United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 06-2870
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Eastern District of Missouri.
Carl McIntosh, *
* [PUBLISHED]
Appellant. *
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Submitted: January 11, 2007
Filed: July 6, 2007
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Before MURPHY, HANSEN, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
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HANSEN, Circuit Judge.
Carl McIntosh appeals the 87-month sentence imposed by the district court1
after he pleaded guilty to aggravated identity theft, a violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1028A
& 2 (2000 & Supp. IV 2004), and fraudulent use of unauthorized access devices, a
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2) (2000). After careful review, we affirm the
judgment of the district court.
1
The Honorable Carol E. Jackson, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Missouri.
I.
McIntosh and two other individuals were indicted by a federal grand jury on
January 5, 2006, in a seven-count indictment. The indictment specifically charged
McIntosh with conspiracy, two counts of aggravated identity theft, two counts of
access device fraud, and one count of possession of fifteen or more access devices.
Pursuant to a plea agreement McIntosh pleaded guilty on April 21, 2006, to one count
each of aggravated identity theft and access device fraud. McIntosh was appointed
new counsel prior to his sentencing date and filed several objections to the
Presentence Investigation Report (PSR). A hearing was held on these objections prior
to his sentencing on July 7, 2006.
McIntosh objected to statements in the PSR related to the calculation of his total
offense level under the United States Sentencing Guidelines. These objections
included the use of relevant conduct to determine loss amounts and the determination
of both the number of participants in the scheme and the number of victims. McIntosh
objected to how the PSR determined and calculated this information, as the PSR
recommended a higher total offense level based upon these factors than what
McIntosh contended was a correct calculation. After the district court heard testimony
and argument on these matters, it overruled McIntosh's objections and adopted the
PSR in its entirety.
The district court then proceeded to sentence McIntosh. By statute, the district
court was required to impose a minimum sentence of two years on the aggravated
identity theft count, with the sentence running consecutively to any sentence imposed
on the access device charge. See 18 U.S.C. § 1028A. In determining the advisory
Guidelines range on the device charge, the district court considered the facts set forth
in the PSR as relevant conduct and found that the plea agreement itself specifically
established the number of victims. As to the amount of loss, the district court
combined the loss amount McIntosh claimed was an accurate measure of loss from the
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credit card fraud with the amount of loss listed in the PSR that was attributed to the
check fraud scheme. The check fraud scheme was uncharged conduct attributed to
McIntosh, but the district court noted that there was a clear connection between the
two fraud schemes through the people that were involved and the fact that both
schemes operated under an intention to obtain money and property through fraud.
McIntosh's base offense level was six. The district court then adjusted the
offense level upward eight levels based upon the amount of loss, United States
Sentencing Guidelines Manual (USSG) § 2B1.1(b)(1)(E), up another two levels based
upon the determination that the crimes had more than ten victims but less than fifty,
USSG § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i), and upward four levels for McIntosh's status as a leader
of criminal activity that involved five more or participants, USSG § 3B1.1(a).
McIntosh was then granted a three-level reduction in his offense level for acceptance
of responsibility. USSG § 3E1.1(a), (b). This established an adjusted offense level
of 17, which, when combined with McIntosh's category VI criminal history, produced
an advisory Guidelines range of 51 to 63 months of imprisonment. The district court
sentenced McIntosh to 63 months on the device count and imposed the required
consecutive sentence of 24 months on the aggravated identity theft count–resulting in
a total sentence of 87 months of imprisonment.
II.
McIntosh's arguments on appeal pertain to the calculation of his total offense
level based upon the three enhancements the district court assessed at sentencing.
Specifically, he contends the district court erred in determining that the amount of loss
was between $70,000 and $120,000, that the district court erred in finding that the
number of victims was more than ten but less than fifty, and that the district court
erred in determining that McIntosh was a leader or organizer of a criminal activity
involving five or more persons. The Government counters that McIntosh waived the
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right to appeal these issues in his plea agreement, but that even if the waiver does not
apply, the district court did not err in any of its challenged sentencing determinations.
"The 'general rule' is that 'a defendant is allowed to waive appellate rights,'
including those involving the sentence imposed." United States v. Aronja-Inda, 422
F.3d 734, 737 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889 (8th
Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 997 (2003)), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 1104
(2006). When we review a waiver, we must make two determinations: that the issue
falls within the scope of the waiver and that both the plea agreement and the waiver
were entered into knowingly and voluntarily. Id. Even if both of these determinations
are decided in the affirmative, we will not enforce a plea agreement waiver if
enforcement would cause a miscarriage of justice. Id. The burden is on the
Government to "establish: (1) that the appeal is [clearly and unambiguously] within
the scope of the waiver, (2) that the defendant entered into the waiver knowingly and
voluntarily, and (3) that dismissing the appeal based on the defendant's waiver would
not result in a miscarriage of justice." Id.
McIntosh's plea agreement included a section involving waiver of post-
conviction rights, including sentencing issues. The waiver specifically stated that if
the district court accepted the plea and if the district court, when determining
McIntosh's sentence (1) applied the sentencing recommendations that the parties
agreed to and, (2) "after determining a Sentencing Guidelines range, sentence[d] the
defendant within that range," McIntosh "waive[d] all rights to appeal all sentencing
issues, including any issues relating to the determination of the Total Offense Level."
(D. Ct. R. at 15-16; Plea Agreement at 3-4.) Significantly, the appeal waiver did not
restrict its applicability only to a sentence based on the agreed upon recommendations.
We determine that the appeal waiver included in the plea agreement
encompasses all three issues McIntosh raises on appeal. In sentencing McIntosh, the
district court applied each of the specific recommendations on which consensus was
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reached between McIntosh and the Government, thus satisfying that aspect of the
waiver. The district court then arrived at an advisory Guidelines sentencing range
after making determinations on the issues where there was disagreement between the
parties and sentenced McIntosh within that advisory range. The waiver required only
that the district court accept the parties' sentencing stipulations where they could agree
and sentence McIntosh within an advisory Guidelines range thereafter determined by
the district court. The plain language of the plea agreement is thus satisfied by the
district court's actions. See United States v. Martinez-Noriega, 418 F.3d 809, 815 (8th
Cir. 2005) ("When a dispute arises over the meaning of a plea agreement, the court
must 'discern the intent of the parties as expressed in the plain language of the
agreement when viewed as a whole.'") (quoting United States v. Taylor, 258 F.3d 815,
819 (8th Cir. 2001)). In addition, all three of the issues raised by McIntosh involve
the determination of his total offense level, which was a subject specifically included
in the appeal waiver.
We also conclude that McIntosh's waiver was knowing and voluntary. The
waiver was included in the plea agreement that McIntosh signed, and the district court
questioned McIntosh about his understanding of the waiver during the change of plea
hearing. See Aronja-Inda, 422 F.3d at 738 (finding that appeal waiver was knowing
and voluntary based on presumption that the appellant read the plea agreement prior
to signing it and the fact that the magistrate judge had probed the defendant's
understanding of the waiver at the change of plea hearing). In addition, McIntosh
does not argue that he entered into the agreement unknowingly or involuntarily.
United States v. Blue Coat, 340 F.3d 539, 541-42 (8th Cir. 2003) (giving weight to the
fact that Blue Coat did not claim that the waiver was not knowing or voluntary when
determining if the appeal waiver should be enforced). Enforcing the appeal waiver
would also not amount to a miscarriage of justice in this case. See Andis, 333 F.3d
at 891-92 (discussing that the miscarriage of justice exception to enforcing an
otherwise valid appeal waiver is extremely narrow and stating that "an allegation that
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the sentencing judge misapplied the Sentencing Guidelines or abused his or her
discretion is not subject to appeal in the face of a valid appeal waiver").
Even if we determined that the plea wavier did not apply and reviewed the
district court's sentencing calculations, we would affirm. We generally view "plea
agreements as contracts, requiring the parties to fulfill their obligations under that
contract." United States v. Fowler, 445 F.3d 1035, 1037 (8th Cir. 2006). In the plea
agreement, McIntosh agreed that two levels should be added to his base offense level
because of the number of victims. The agreement specifically stated that "[t]he parties
recommend that the following Specific Offense Characteristic applies: 2 levels should
be added . . . because the offense involved more than 10 victims." (D. Ct. R. at 18;
Plea Agreement at 6.) McIntosh is bound by that concession and cannot now claim
error in the district court's application of that recommendation.
McIntosh, however, did not agree with the Government's recommendations in
the plea agreement regarding the amount of loss attributable to the scheme and
McIntosh's role as a leader in the criminal activity. These objections were noted in the
plea agreement and McIntosh objected to the PSR, which mirrored the Government's
recommendations on these two issues.
We first look to the district court's loss calculation. The district court's loss
determination included $57,496.06 that was attributed to the access device fraud. In
addition, the district court included $26,943.47 in losses attributable to the uncharged
check fraud scheme. The amounts are not disputed in this appeal by either party, but
McIntosh contends that the district court erred in its conclusion that the check fraud
scheme constituted relevant conduct that could properly be considered when
determining the amount of loss under the Sentencing Guidelines. "A district court's
determination whether actions were part of the same course of conduct as the counts
of conviction is a question of fact reviewable only for clear error." United States v.
Redlin, 983 F.2d 893, 897 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 820 (1993). "The district
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court's method for calculating the amount of loss must be reasonable, but the loss
'need not be determined with precision.'" United States v. Craiglow, 432 F.3d 816, 820
(8th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Whatley, 133 F.3d 601, 606 (8th Cir. 1998)).
The burden is on the Government to prove the loss attributable to the defendant. Id.
"Relevant conduct under the guidelines need not be charged to be considered
in sentencing, and it includes all acts and omissions 'that were part of the same course
of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.'" United States v.
Radtke, 415 F.3d 826, 841 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting USSG § 1B1.3(a)(2)). The district
court's conclusion that the check cashing scheme was relevant conduct attributable to
McIntosh when determining the amount of loss was not clearly erroneous. The
district court concluded that McIntosh was a participant in a broad fraud scheme that
took many forms and that, because there was a clear connection between the
individuals involved in the various methods of fraud and in the intent to fraudulently
obtain money and property, it was proper to consider losses from the check fraud
scheme when determining the Sentencing Guidelines range on the access device fraud
charge. We agree, as both the information contained in the plea agreement
stipulations and the testimony at the sentencing hearing sufficiently support this
finding by the district court. There was not improper grouping of conduct as
McIntosh alleges, but a finding that the conduct of the uncharged offenses was
relevant to a loss determination on the access device fraud count to which McIntosh
pleaded guilty.
Likewise, we find no error in the district court's finding that McIntosh was a
leader of a criminal enterprise involving five or more people. See United States v.
Mickle, 464 F.3d 804, 807 (8th Cir. 2006) (stating the standard of review), cert.
denied, 127 S. Ct. 1308 (2007). The stipulations made by McIntosh and the evidence
presented at the sentencing hearing sufficiently establish that McIntosh was a leader
in this fraud conspiracy and that five or more people were involved in the various
schemes. See id. at 807-08 (noting that the admissions made by the defendants and
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the testimony of the FBI agent at the sentencing hearing "provided a sufficient
foundation for the district court to conclude" that the defendants had operated as
leaders through recruitment, organization, planning, and control). For the same
reasons that it was not error for the district court to include losses attributable to
uncharged conduct when determining loss amount, it was not improper for the district
court to consider McIntosh's leadership role in the fraud scheme as a whole. Thus,
even if we were to disregard the appeal waiver included in the plea agreement that
binds McIntosh, we would still affirm the sentence imposed by the district court and
find no error in its calculations under the Sentencing Guidelines.
III.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.2
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2
McIntosh has filed a pro se motion to supplement the appellate brief filed by
his appointed counsel, claiming the grand jury indictment was unsigned and therefore
invalid. We generally do not accept pro se motions or briefs when an appellant is
represented by counsel, see United States v. Payton, 918 F.2d 54, 56 n.2 (8th Cir.
1990), and as such we deny McIntosh's motion. In any event, a review of the record
shows that the grand jury indictment included in the district court record is signed,
contrary to McIntosh's contention.
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