United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
________________
No. 06-3548
________________
United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Northern District of Iowa.
Arnoldo Solis-Bermudez, *
* [PUBLISHED]
Appellant. *
________________
Submitted: May 16, 2007
Filed: September 13, 2007
________________
Before MURPHY, HANSEN, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
________________
HANSEN, Circuit Judge.
Arnoldo Solis-Bermudez pleaded guilty to illegally reentering the United States
after being deported subsequent to his conviction for commission of an aggravated
felony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), (b)(2). The district court1 calculated the advisory
sentencing Guidelines range to be 37 to 46 months, and sentenced Solis-Bermudez to
60 months of imprisonment. Solis-Bermudez appeals his sentence. We affirm.
1
The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, United States District Judge for the Northern
District of Iowa.
I.
Solis-Bermudez is a Mexican national who entered the United States illegally
as early as 1989.2 In 1997, Solis-Bermudez was convicted of the sale or transportation
of a controlled substance in California state court. He was sentenced to 120 days of
imprisonment and 3 years of probation. After serving his sentence, Solis-Bermudez
was deported. Sometime thereafter, he illegally reentered the country and was
deported for the second time in 2003. But Solis-Bermudez was not deterred; he
illegally entered the country for the third time, and in Iowa state court in 2004, he
pleaded guilty to two counts of lascivious acts with a child for sexually assaulting his
7- and 8-year old nieces. For these offenses, Solis-Bermudez was sentenced to two
concurrent five-year prison terms.
While serving his Iowa sentence, Solis-Bermudez was indicted for illegally
reentering the country after having been deported subsequent to an aggravated felony,
in violation of 8 U.S.C. §1326(a), (b)(2). Solis-Bermudez pleaded guilty, and the
district court accepted his plea.
At sentencing, the district court determined that the advisory Guidelines
sentencing range was 37 to 46 months, based on an offense level of 17 and a criminal-
history category of IV. Solis-Bermudez moved for both a downward departure and
a downward variance, arguing that his criminal history category overrepresented his
criminal history. The government resisted the motion but did not request an upward
departure or variance. The United States Probation Office, on the other hand,
recommended that the district court both depart and vary upward to 84 months.
2
We accept the facts set forth in the presentence investigation report (PSR) as
true because Solis-Bermudez did not dispute, and does not now dispute, the PSR's
factual findings. See United States v. Wintermute, 443 F.3d 993, 1005 (8th Cir.
2006).
-2-
The district court denied Solis-Bermudez's motion for a downward departure
and his motion for a downward variance. The district court also declined to impose
a traditional upward departure under the Guidelines, but the district court did impose
a sentence 14 months above the upper end of the advisory Guidelines range. The
district court further ordered Solis-Bermudez's 60-month sentence to run consecutive
to his Iowa state sentence. This appeal follows.
II.
The only issue raised on appeal is whether the district court abused its
discretion by imposing a non-Guidelines sentence. The parties do not dispute the
accuracy of the district court's advisory Guidelines calculation.
In the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Booker, 543
U.S. 220 (2005), we review sentences to determine "whether the district court abused
its discretion by imposing an unreasonable sentence on the defendant." United States
v. Haack, 403 F.3d 997, 1003 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 913 (2005). A district
court abuses its discretion if "(1) [it] fails to consider a relevant factor that should have
received significant weight; (2) [it] gives significant weight to an improper or
irrelevant factor; or (3) [it] considers only the appropriate factors but in weighing
those factors commits a clear error of judgment." Id. at 1004 (internal marks omitted).
Since Booker, we have attempted to carefully distinguish between sentencing
departures, which are provided for in Chapter 5, Part K of the United States
Sentencing Guidelines (USSG) Manual and in USSG § 4A1.3, and sentencing
variances, which are non-Guidelines sentences based on the factors enumerated in 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a). In order to maintain this distinction and to facilitate meaningful
appellate review, we have directed district courts to follow a three-step sentencing
process. See United States v. Burns, Nos. 04-2901, 04-2933, 2007 WL 2409866, at
*3 (8th Cir. Aug. 27, 2007) (en banc) (citing Haack, 403 F.3d at 1002-03). First, the
-3-
district court must calculate the appropriate advisory Guidelines range based on the
applicable offense level and the criminal history category. Id. Then, the district court
should consider whether any traditional Guidelines-based departures apply. Id. And
only after completing steps one and two should the district court then consider the
other § 3553(a) factors to decide whether to impose a Guidelines or non-Guidelines
sentence. Id.
On review, sentences within the advisory Guidelines range–sentences correctly
calculated by properly applying the Guidelines following steps one and two–are
presumptively reasonable. United States v. Lincoln, 413 F.3d 716, 717 (8th Cir.), cert.
denied, 546 U.S. 1081 (2005); see Rita v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2462 (2007)
(holding that the "court[s] of appeals may apply a presumption of reasonableness to
a district court sentence that reflects a proper application of the Sentencing
Guidelines"); cf. Burns, 2007 WL 2409866, at *3 (recognizing that the "advisory
[G]uideline sentence," to which the presumption applies, is arrived at after the district
court considers a traditional Guidelines departure). This is not to say that non-
Guidelines sentences are presumptively unreasonable; they are not. See Rita, 127 S.
Ct. at 2467. But "the farther the district court varies from the presumptively
reasonable guidelines range, the more compelling the justification based on the
§ 3553(a) factors must be." United States v. McMannus, 436 F.3d 871, 874 (8th Cir.
2006).
Here, the district court considered departing sua sponte under USSG
§ 4A1.3(a)(1), which permits an upward Guidelines departure "[i]f reliable
information indicates that the defendant's criminal history category substantially
underrepresents the seriousness of the defendant's criminal history or the likelihood
that the defendant will commit other crimes." But the district court chose not to depart
because, under the district court's analysis, "the criminal history is adequate at a
criminal history category [IV]." (Sent. Tr. at 16.) Notwithstanding its decision not
to depart upward under USSG § 4A1.3(a), the district court chose to sentence Solis-
-4-
Bermudez 14 months above the advisory Guidelines range based on the other
§ 3553(a) factors. The district court reasoned that while Solis-Bermudez's
commission of serious crimes and two prior deportations were "reflected in the
criminal history and the total offense level," this prior conduct was not "adequately
reflected" by the advisory Guidelines range. (Id. at 17-18.) In varying upward, the
district court emphasized "the history of the defendant" and his "commi[ssion] [of] a
serious crime each time he[] [reentered] the country," concluding that Solis-Bermudez
is "a likely recidivist and is likely to commit additional crimes." (Id. at 17.)
Solis-Bermudez contends that the district court abused its discretion by
imposing a non-Guidelines sentence.3 Specifically, Solis-Bermudez argues that the
district court acted inconsistently by declining to depart under USSG § 4A1.3(a) for
an underrepresented criminal history and then varying upward based on Solis-
Bermudez's commission of serious crimes and his potential for recidivism.
We recognize that we have reversed district court variances where the district
court's factual determinations supporting a variance are internally inconsistent with
the district court's advisory Guidelines findings. See, e.g., United States v. Portillo,
458 F.3d 828, 830 (8th Cir. 2006) (reversing the district court's variance as internally
inconsistent where the variance was based on the district court's concern over a
witness's credibility, although the district court had implicitly credited that witness's
testimony in calculating the advisory Guidelines range); United States v. Brown, 453
F.3d 1024, 1026 (8th Cir. 2006) (same). Similarly, we have cautioned district courts
that "substantial variances based upon factors already taken into account in a
defendant's guidelines sentencing range seriously undermine sentencing uniformity."
3
Because Solis-Bermudez does not separately contend that the extent of the
variance, as opposed to the district court's imposition of the variance itself, was
unreasonable, see United States v. Wadena, 470 F.3d 735, 737 (8th Cir. 2006), and
because nothing in the record indicates that the extent of the 14-month variance, given
Solis-Bermudez's history, is unreasonable, we do not address this issue further.
-5-
United States v. Morales-Uribe, 470 F.3d 1282, 1286 (8th Cir. 2006) (internal marks
omitted); see also United States v. Myers, 439 F.3d 415, 418 (8th Cir. 2006)
("Inasmuch as a guidelines sentence reflects a defendant's criminal history, a wide
divergence from the guidelines sentence based solely on this single criterion would
conflict with the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities . . . .").
But our cases continue to recognize that " a guideline departure prohibition does
not preclude the district court from considering that factor when the issue is a variance
under Booker." United States v. Gatewood, 438 F.3d 894, 897 (8th Cir. 2006); see
also United States v. Beal, 463 F.3d 834, 837 (8th Cir. 2006) ("While we do not
suggest that section 4A1.3(b)(3)(A) strictly limits the scope of variances post-Booker,
it remains relevant to consider the Guidelines and the commentary in our assessment
of reasonableness . . . ."), petition for cert. filed, _ U.S.L.W. _ (U.S. Dec. 21, 2006)
(No. 06-8498). Because the standards justifying departures under the advisory
Guidelines are narrower than the factors enumerated in § 3553(a), "[t]here may well
be cases that would not justify a departure under the Guidelines but which are
appropriate for a variance." United States v. Robinson, 454 F.3d 839, 842 (8th Cir.
2006); see United States v. Spigner, 416 F.3d 708, 712 n.1 (8th Cir. 2005) (observing
that the post-Booker advisory sentencing scheme permits "broader considerations of
sentencing implications" than the considerations provided under the advisory
Guidelines); United States v. Ryder, 414 F.3d 908, 919-20 (8th Cir. 2005) (remanding
for resentencing where the district court, pre-Booker, considered itself constrained by
the Guidelines departure standards for age and infirmity, but post-Booker, the
consideration of age and infirmity not satisfying the advisory Guidelines departure
standards was still proper under the broader sentencing factors of § 3553(a)).
By arguing that the district court's upward variance on the basis of his criminal
history and prior deportations was improper because the district court declined to
depart under USSG § 4A1.3(a), Solis-Bermudez assumes that the standards identified
in USSG § 4A1.3(a) and § 3553(a)(1) and (a)(2)(C) are the same. In his brief, Solis-
-6-
Bermudez urges us to construe the two standards in the same way. But these
standards are not the same.4 Whereas § 3553(a)(1) and (a)(2)(C) broadly permit the
district court to consider "the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history
and characteristics of the defendant" and "the need for the sentence imposed . . . to
protect the public from further crimes of the defendant," USSG § 4A1.3(a)(1) more
narrowly permits an upward departure if the defendant's criminal history category
under the advisory Guidelines "substantially under-represents the seriousness of the
defendant's criminal history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other
crimes." (Emphasis added.) Moreover, unlike § 3553(a)(1) and (a)(2)(C), the
Guidelines policy statement lists specific circumstances justifying an upward
departure for substantial underrepresentation of criminal history, including: foreign
or tribal sentences not counted in the criminal history score; prior sentences
substantially greater than one year based on independent crimes; prior similar
misconduct established by a civil adjudication; whether the defendant was awaiting
trial or sentencing at the time of the current offense; and prior similar criminal conduct
not resulting in a criminal conviction. USSG § 4A1.3(a)(2).
Solis-Bermudez's second illegal entry into the country, the entry following his
1998 deportation for which he was never charged or convicted, may constitute "[p]rior
similar adult criminal conduct not resulting in a criminal conviction," USSG
§ 4A1.3(a)(2)(E), which could support an upward departure under the Guidelines.
However, we see no inconsistency between the district court's discretionary
determination that the failure to include this conduct in the criminal history scoring
4
We note that recently, in Burns, this circuit observed that "[b]ecause post-
Booker variances must be reasonable with regard to § 3553(a), while substantial-
assistance reductions are considered under the rubric of the sentencing guidelines or
of § 3553(e) . . . the general analytical approaches and associated standards may
diverge." 2007 WL 2409866, at *4 n.2 (citation omitted). However, because Burns
was "entirely a substantial assistance departure case," there, it was not necessary to
consider whether the standards should diverge. Id.
-7-
did not "substantially under-represent[]" the seriousness of Solis-Bermudez's criminal
history, USSG § 4A1.3(a)(1), and its decision to impose an upward variance based on
the broader § 3553(a) considerations. In deciding to impose an upward variance, the
district court did not simply focus on Solis-Bermudez's second illegal entry and the
fact that Solis-Bermudez's criminal-history score did not account for that specific
conduct. Rather, in imposing a variance based on the nature and circumstances of
Solis-Bermudez's offense and his history and characteristics, the district court focused
more broadly on the serious character of Solis-Bermudez's accounted-for and
unaccounted-for criminal conduct, Solis-Bermudez's pattern of illegal entries into the
United States, and the timing between Solis-Bermudez's last illegal entry and his
commission of criminal conduct. In the same analysis, the district court also
considered Solis-Bermudez's arguments in favor of mitigating his sentence, and, as
a result, reduced the extent of the upward variance recommended by the Probation
Office by 24 months. Thus, because the district court's decision to impose an upward
variance was not based on the exact considerations that the district court determined
not to be present under USSG § 4A1.3(a)(1), we find no internal inconsistency in the
district court's sentencing analysis and decision.
Here, Solis-Bermudez's history of deportation and illegal reentry, together with
his serious criminal record, justified the district court's upward variance. According
to the undisputed PSR, Solis-Bermudez began living illegally in the United States in
1989, and he was deported after committing a felony drug offense in 1998. He then
reentered illegally and was deported in July of 2003, and he entered illegally for the
third time just three months later. Yet only one of Solis-Bermudez's three illegal
entries was represented in the district court's advisory Guidelines calculation.
Moreover, little more than a year after his third illegal entrance into the country, Solis-
Bermudez was arrested for sexually assaulting his two young nieces. Solis-
Bermudez's repeated illegal reentry into the United States is strong evidence of his
propensity to recidivate. And his sexual assault of his nieces shortly after illegal
reentry heightens the significance of this propensity. All of these facts were properly
-8-
considered under § 3553(a), and, taken together, they support the district court's
discretionary decision to impose a 14-month variance.
III.
We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by varying
upward and imposing a 60-month non-Guidelines sentence. Solis-Bermudez's
sentence is affirmed.
______________________________
-9-