Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
5-21-2008
USA v. Rzeplinski
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 07-1257
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008
Recommended Citation
"USA v. Rzeplinski" (2008). 2008 Decisions. Paper 1180.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008/1180
This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit at Villanova
University School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in 2008 Decisions by an authorized administrator of Villanova
University School of Law Digital Repository. For more information, please contact Benjamin.Carlson@law.villanova.edu.
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________
No. 07-1257/1273/1302
_____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
MICHAEL RZEPLINSKI,
Appellant in No. 07-1257
CONNIE LYNN DAVIDSON,
Appellant in No. 07-1273
KRISTEN LEAH DAVIDSON,
Appellant in No. 07-1302
_______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. Nos. 06-cr-0344-1,2 & 3)
District Judge: Honorable Garrett E. Brown, Jr.
_______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
April 15, 2008
Before: SLOVITER, JORDAN, and ALARCON*, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: May 21, 2008)
_______________
*Honorable Arthur L. Alarcon, Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the
Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
_______________
OPINION OF THE COURT
_______________
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.
These appeals concern crimes committed by Michael Rzeplinski (“Rzeplinski”),
Connie Davidson (“Connie”), and Kristen Davidson (“Kristen”).1 Rzeplinski and Kristen
pled guilty to conspiring to defraud the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286.
Rzeplinski also pled guilty to income tax evasion, in violation of 28 U.S.C. § 7201.
Connie pled guilty to aiding and abetting the filing of false claims, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 287. On appeal, they each contend that the District Court erred in imposing
sentence. For the following reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s sentencing
decisions.
I. Background
Because we write primarily for the benefit of the parties, we set forth only those
facts pertinent to the issues before us. Rzeplinski worked as a Government Services
Agency (“GSA”) Program Director at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and was responsible
for procuring and administering IT-related contracts for Fort Monmouth. Connie, with
whom Rzeplinski was having an affair, also worked for GSA as an office manager and
lead customer relations manager in Fort Monmouth’s Federal Technology Service. Her
1
For clarity and ease of reference, we use the first names of the Davidsons.
2
responsibilities included assisting in administering contracts. Through Rzeplinski, and
with Connie’s knowledge, Connie’s daughter Kristen obtained jobs from two contractors
that provided services to Fort Monmouth. Using the leverage of his authority at GSA,
Rzeplinski told the contractors to hire Kristen, and they did so, though Kristen never
actually did any work. Fort Monmouth was billed for the work that Kristen never
performed. Rzeplinski and Connie knew that Kristen was not working but was getting
paid with government funds, yet Rzeplinski continued to authorize the invoices.
Rzeplinski actively covered up the “no show” aspect of Kristen’s job by assuring one of
the contractors that Kristen was working and by providing false information about the
hours she supposedly worked.
Rzeplinski also arranged for a company that he owned to be hired as a
subcontractor by a GSA contractor. The contractor paid Rzeplinski’s company, even
though the company performed no work. The contractor then billed Fort Monmouth for
the phantom work. In total, the Army paid $862,710 for work that Rzeplinski’s company
and Kristen never performed. Meanwhile, Rzeplinski, who was divorcing his wife and
attempting to evade disclosure of his true income in order to avoid paying additional
alimony, failed to file income tax returns for 2002, 2003, and 2004, and avoided paying
$47,081 in taxes.
3
All three defendants were convicted pursuant to plea agreements with the
government.2
II. Discussion 3
A. Rzeplinski’s Appeal
Rzeplinski challenges his sentence on two grounds.4 First, he argues that, when
2
Rzeplinski pled guilty both to conspiring to defraud the United States and to tax
evasion, and was sentenced to 46 months imprisonment, 3 years supervised release, and
the payment of $862,710 in restitution, as well as a $200 special assessment. Kristen pled
guilty to the same conspiracy and was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment, 3 years
supervised release, and the payment of $290,647 in restitution, as well as a $100 special
assessment. Connie pled guilty to aiding and abetting false claims and was sentenced to
12 months and 1 day of imprisonment, 3 years supervised release, and the payment of
$395,710 in restitution, as well as a $100 special assessment.
3
We exercise plenary review over a district court’s interpretation of the United States
Sentencing Guidelines (the “Guidelines”). United States v. Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 570 (3d
Cir. 2007). We review an appellant’s ultimate sentence for reasonableness. United States
v. Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 329-30 (3d Cir. 2006). A district court’s application of the
Guidelines to facts is reviewed for abuse of discretion, and factual findings will only be
reversed if clearly erroneous. United States v. Tupone, 442 F.3d 145, 149 (3d Cir. 2006).
4
The government contends that Rzeplinski waived his right to appeal his sentence
because he agreed in his plea bargain to waive “the right to file any appeal ... which
challenges the sentence imposed by the sentencing court if that sentence falls within or
below the Guideline range that results from a total Guidelines offense level of 21.”
(Appellee’s Supplemental App. at 9.) Rzeplinski argues that he can appeal his sentence
because the District Court arrived at a higher total offense level than the level to which he
agreed. It is true that the District Court determined that Rzeplinski’s offense level is 22,
but the government maintains that the waiver stands because Rzeplinski’s 46-month term
of imprisonment still fell within the Guidelines range that results from a total Guidelines
offense level of 21, as 46-months is the top of the range for someone with a total offense
level of 21 and Rzeplinski’s criminal history score, which puts him in Criminal History
Category of I. However, since the government did not move to enforce the waiver and
has instead briefed the issue on the merits, we will dispose of Rzeplinski’s appeal on the
merits.
4
calculating his advisory Guidelines range, the District Court erred in not grouping his
counts of conviction under Guidelines § 3D1.2. He asserts that the false claims and tax
evasion counts should have been grouped together because, under § 3D1.2(d), they are
offenses of the same general type since they both involved a monetary objective. He also
argues that under § 3D1.2(b) the offenses involved the same victim, i.e., the government,
and share the common objective of taking money from the government. Finally, he
contends that, although Third Circuit precedent precludes grouping fraud and tax evasion
counts under § 3D1.2(c), the District Court should still have grouped the counts under
that subsection because the false claims conduct embodied a specific offense
characteristic in the Guideline provision for the tax evasion count.5
Rzeplinski’s grouping arguments fail. The false claims count and the tax evasion
count cannot be grouped under § 3D1.2(b) because they do not involve substantially the
same harm. They cannot fairly be said to be connected by a common criminal objective,
5
Section 3D1.2 of the Guidelines states that “[a]ll counts involving substantially the
same harm shall be grouped together into a single Group. Counts involve substantially
the same harm within the meaning of this rule:
(a) When counts involve the same victim and the same act or transaction.
(b) When counts involve the same victim and two or more acts or transactions
connected by a common criminal objective or constituting part of a common scheme or
plan.
(c) When one of the counts embodies conduct that is treated as a specific offense
characteristic in, or adjustment to, the guideline applicable to another of the counts.
(d) When the offense level is determined largely on the basis of the total amount of
harm or loss, the quantity of a substance involved, or some other measure of aggregate
harm, or if the offense behavior is ongoing or continuous in nature and the offense
guideline is written to cover such behavior.”
5
nor were they part of a common scheme or plan. Put simply, Rzeplinski’s fraud against
the Army was not significantly related to his efforts to cheat his estranged wife of
alimony by hiding his true income. Although his admitted objective in committing both
crimes was to enrich himself, that means little since greed motivates a wide variety of
crimes. As we stated in United States v. Bush, when considering whether to group
counts, courts must remember that “each crime has its own nuances and must be
evaluated on its own.” 56 F.3d 536, 539 (3d Cir. 1995).
Similarly, the counts cannot be grouped under §§ 3D1.2(c) or (d). Rzeplinski
concedes that our precedent precludes grouping fraud and tax evasion counts under
subsection (c), which is wholly dispositive of the argument pertaining to that subsection.
See United States v. Vitale, 159 F.3d 810, 814-15 (3d Cir. 1998) (holding it was improper
to group tax evasion and wire fraud counts under 3D1.2(c) because the counts involved
different types of conduct and harm, and a sentence resulting from grouping would fail to
represent the significance of the criminal conduct embodied in each count); United States
v. Astorri, 923 F.2d 1052, 1057 (3d Cir. 1991) (holding that fraud and tax evasion counts
were properly not grouped under 3D1.2(c) because the elements of the crimes were
distinguishable).
Even though § 3D1.2(d) provides an arguable basis for grouping, it would be
improper to group the counts against Rzeplinski because they are not of the same general
type. In United States v. Seligsohn, we noted that the purpose of § 3D1.2 is to “impose
6
‘incremental punishment for significant additional criminal conduct,’ but at the same time
prevent double punishment for essentially the same conduct.” 981 F.2d 1418, 1425 (3d
Cir. 1992) (quoting United States v. Toler, 901 F.2d 399, 402 (4th Cir. 1990)). We
emphasized that, even though subsection (d) may broadly allow grouping of certain
offenses, that “does not mean that the counts must be grouped. Counts must be of the
‘same general type’ before grouping is appropriate.” Id. We then distinguished mail
fraud from tax evasion, noting that grouping such offenses would be inappropriate
because they “differed in nature and were not an essential part of or related to [each
other].” Id. In keeping with that reasoning, we hold that the District Court did not err in
refusing to group Rzeplinski’s offenses under subsection (d). Again, the theft of money
from the government and hiding income from one’s spouse are not offenses of the same
general type and were not significantly related to one another here.
Rzeplinski’s second argument is that the District Court erred by not making
specific factual findings related to restitution, and that the amount of restitution ordered is
incorrect. That argument fails because the government provided adequate evidence
setting forth how the sum of $862,710 reflects the loss suffered by the government. We
see no error in the District Court’s accepting that evidence.
B. Kristen’s Appeal
Kristen argues that the sentence that was imposed for her participation in the
conspiracy is unreasonable and does not comport with the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. §
7
3553(a). She also claims that she should have been designated a “minor participant” and
thus received a two-level mitigating role reduction, because Rzeplinski organized the
scheme and she merely went along.
In her first argument, Kristen maintains that the District Court should have
imposed a sentence below the Guidelines range based upon her history and personal
characteristics.6 Implicit in that assertion, of course, is that the District Court did not
apply the § 3553(a) factors. But, contrary to that claim, the District Court’s statements at
sentencing showed that it did consider Kristen’s history and personal characteristics under
§ 3553(a). Her disagreement with the resulting sentence does not make the sentence
substantively unreasonable. Because the sentence does meet the standard of substantive
reasonableness, we will not disturb it. See United States v. Wise, 515 F.3d 207, 218 (3d
Cir. 2008) (“If we determine that the district court has committed no significant
procedural error, we then review the substantive reasonableness of the sentence under an
abuse-of-discretion standard ... .”). .
Kristen’s argument that she should have received a two-level mitigating role
reduction pursuant to § 3B1.2(b) of the Guidelines for being a minor participant in the
fraud is likewise unpersuasive. We review a district court’s application of the Guidelines
6
Remarks during the sentencing colloquy indicate that Kristen did not file a motion for
downward departure based on her mental condition but that she sought to embody the
bases for such a departure in her argument for a variance under § 3553. On appeal,
Kristen does not argue in terms of a departure. Rather, she challenges the District Court’s
application of the § 3553(a) factors.
8
to facts for abuse of discretion, and factual findings will only be reversed if clearly
erroneous. United States v. Tupone, 442 F.3d 145, 149 (3d Cir. 2006). In order to receive
a two-level mitigating role reduction, the defendant “must be less culpable than most
other participants” in the offense. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, Application Note 5 (2008).
“However, the mere fact that a defendant was less culpable than his co-defendants does
not entitle the defendant to ‘minor participant’ status as a matter of law.” United States v.
Brown, 250 F.3d 811, 819 (3d Cir. 2001). Courts must consider a defendant’s
involvement, knowledge, and culpability when determining whether the defendant is a
minor participant, and only grant the role reduction to a defendant who is “substantially
less culpable than the average participant.” United States v. Isaza-Zapata, 148 F.3d 236,
238-39 (3d Cir. 1998). The District Court noted that Kristen earned nearly $300,000 in
proceeds from the false claims. Furthermore, she was an active and knowing participant
in the fraud, as she dishonestly filled out time cards she knew would be submitted to the
government. Accordingly, we cannot say that the District Court abused its discretion in
determining that Kristen was not a minor participant in the crime.
C. Connie’s Appeal
Connie argues that the District Court failed to reasonably apply the factors in 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a) in her case, thus making her sentence unreasonable. Although she does
not dispute that the District Court engaged in a § 3553(a) analysis, she claims that the
District Court imposed too high a sentence. She maintains that, had the District Court
9
properly weighed the § 3553(a) factors, it would have ordered non-custodial probation
instead of giving her prison time. In support of a sentence of probation, Connie argues
that she was a minor participant in the scheme and that her ability to notify authorities
about the fraud was compromised by her concern for her troubled daughter and her
eagerness for Kristen to have an income and health insurance. She also states that her
personal history and characteristics support a more lenient sentence because she is 62
years old, has a college education, has no prior criminal history, and has “emotional
scars” from being a victim of domestic violence years earlier.
The District Court considered Connie’s involvement in the scheme and, though it
deemed her a minor participant, it noted that she had knowledge of the fraud yet failed to
reveal it, as her position of trust within the government required. Still, in consideration of
her minor role, the District Court sentenced her at the bottom of the Guidelines range.
The judgment in that regard was reasonable and well within the bounds of appropriate
discretion.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment and sentence imposed by the
District Court.
10