United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 08-1558
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Michael A. Dean; Jean P. Gibson; *
Pat Edmonds, *
*
Appellants, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Western District of Missouri.
Supt. Michael Bowersox; Patricia *
Cornell; Michele Buckner; Don Roper; * [UNPUBLISHED]
Ricky Fisher; Princess Fahnstock, *
*
Appellees, *
*
S.C.C.C. Censorship Committee, *
*
Defendant. *
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Submitted: April 7, 2009
Filed: April 22, 2009
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Before BYE, RILEY, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
Missouri inmates Michael A. Dean, Jean P. Gibson, and Pat Edmonds
(plaintiffs) appeal the district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim of their 42
U.S.C. § 1983 action alleging prison officials were wrongfully censoring publications,
in violation of their First Amendment rights. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and
remand for further proceedings.
As relevant, plaintiffs’ complaint and attached documents indicate defendants
seized from plaintiffs issues of Rockstar magazine, Penthouse magazine, and
American Curves magazine as violating regulations against material that “[p]romotes
violence, disorder, or the violation of state or federal law including inflammatory
material”; seized an issue of Penthouse-Forum magazine as portraying explicit sex
acts, sadistic sex acts, or sex acts in violation of state or federal law; and seized other
magazines for containing free items, specifically: Backpacker magazine (“contains
stickers”), National Geographic magazine (“contains an unauthorized poster”), and
Sports Illustrated (3-D glasses). Plaintiffs alleged that, in seizing the items,
defendants had not properly applied the constitutional standards for obscenity or
inflammatory material, and selectively applied the “contraband policy,” by using
“common advertising schemes” as an excuse to prevent inmates from receiving certain
publications in order to “impose their own personal moral views.” Plaintiffs further
alleged defendants could provide no evidence that removal of stickers or other free
items before providing the relevant publications to plaintiffs would endanger prison
security, and that the administrative burden of doing so would not be great. They
requested damages and injunctive relief.
The district court dismissed the complaint on defendants’ motion, finding
plaintiffs failed to demonstrate defendants’ censorship was not related to a legitimate
penological objective. The district court also denied plaintiffs’ Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 59(e) motion, stating censorship decisions made by prison officials should
be given deference.
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim. See
Carter v. Arkansas, 392 F.3d 965, 968 (8th Cir. 2004). Prison regulations that restrict
inmate access to publications are valid if the regulations are reasonably related to
legitimate penological interests. See Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 404, 412-
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14 (1989). The court must consider (1) whether there is a rational connection between
the regulation and a neutral, legitimate government interest; (2) whether alternative
means exist for the inmates to exercise the constitutional right; (3) what impact
accommodating the right would have on prison inmates, personnel, and resources; and
(4) whether obvious and easy alternatives exist. See id. at 414-18 (discussing the four
factor test established in Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987)).
To the extent plaintiffs were bringing a facial challenge to the regulations
denying sexually explicit material and material promoting violence, this court has
previously recognized a legitimate government interest behind such regulations. See
Murphy v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr., 372 F.3d 979, 986 (8th Cir. 2004) (declaring that a
prison “regulation that allows for censorship of incoming items that are likely to incite
violence is related to the institutional needs of maintaining a controlled and secure
environment”); Dawson v. Scurr, 986 F.2d 257, 261 (8th Cir. 1993) (suggesting a
sexually explicit publication “‘may be expected to circulate among prisoners’” with
the potential for “‘coordinated disruptive conduct’” (quoting Thornburgh, 490 U.S.
at 412)); Harris v. Bolin, 950 F.2d 547, 549 (8th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (discussing
security problems, such as fights, increased sexual activity, and destruction of
property, which were caused by sexually explicit materials in prisoners’ cells);
Carpenter v. South Dakota, 536 F.2d 759, 763 (8th Cir. 1976) (concluding the receipt
of sexually explicit materials would have a detrimental effect upon inmate
rehabilitation). Plaintiffs did not put forth an alternative to these regulations, and thus
we affirm dismissal of the facial challenge.
We find, however, plaintiffs sufficiently stated a claim with regard to these
regulations as applied to the particular publications at issue. See Murphy, 372 F.3d
at 986 (deciding “[a] regulation valid and neutral in other respects may be invalid if
it is applied to the particular items in such a way that negates the legitimate
concerns”). Although plaintiffs have not been allowed to see the publications,
plaintiffs alleged third parties have stated the publications were not inflammatory, and
that they were not “obscene.” Liberally construing plaintiffs’ pro se allegations, see
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Atkinson v. Bohn, 91 F.3d 1127, 1129 (8th Cir. 1996) (per curiam), and considering
plaintiffs have not been able to view the materials in question, we find their
allegations sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss.
Turning to plaintiffs’ challenge to the prohibition on publications that contained
stickers, posters, or other free items, we find plaintiffs stated a claim as to both their
facial challenge and their as-applied challenge. The regulation at issue is not included
in the record, let alone any justification by defendants to support the regulation,
making a Turner analysis difficult. In addition, plaintiffs have put forth an arguably
reasonable alternative to the regulation, i.e., remove the prohibited items from the
publications, and defendants have provided no explanation in this record as to why
this alternative would be burdensome or otherwise unworkable. Cf. Thornburgh, 490
U.S. at 419 (explaining “when prison officials are able to demonstrate they have
rejected a less restrictive alternative because of reasonably rounded fears that it will
lead to greater harm, they have demonstrated their alternative was not an exaggerated
response). Further, plaintiffs allege the regulation against free items is not uniformly
applied, leading to improper content-based determinations. See Murphy, 372 F.3d at
986 (stating the prison regulation was “reasonably related to legitimate penological
interests,” but remanding for a determination on whether the specific item censored
satisfied the Turner factors).
Accordingly, we grant plaintiffs leave to proceed in forma pauperis, and we
affirm the dismissal of any facial challenge to the prison’s regulations prohibiting
sexually explicit and violent material, but we remand for further consideration of the
validity of the regulations as applied to the publications at issue. We also remand for
further consideration of the regulation prohibiting free items, both the regulation on
its face and as applied to the publications at issue. We deny as moot plaintiffs’ motion
for appointed appellate counsel.
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