. Delamora was released on parole on November 14, 1990. He was discharged from parole on May 17, 1996. On Febru- ary 20, 1998, his probation officer filed an unsworn petition in the district court, alleging that Delamora had violated the conditions of his supervised release by not reporting to him since December 1997 and by not submitting monthly reports since November 1997. The probation officer also alleged that the INS, which possessed a Warrant of Deportation for Delamora, could not locate Delamora at his residence or workplace, and that Delamora told him that he was planning to return to Mexico permanently. On February 23, 1998, the district court issued a warrant for Delamora’s arrest. Delamora, however, did not permanently return to Mexico. On April 20, 2000, he applied for a California driver’s license under the name “Joe Macias.” Five years later, on February 8, 2005, police in Gardena, California arrested him on suspi- cion of drug possession. Delamora was released, but on March 8, 2005, the Gardena police discovered Delamora’s true identity. On March 28, 2005, the Gardena police also charged Delamora with making false statements to the Cali- fornia Motor Vehicles Division. That same day, a United States Probation Officer filed a petition for revocation of Delamora’s supervised release, this time based on a sworn declaration. Specifically, the Probation Officer averred that he had “reviewed the Court file [and] the attached Petition dated February 20, 1998,” and that “the statements contained in the petition [we]re true and correct to the best of [his] knowledge.” The district court issued another warrant for Delamora’s arrest, and on April 21, 2005, one day after his arrest, Delamora appeared before the district court. UNITED STATES v. DELAMORA 6963 The district court dismissed the petition. It relied on our decision in United States v. Vargas-Amaya, 389 F.3d 901 (9th Cir. 2004), in which we held that jurisdiction to revoke super- vised release can extend beyond the term of supervision only if a warrant supported by affirmation was issued during the initial term. Id. at 907. The district court concluded that it lacked jurisdiction, reasoning that Delamora’s supervised release term expired on May 16, 2004, eight years after he was discharged from parole and ten months before the Gov- ernment filed its sworn petition. The Government timely appealed. II. ANALYSIS [1] The district court correctly concluded that, under Vargas-Amaya, the February 23, 1998 bench warrant — which was based on unsworn allegations — did not preserve its jurisdiction. The March 28, 2005 warrant was based on sworn allegations, but it was issued well after Delamora’s supervised release term would have expired in the absence of tolling. Thus, the district court had jurisdiction to revoke Delamora’s supervision release only if tolling prevented his supervised release term from expiring. After the district court dismissed the Government’s peti- tion, we decided United States v. Murguia-Oliveros, 421 F.3d 951 (9th Cir. 2005). Murguia-Oliveros was convicted of ille- gal reentry after deportation, and after his release from prison, he absconded from supervision. Id. at 952. Before his super- vised release term was set to expire in September 2004, he was arrested on unrelated charges, which prompted his proba- tion officer to instruct him to report. Id. Murguia-Oliveros never did contact his probation officer, and in January 2004, the district court issued a bench warrant supported by unsworn allegations. Id. Murguia-Oliveros was arrested in November 2004, two months after his supervised release term 6964 UNITED STATES v. DELAMORA was set to expire. Id. at 953. The district court assumed juris- diction and revoked supervised release. Id. [2] We affirmed. We concluded that Murguia-Oliveros was a “fugitive” because he “effectively absconded from serving the terms of his supervised release” by reentering the United States and not contacting his probation officer. Id. at 954 (relying on United States v. Crane, 979 F.2d 687, 691 (9th Cir. 1992) (tolling is appropriate where defendant was a “fu- gitive” because he stopped serving the conditions of his supervised release by leaving the community treatment center where he was ordered to serve his term)). We then concluded that Murguia-Oliveros’s supervised release term was tolled for eight months, from issuance of the bench warrant in Janu- ary 2004 to September 2004, when his term was set to expire. Id. at 955 (“Murguia-Oliveros was a fugitive for purposes of supervised release at least from the time the government obtained a warrant for his arrest, in January of 2004, until the time the supervised release would have expired, absent a vio- lation, in September of 2004.”). Thus, the district court prop- erly assumed jurisdiction because Murguia-Oliveros was arrested in November 2004, “well within the tolling period.” Id. [3] Delamora argues that Murguia-Oliveros permits tolling of his supervised release term only from the date the arrest warrant was issued until the date his term would have expired absent a violation, regardless of the fact that he absconded from supervision. We reject that argument. Tolling of a super- vised release term extends the date the term is set to expire so long as the defendant remains a fugitive. “To hold otherwise here would reward those who flee from bench warrants and maintain their fugitive status until the expiration of their origi- nal term of supervised release.” Crane, 979 F.2d at 691.2 As 2 In Crane, the defendant’s term of supervision was set to expire on May 2, 1991, but he was a fugitive from September 1990 to December 1990, and was incarcerated on unrelated state charges from December 1990 to UNITED STATES v. DELAMORA 6965 we recognized in Murguia-Oliveros, “[t]olling is necessary to prevent this result.” 421 F.3d at 954. [4] Delamora became a fugitive when he stopped reporting to his probation officer and absconded from supervision. Under Murguia-Oliveros, the start of Delamora’s flight, which corresponds with the February 23, 1998 bench warrant, commenced the tolling of his supervised release term. On that date, he had 265 days of supervision remaining before his term would have otherwise expired on November 14, 1998, because his supervised release term began when he was released from prison on November 14, 1990.3 Delamora was brought into federal custody on April 20, 2005, at which point the clock began running again. Delamora’s supervised release term, then, did not actually expire until December 10, 2005, or 265 days from April 20, 2005. Because the Probation Department filed its petition to revoke supervised release on March 28, 2005, the district court had jurisdiction. Delamora argues that by tolling his supervised release term for more than seven years, we are affording invalid warrants May 9, 1991. 979 F.2d at 691. Even though his original term had expired, we held that the term of supervised release was tolled for the period of his fugitive status, and that the district court retained jurisdiction to revoke supervised release. Id. 3 We join the Third, Fifth and Tenth Circuits in deciding that, for defen- dants sentenced during the “window period” between passage of the Anti- Drug Abuse Act and the effective date of the Sentencing Reform Act, the term of supervised release begins on the day they are released from imprisonment, not the day their parole period ends. See United States v. Cook, 329 F.3d 335, 338 (3d Cir. 2003); United States v. Lynch, 114 F.3d 61, 63-64 (5th Cir. 1997); United States v. Reider, 103 F.3d 99, 101-02 (10th Cir. 1996). In doing so, we follow the clear direction of Congress, see 18 U.S.C. § 3624(e) (“The term of supervised release commences on the day the person is released from imprisonment . . . .”), and the Supreme Court’s guidance that we look to the Sentencing Reform Act when inter- preting “supervised release” imposed pursuant to the Anti-Drug Abuse Act. Gozlon-Peretz, 498 U.S. at 407-08. 6966 UNITED STATES v. DELAMORA (i.e., those based on unsworn allegations) more force than valid warrants. Not so. What tolls the time is Delamora’s fugi- tive status, not the invalid warrant. In this case, Delamora’s status as an absconder happens to coincide with the date of the unsworn petition as it did in Murguia-Oliveros, and often might. [5] Finally, we disagree with Delamora that the district court lacked authority under the Anti-Drug Abuse Act to revoke his supervised release. Although the Anti-Drug Abuse Act does not expressly provide for revocation, such authority is necessarily implied in the district court’s authority to impose supervised release in the first place. See Pub. L. 99- 570, 100 Stat. 3207 (codified at 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)). We do not believe that Congress would have authorized a system of post-confinement monitoring in an exercise of futility. [6] Moreover, the Supreme Court has said that the term “supervised release” in the Anti-Drug Abuse Act should be interpreted with reference to the Sentencing Reform Act. See Gozlon-Peretz, 498 U.S. at 408 (“The reasonable assumption is that when Congress adopted the ADAA and used the term ‘supervised release’ it knew of the full definition in the exist- ing Sentencing Reform Act and legislated with reference to it.”). Thus, because the Sentencing Reform Act grants revoca- tion authority to the district court, we conclude that the dis- trict court has the same authority when adjudicating violations of supervised release under the Anti-Drug Abuse Act. [7] For the same reason, we reject Delamora’s argument that applying the revocation provision would violate the Ex Post Facto Clause. The revocation provision, 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e), was part of the “full definition” of supervised release that the Anti-Drug Abuse Act incorporated by refer- ence. Id. Since supervised release may be imposed against those convicted during the “window period” without trigger- ing constitutional concerns, see id. at 407-09, revocation for UNITED STATES v. DELAMORA 6967 violating the terms of supervised release is also constitution- ally permissible. CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth above, we reverse the district court’s order dismissing the petition for revocation, and remand to the district court for further proceedings. REVERSED. PRINTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE—U.S. COURTS BY THOMSON/WEST—SAN FRANCISCO The summary, which does not constitute a part of the opinion of the court, is copyrighted © 2006 Thomson/West.