Opinions of the United
2009 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
6-22-2009
Awuku v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 08-4778
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 08-4778
___________
DANIEL BAODI AWUKU,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
Respondent
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
(Agency No. A43-808-522)
Immigration Judge: Honorable Andrew Arthur
____________________________________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
June 9, 2009
Before: FISHER, JORDAN and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: June 22, 2009)
_________
OPINION
_________
PER CURIAM
Petitioner Daniel Baodi Awuku seeks review of a final order of removal. The
Government has moved to dismiss the petition for review for lack of jurisdiction. For the
reasons that follow, we will deny the Government’s motion to dismiss, and deny the
petition for review.
I. Background
Awuku is a native and citizen of Ghana. He entered the United States on July 10,
1993, and received lawful permanent resident status. During the next fourteen years,
Awuku accumulated several criminal convictions for firearms and controlled substances-
related offenses. On October 17, 2007, the Department of Homeland Security initiated
removal proceedings. The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) found Awuku to be credible, but in
any event removable based on his criminal convictions. The IJ further concluded that the
convictions rendered Awuku statutorily ineligible for withholding of removal and asylum.
In addition, the IJ found that Awuku was unable to make a meritorious claim under
the United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) based on either his status as a
deportee or because of his sexual orientation. The IJ specifically found that Awuku had
failed to demonstrate that any potential reprisals from his uncle, friends and other
Ghanaian nationals, which he feared on account of his prospective societal status as a
criminal deportee, implicate Ghana’s government or rise to the level of torture. And
while the IJ did note that homosexual Ghanaians face criminal penalties and sometimes
abuse rising to the level of torture, he also found that Awuku had “failed to show that he
would be identified as a bisexual or homosexual if he were returned to Ghana” (A.R. 48),
or that “he would in fact engage in homosexual activity in Ghana.” (A.R. 49.) But, the IJ
2
found, even if one or both of those situations were extant post-removal, “the evidence
[did] not support the conclusion that it is more likely than not that [Awuku] would be
subject to torture . . . .” (A.R. 50.)
The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed. With specific reference to
Awuku’s CAT claim, the only one raised on appeal, the BIA noted that while it was
“sensitive to the very serious challenges faced by the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
transgender (LGBT) community in Ghana . . . the evidence does not support the view that
[any] mistreatment has descended or is likely to descend to the level of ‘torture’ within
the meaning of the CAT.” (BIA op. at 2.) The BIA emphasized that “torture is ‘an
extreme form of cruel and inhuman treatment, that does not include ‘rough and deplorable
treatment, such as police brutality.’” Id. (citations omitted). Awuku then filed a petition
for review with this Court. The Government moved to dismiss, contending that we lack
jurisdiction over the petition for review.1
II. Jurisdiction
We will deny the Government’s motion to dismiss because we have jurisdiction
over Awuku’s petition for review. The Government is certainly correct that 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(2)(C) prevents Awuku from challenging his removability in this Court.
1
We denied Awuku’s stay motion in a prior order, and he was removed from the
United States to Ghana on or around March 10, 2009. This fact, of course, does not raise
mootness concerns. See Bejar v. Ashcroft, 324 F.3d 127, 132 (3d Cir. 2003).
3
However, it is wrong in its repeated assertion that “[t]his Court lacks jurisdiction over any
challenge to the finding that [Awuku] failed to establish eligibility for CAT protection, as
that is a factual determination.” (Gov’t Mot. to Dis. at 3; Gov’t Br. at 12.)
Under § 1252(a)(2)(D), this Court has jurisdiction to review whether a petitioner
has met his burden of proof on a CAT claim when the question implicates the BIA’s
application of law to undisputed facts. See Toussaint v. Att’y Gen., 455 F.3d 409, 412
n.3 (3d Cir. 2006) (“[t]he question here involves not disputed facts but whether the facts,
even when accepted as true, sufficiently demonstrate that it is more likely than not that
[Toussaint] will be subject to persecution or torture upon removal to Haiti”); Kamara v.
Att’y Gen., 420 F.3d 202, 210-11 (3d Cir. 2005) (court of appeals has jurisdiction after
REAL ID Act to review the application of law to undisputed fact in the CAT claim of an
alien convicted of an aggravated felony). Such is the case for Awuku, whose only claim
before this Court is that the evidence of record supports his application for relief under
the CAT. We turn to that claim now.
III. Discussion
Awuku’s success on the merits of his petition for review hinges on his ability to
demonstrate eligibility for CAT relief, which he predicates on his fear that he will be
tortured because of his sexual orientation.2 It is incumbent upon a petitioner seeking such
2
Relying completely on its jurisdictional argument, the Government does not address
the merits of Awuku’s CAT claim in its brief.
4
relief to demonstrate “that it is ‘more likely than not’ that he or she will be tortured.”
Pierre v. Att’y Gen., 528 F.3d 180, 186 (3d Cir. 2008) (en banc) (citation omitted). “In
order to constitute torture, an act must be specifically intended to inflict severe physical or
mental pain or suffering.” Id. (emphasis in original, citation omitted). That act must be
“inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public
official or other person acting in an official capacity.” Id. at 189 (quoting 8 C.F.R. §
208.18(a)(1)). Furthermore, it is not enough for public officials to be “willfully blind” to
torturous acts; the officials must be actively involved in the perpetration of such acts. Id.
at 190.
We first examine the most relevant excerpts from the undisputed evidence. The
2007 State Department Report states that “[h]uman rights problems [in Ghana] included
deaths resulting from the excessive use of force by police; vigilante justice; harsh and
life-threatening prison conditions; police corruption and impunity . . . societal
discrimination against women, person with disabilities, [and] homosexuals . . . .” (A.R.
388.) Further, “[t]he law criminalizes homosexuality, and lesbians and gays face
widespread discrimination, as well as police harassment and extortion attempts. There is a
minimum misdemeanor charge for homosexual activity, and homosexual men in prison
often were subjected to sexual and other physical abuse.” (A.R. 389.)3
3
The State Department Report does not indicate that the sexual and physical abuse is
attributable to prison officials.
5
In addition, the record contains an October 6, 2008 article from the New York
Times, excerpted in relevant part:
For the past few years, anti-gay hysteria has been sweeping
across swaths of Africa, fueled by sensationalist media reports
of open homosexuality among public figures and sustained by
deep and abiding taboos that have made even the most hateful
speech about gays not just acceptable but almost required. Gay
men and women have recently been arrested in Cameroon,
Nigeria, Uganda and Ghana, among other countries.
(A.R. 10) (emphasis added). Lastly, the 2006 report from the United Nations Human
Rights Council is also replete with examples of Ghanians, and in one case an Austrian
national, who were either criminally prosecuted for engaging in homosexual conduct, or
who were physically assaulted by non-governmental actors because of their sexual
orientation. (A.R. 259-263.)
This evidence, while unsettling, is ultimately insufficient under the CAT and this
Court’s case law. The record at best establishes the possibility that Awuku will suffer
societal discrimination and abuse, criminal penalties, maltreatment in prison, and
harassment and extortion from government officials, should he be identified as a
homosexual. The record, however, fails to demonstrate that it is “more likely than not”
that Awuku will be tortured because of his sexual orientation or, more importantly, that
any torturous acts will be “inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or
acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.” Pierre,
528 F.3d at 189; 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1).
6
Accordingly, we will deny the petition for review. The Government’s motion to
dismiss is denied.
7