United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________
No. 08-1638
___________
General Mills, Inc. & Subsidiaries, *
*
Plaintiff-Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the District of
* Minnesota.
United States of America, *
*
Defendant-Appellant. *
___________
Submitted: November 14, 2008
Filed: January 26, 2009
___________
Before WOLLMAN, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
___________
BENTON, Circuit Judge.
General Mills, Inc. (“GMI”) sued for refunds of corporate income tax. The
district court granted GMI summary judgment. The government appeals. Having
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court reverses and remands.
I.
GMI established three employee stock ownership plans (“ESOPs”). See 26
U.S.C. §§ 401(a), 401(k), 4975(e)(7). A single trust held the ESOPs’ assets, primarily
GMI common stock. GMI contributed to the ESOPs for the benefit of participating
employees. GMI claimed deductions for payments of principal and interest on the
Trust’s purchase of GMI stock (financed by outside lenders). See 26 U.S.C. §
404(a)(9), (k)(1), (k)(2)(A)(iv). These deductions, totaling over $77 million, are not
at issue.
When a participant left GMI, the Trust distributed, in cash or stock, the value
of the participant’s ESOP account. If a participant elected cash, the Trust could
request that GMI purchase company stock from the Trust, paying the Trust a dividend
(a “redemptive dividend”). From the redemptive dividend, the Trust could distribute
to the participant a “cash distribution redemptive dividend” as part of the total cash
distributed to a participant.
Cash Distribution Total Cash
Redemptive Redemptive Distributions
Tax Year Dividends1 Dividends To Participants
1992 $1,436,174 $1,280,358 $1,360,959
1993 $1,020,426 $1,176,241 $2,670,106
1994 $4,107,588 $2,542,502 $3,620,110
1995 $2,697,636 $3,155,139 $4,667,805
1997 $5,570,650 $5,570,650 $5,862,158
Total $14,832,474 $13,724,890 $18,181,138
GMI sued to recover $4,720,329, the value of deductions for the cash
distribution redemptive dividends. GMI argues that 26 U.S.C. § 404(k)(1) allows a
deduction for the cash distribution redemptive dividends. The government counters
that 26 U.S.C. § 162(k)(1), or alternatively § 404(k)(5), bars any deduction allowed
by § 404(k)(1). The district court ruled for GMI.
1
There is no dispute that GMI’s redemptive dividends are essentially equivalent
to dividends under 26 U.S.C. § 302(b)(1) and are treated as dividends under 26 U.S.C.
§§ 301, 316.
-2-
II.
“Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material
fact, and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Bearden v.
Int’l Paper Co., 529 F.3d 828, 831 (8th Cir. 2008), citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). This
court reviews the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and views the
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. This court also
reviews de novo the district court’s interpretation of statutes. Milavetz, Gallop &
Milavetz, P.A. v. United States, 541 F.3d 785, 791 (8th Cir. 2008).
A.
Section 404(k)(1) allows as “a deduction for a taxable year the amount of any
applicable dividend paid in cash by such corporation with respect to applicable
employer securities.” 26 U.S.C. § 404(k)(1). An “applicable dividend” includes “any
dividend which, in accordance with the plan provisions— . . . is paid to the plan and
is distributed in cash to participants in the plan or their beneficiaries not later than 90
days after the close of the plan year in which paid.” 26 U.S.C. § 404(k)(2)(A)(ii).
The deduction may be claimed only for the tax year when the participant receives
cash. 26 U.S.C. § 404(k)(4).
GMI’s payments to participants, routed through the Trust, are “applicable
dividends” under § 404(k)(2)(A)(ii). GMI, not the Trust, is the entity (“such
corporation”) claiming the § 404(k)(1) deduction. GMI’s payment of the redemptive
dividend to the Trust does not by itself qualify for a § 404(k)(1) deduction (nor does
an independently-funded cash distribution by the Trust to a participant). The §
404(k)(2)(A)(ii) transaction is a two-step process.
-3-
B.
The issue is whether 26 U.S.C. § 162(k)(1) — enacted two years later — bars
the deduction allowed by § 404(k)(1). “Except as provided in paragraph (2), no
deduction otherwise allowable shall be allowed under this chapter for any amount paid
or incurred by a corporation in connection with the redemption of its stock.” 26
U.S.C. § 162(k)(1) (1994).2 The parties agree that no exception in paragraph (2)
applies. The parties stipulate that the redemptive dividends are payments for GMI’s
redemption of Trust-held company stock.
1.
The district court ruled that § 162(k)(1) does not bar the § 404(k)(1) deduction.
Noting that § 162(k)(1) applies to a deduction that is “otherwise allowable,” the
district court reasoned that § 404(k)(1) does not allow a deduction for a redemptive
dividend alone, but only for that portion of the redemptive dividend distributed in cash
to participants. Accordingly, when applying § 162(k)(1), the court focused
exclusively on the cash distribution redemptive dividend, not the two-step applicable
dividend defined in § 404(k)(2)(A)(ii).
The district court then considered whether the cash distribution redemptive
dividend was “in connection with” GMI’s stock redemption. Citing a Ninth Circuit
decision and legislative history, the court concluded that the phrase “in connection
with” should be construed narrowly. See Boise Cascade Corp. v. United States, 329
F.3d 751, 758 (9th Cir. 2003); H.R. Rep. No. 99-841, at 168-69 (1986) (Conf. Rep.),
2
In 1996, Congress amended § 162(k)(1), replacing “the redemption of its
stock” with “the reacquisition of its stock or of the stock of any related person (as
defined in section 465(b)(3)(C)).” See Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996,
Pub. L. No. 104-188, § 1704(p)(1), 110 Stat. 1755, 1886 (1996). The parties agree
that the amendment has no bearing on this case.
-4-
1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4075, 4256-57. Quoting the Ninth Circuit, the court held that §
162(k)(1) bars deductions only for “fees and other expenditures ‘necessary and
incident’ to repurchase which would otherwise be deductible business expenses.”
Since the Trust had an independent duty to pay participants (although it distributed
nearly all the redemptive dividends to participants), the court concluded that the cash
distribution redemptive dividends were not “in connection with” GMI’s stock
redemption, and thus § 162(k)(1) does not apply.
2.
The district court failed to recognize that the “deduction otherwise allowable”
— barred by § 162(k)(1) — is the deduction for the “applicable dividend” defined in
§ 404(k)(2)(A)(ii). Three possible interpretations of “applicable dividend” are
proposed: (1) the redemptive dividend in isolation; (2) the cash distribution
redemptive dividend in isolation; and, (3) the redemptive dividend combined with the
cash distribution redemptive dividend.
The third interpretation is correct. Section 404(k)(2)(A)(ii) defines an
“applicable dividend” as two connected steps, the redemptive dividend (step 1) and
the cash distribution redemptive dividend (step 2). Neither step alone is sufficient,
and thus neither is an “applicable dividend” deductible under § 404(k)(1).
In this case, the “deduction otherwise allowable” is the deduction allowed by
§ 404(k)(1) for the applicable dividend defined in § 404(k)(2)(A)(ii). GMI
acknowledges that its first step, the redemptive dividend, is “in connection with” a
stock redemption. Both steps are therefore “in connection with” the stock redemption.
Section 162(k)(1) bars GMI’s deduction.
This court disagrees with the Ninth Circuit’s analysis in the Boise Cascade
case, which concluded that § 162(k)(1) did not bar a § 404(k)(1) deduction. Boise
-5-
Cascade, 329 F.3d at 756. See North Am. Life and Cas. Co. v. Comm’r, 533 F.2d
1046, 1051 (8th Cir. 1976) (“decisions of other courts of appeals in the area of
taxation” may be rejected if there are “cogent reasons for not following them”). That
court viewed the redemptive dividend and the cash distribution redemptive dividend
as “two segregable transactions,” “not ineluctably linked,” and “entirely separate.”
Boise Cascade, 329 F.3d at 757. That court emphasized that the Trustee’s duty to pay
the participant was not contingent on the company’s payment to the Trustee for the
redeemed stock. Id. at 758. The Ninth Circuit ruled that the isolated cash distribution
redemptive dividend was not “in connection with” the company’s stock redemption,
and thus § 162(k)(1) did not bar the deduction.
As indicated above, Congress in § 404(k)(1) and § 404(k)(2)(A)(ii) connects
the two steps, the redemptive dividend and the cash distribution redemptive dividend.
This court cannot rule that one step is “in connection with” the stock redemption,
while the other step is not. In this circuit, the phrase “in connection with” in a tax
code setting is broadly construed. Huntsman v. Comm’r, 905 F.2d 1182, 1184-85
(8th Cir. 1990), citing Snow v. Comm’r, 416 U.S. 500, 502-03 (1974); Ralston
Purina Co. v. Comm’r, 131 T.C. No. 4, 2008 WL 4159698 (2008) (citing Huntsman
and applying § 162(k)(1) to the two connected steps of a § 404(k)(2)(A)(ii) applicable
dividend).
The Ninth Circuit rejected a broad construction after extensive discussion of the
1986 legislative history of § 162(k)(1). To the contrary, the Conference Report states
that “the phrase ‘in connection with [a] redemption’ is intended to be construed
broadly.” H.R. Rep. No. 99-841, at 168 (1986) (Conf. Rep.), 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N.
4075, 4256. The House and Senate Reports each explains that while Congress enacted
§ 162(k)(1) in response to corporate taxation strategies in takeover bids, “[t]his
provision is not limited to hostile takeover situations but applies to any corporate
stock redemption.” S. Rep. 99-313, at 223 (1986); H.R. Rep. 99-426, at 249 n.15
(1985). True, the Conference Report states that § 162(k)(1) does not reach “a
-6-
transaction that has no nexus with the redemption other than being proximate in time
or arising out of the same general circumstances.” Here, § 404(k)(2)(A)(ii) creates a
nexus between the cash distribution redemptive dividend and the stock redemption.
Further, contrary to Boise Cascade, the legislative history does not say that
Congress intended § 162(k)(1) to bar deductions only for expenditures “necessary and
incident” to stock redemptions. Boise Cascade, 329 F.3d at 758. As the Senate and
House Reports both explain:
The committee intends that amounts subject to this provision
[§162(k)(1)] will include amounts paid to repurchase stock; premiums
paid for stock; legal, accounting, brokerage, transfer agent, appraisal, and
similar fees incurred in connection with repurchase; and any other
expenditure that is necessary or incident to repurchase, whether
representing costs incurred by the purchasing corporation or by the
selling shareholder (and paid or reimbursed by the purchasing
corporation), or incurred by persons or entities related to either.
S. Rep. 99-313, at 223 (1986); H.R. Rep. 99-246, at 249 (1985). The legislative
history restates the clear rule that § 162(k)(1) disallows “amounts paid to repurchase
stock,” and in addition, all other necessary or incidental expenses.
Finally, GMI contends that “the parties’ Stipulation requires that the two
transactions be respected as factually separate.” GMI highlights these facts:
! GMI was not required always to redeem Trust-held stock, and there were
instances when the Trust sold GMI stock on the open market (although this was
not in the Trust’s best interest).
! The Trust had an independent duty to pay participants even if GMI did not
redeem stock.
-7-
! The Trust did not always use the redemptive dividends to make cash
distributions to participants.
These facts are irrelevant, as the other payments are not at issue here and the
Trust’s duty does not disconnect the two steps required for the deduction. GMI seeks
a deduction for § 404(k)(2)(A)(ii) applicable dividends that are “in connection with”
the redemption of stock. In sum, while § 404(k)(1) allows a deduction, § 162(k)(1)
bars it.
III.
The judgment of the district court is reversed, and the case remanded.
______________________________
-8-