FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 05-50562
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. D.C. No.
CR-04-02895-LAB
FELIPE ZEPEDA-MARTINEZ,
OPINION
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of California
Larry A. Burns, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted
September 13, 2006—Pasadena, California
Filed December 13, 2006
Before: Cynthia Holcomb Hall, M. Margaret McKeown, and
Kim McLane Wardlaw, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Hall
19431
19434 UNITED STATES v. ZEPEDA-MARTINEZ
COUNSEL
Kurt D. Hermansen, Federal Defenders of San Diego, Inc.,
San Diego, California, for the defendant-appellant.
Mark R. Rehe, Assistant United States Attorney, San Diego,
California, for the plaintiff-appellee.
OPINION
HALL, Senior Circuit Judge:
In United States v. Covian-Sandoval, 462 F.3d 1090 (9th
Cir. 2006), we determined that Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530
U.S. 466 (2000) prevents a sentencing court from enhancing
an alien’s sentence based upon a removal subsequent to a
prior conviction unless that removal has been admitted by the
defendant or proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
Covian-Sandoval, 462 F.3d at 1097. We now must decide
whether harmless error review applies to such an error when
the issue has properly been raised below. In light of the
Supreme Court’s ruling in Washington v. Recuenco, 126
S. Ct. 2546 (2006), we hold that Apprendi errors are reviewed
for harmlessness using the framework of Neder v. United
States, 527 U.S. 1 (1999). Because we conclude that the sen-
tencing court’s error was harmless, we affirm.
I.
On September 5, 2004, appellant Felipe Zepeda-Martinez
(“Zepeda”) was found by customs agents near Otay Mesa,
California. After being read and waiving his Miranda rights,
Zepeda admitted that he was a citizen and native of Mexico
with no legal right to be in the United States. On November
5, 2004, a grand jury returned a one-count indictment charg-
ing Zepeda with being a removed alien found in the United
UNITED STATES v. ZEPEDA-MARTINEZ 19435
States in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. The indictment origi-
nally contained a special allegation stating that Zepeda was
removed after May 21, 2002. On that date, the government
would allege, Zepeda had been convicted in California state
court of corporal injury to a spouse, in violation of California
Penal Code § 273.5. If proven, the special allegation would
have shown that Zepeda was removed following the convic-
tion. That showing, in turn, would have subjected Zepeda to
an increased maximum sentence under 8 U.S.C. § 1326 and
a sentence enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii).
However, Zepeda successfully moved to strike the allegation.
On March 1, 2005, Zepeda pleaded guilty to one count of
being a removed alien found in the United States. During his
plea colloquy, he admitted all the elements of the offense,
including that he had previously been removed from the
United States. When asked whether he had “previously been
deported or removed from the United States on or about May
21, 2002,” he answered “yes.”
Prior to sentencing, the probation office filed a presentence
report with the court. The report documented Zepeda’s May
21, 2002 conviction under California Penal Code § 273.5. The
report categorized that conviction as a felony crime of vio-
lence under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). The report also
explained that Zepeda had previously been removed from the
United States several times, most recently on June 17, 2004.
Zepeda raised several legal objections to the presentence
report, but did not dispute the facts material to this appeal,
including his prior conviction and his 2004 removal.
At the sentencing hearing, the government introduced doc-
umentation regarding Zepeda’s initial order of deportation,
dated December 29, 1997. It also offered into evidence a War-
rant of Removal showing that the 1997 order of removal was
reinstated on June 8, 2004, and that Zepeda had been physi-
cally removed to Mexico on foot on June 17, 2004. After
rejecting Zepeda’s legal argument that the court could not
19436 UNITED STATES v. ZEPEDA-MARTINEZ
consider the 2004 reinstatement, the district court accepted his
guilty plea for violating 8 U.S.C. § 1326. The court enhanced
Zepeda’s sentence by sixteen levels pursuant to U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) for having previously been removed fol-
lowing a crime of violence and in accordance with this
enhancement, sentenced Zepeda to seventy months’ imprison-
ment and three years of supervised release.
II.
Zepeda initially disputes the court’s conclusion that his
California conviction qualifies as a crime of violence under
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). He also asserts that the district
court improperly relied upon the 2004 reinstatement of his
1997 order of removal, because we had invalidated that rein-
statement procedure under Morales-Izquierdo v. Ashcroft, 388
F.2d 1299 (9th Cir. 2004), reh’g en banc granted, Morales-
Izquierdo v. Gonzales, 2005 WL 2233278 (9th Cir. Sept. 12,
2005). We address these arguments in a separate, unpublished
opinion filed on this date.
III.
[1] Zepeda also claims that the district court lacked the
authority to increase his sentence based on facts it found at
sentencing, citing Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466
(2000). Under Apprendi and its progeny, “[a]ny fact (other
than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sen-
tence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts estab-
lished by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted
by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable
doubt.” United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 244 (2005).
Here, the court enhanced Zepeda’s sentence by sixteen levels
under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) based on a finding that he
was convicted of a crime of violence on May 21, 2002 and
was subsequently removed from the United States on June 17,
2004. Zepeda asserts that his guilty plea admitted neither the
2002 conviction nor the 2004 removal, and therefore the dis-
UNITED STATES v. ZEPEDA-MARTINEZ 19437
trict court committed Apprendi error by enhancing his sen-
tence based on each of these findings. We address each
argument in turn.
A.
[2] Under Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S.
224, 247 (1998), a judge may enhance a sentence based upon
a prior conviction, even if the fact of the conviction is not
admitted by the defendant or proven to a jury beyond a rea-
sonable doubt. This holding was preserved as an explicit
exception to the Apprendi rule. See Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490
(“Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that
increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statu-
tory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved
beyond a reasonable doubt.”) (emphasis added). Zepeda
argues that the Supreme Court’s recent decisions in Shepard
v. United States, 544 U.S. 13 (2005), and Dretke v. Haley, 541
U.S. 386 (2004), effectively overrule Almendarez-Torres or
create constitutional doubt that requires us to limit it to its
facts. These arguments are squarely foreclosed by our prece-
dent. See, e.g., United States v. Beng-Salazar, 452 F.3d 1088,
1091 (9th Cir. 2006); United States v. Rodriguez-Lara, 421
F.3d 932, 949-50 (9th Cir. 2005). We therefore hold that the
district court properly relied upon Zepeda’s prior conviction.
B.
[3] Zepeda also asserts that the district court committed
Apprendi error by enhancing his sentence based upon his
2004 removal, which similarly was neither admitted nor
proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.1 We explained in
1
The government asserts that Zepeda’s admission that he was removed
“on or about May 21, 2002,” coupled with his conviction on that date,
constitutes an admission that he was removed after his felony conviction.
We disagree. As we have noted in another context, “[u]se of the term ‘on
or about’ does not open the time frame indefinitely” and instead means “at
19438 UNITED STATES v. ZEPEDA-MARTINEZ
United States v. Covian-Sandoval, 462 F.3d at 1098, that “the
only exception to Apprendi’s rule involves the fact of a prior
conviction” and therefore “the enhancement of [a defen-
dant’s] sentence, based on the factual finding of a subsequent
removal” constitutes error. Thus under Covian-Sandoval, the
district court committed Apprendi error by finding that
Zepeda was removed in 2004.
[4] We next must decide the appropriate standard of review
for a properly-preserved claim of Apprendi error.2 Although
our prior case law may suggest otherwise, the Supreme Court
recently held that Apprendi errors are reviewed under the
harmless error standard as applied in Neder v. United States,
527 U.S. 1 (1999). Washington v. Recuenco, 126 S. Ct. 2546
(2006).
[5] Under Recuenco and Neder, an error is harmless if the
court finds beyond a reasonable doubt that the result “would
have been the same absent the error.” Neder, 527 U.S. at 19.
most . . . one or two days” from the specific date. United States v.
McCown, 711 F.2d 1441, 1450 (9th Cir. 1983). The government alleged
a number of dates upon which Zepeda was removed, including dates
before and after May 21, 2002. None of these, however, fall within one
or two days of that conviction, and therefore do not indicate with certainty
which removal the defendant was admitting. The 2004 date that the court
found for sentencing purposes clearly does not fall within one or two days
of May 21, 2002. Moreover, we note that Zepeda successfully moved to
strike the indictment’s special allegation that he was removed after May
21, 2002, and explicitly preserved the right to argue at sentencing that
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 was inappropriate. Although it
seems clear that Zepeda admitted to being removed at some point prior to
his reentry, we cannot conclude that Zepeda’s agreement that he was
removed “on or about” May 21, 2002 necessarily constitutes an admission
that he was removed after that date. Cf. United States v. Zuber, 528 F.2d
981, 982 (9th Cir. 1976) (reversing conviction because admissions sup-
porting guilty plea were ambiguous).
2
In Covian-Sandoval, we reviewed for plain error because the appellant
had not raised the issue in the district court. Id. at 1093. Zepeda, by con-
trast, properly preserved his claim.
UNITED STATES v. ZEPEDA-MARTINEZ 19439
Neder explained that where the record contains “overwhelm-
ing” and “uncontroverted” evidence supporting an element of
the crime, the error is harmless. Id. at 17, 18. Conversely, the
error is not harmless if “the defendant contested the omitted
element and raised evidence sufficient to support a contrary
finding.” Id. at 19.
[6] We find that the record contains overwhelming and
uncontroverted evidence supporting Zepeda’s 2004 removal.
At sentencing, the government introduced a Warrant of
Removal showing that Zepeda was ordered removed on June
8, 2004 and was physically removed to Mexico on foot on
June 17, 2004.3 This warrant bears Zepeda’s name, signature,
fingerprint, and immigration case number, as well as the
name, title, and signature of an immigration officer who wit-
nessed the removal. This warrant is sufficient alone to support
a finding of removal beyond a reasonable doubt. United States
v. Bahena-Cardenas, 411 F.3d 1067, 1075 (9th Cir. 2005),
cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 1652 (2006). Zepeda did not dispute
the authenticity of this document. Indeed, Zepeda himself had
offered the first page of the same warrant as an exhibit sup-
porting a pretrial filing. Zepeda also did not raise a factual
objection to the allegation in his presentence report that he
was removed on June 17, 2004. Under Federal Rule of Crimi-
nal Procedure 32(i)(3)(A), at sentencing a court “may accept
any undisputed portion of the presentence report as a finding
of fact.” We find, therefore, that the 2004 removal was sup-
ported by “overwhelming” evidence and that Zepeda did not
contest the fact or “raise[ ] evidence sufficient to support a
contrary finding.” Thus we are satisfied beyond a reasonable
3
When reviewing for harmless error under Neder, “[o]ur review encom-
passes the ‘whole record’ ” including “the sentencing proceedings . . . to
assist us in determining what evidence [the parties] would have introduced
at trial” had the issue been properly presented. United States v. Nordby,
225 F.3d 1053, 1061 n.6 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal citation omitted), over-
ruled on other grounds by United States v. Buckland, 289 F.3d 558 (9th
Cir. 2002) (en banc).
19440 UNITED STATES v. ZEPEDA-MARTINEZ
doubt that, on this record, the result “would have been the
same absent the error.” Neder, 527 U.S. at 19.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the Apprendi
error committed by the district court was harmless. Accord-
ingly, we uphold Zepeda’s sentence.
AFFIRMED