United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 08-2025
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Spiro Lybesha; Erilda Demo; Ersa *
Lybesha, *
*
Petitioners, *
* On Petition for Review of an
v. * Order of the Board of
* Immigration Appeals.
1
Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General *
of the United States, *
*
Respondent. *
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Submitted: May 12, 2009
Filed: June 26, 2009
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Before WOLLMAN, JOHN R. GIBSON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
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MURPHY, Circuit Judge.
Petitioners Spiro Lybesha, his wife Erilda Demo, and their daughter Ersa
Lybesha, natives and citizens of Albania, sought asylum, withholding of removal and
protection under the Convention against Torture (CAT). The Immigration Judge (IJ)
1
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Attorney General
Eric H. Holder, Jr., is automatically substituted for Michael B. Mukasey as
Respondent.
denied all three claims and was affirmed by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA).
Petitioners seek review, arguing that the IJ and the BIA erred in denying the relief
they seek. We deny the petition.
Petitioners entered the United States from Albania on April 17, 2000 as
nonimmigrant visitors authorized to stay until October 16, 2000. On September 4,
2001 petitioners filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal and
protection under CAT. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) charged
petitioners as removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B) for staying in the country
beyond the time allowed. Petitioners conceded removability.
Petitioners sought relief from removal based on Spiro Lybesha's membership
and past participation in the Democratic Party of Albania. Before the IJ, Lybesha
asserted that between May 1996 and April 1997 he was beaten for taking part in a
Democratic Party demonstration, he was stabbed and hospitalized for promoting a
Democratic Party candidate, and his home and vehicle were bombed. Lybesha further
testified that in April 2000 his wife's grandfather was shot and killed. Lybesha
believed the murder to be related to his political activities, prompting petitioners to
leave Albania for the United States. Lybesha testified that if he returned to Albania,
he and his family would be persecuted for his involvement in the Democratic Party.
The IJ also heard testimony from Lybesha's wife and brother in law.
The IJ found petitioners statutorily ineligible for asylum because they had not
applied within one year of arrival in the United States and failed to demonstrate
changed or extraordinary circumstances sufficient to excuse the untimely application.
The IJ further determined that even had petitioners timely filed their application, they
failed to meet their burden of proof on the merits because of a lack of credibility. The
IJ also noted that country conditions in Albania had changed such that petitioners' fear
of future persecution was not well founded. The adverse credibility findings coupled
with the changed country conditions formed the basis of the IJ's denial of petitioners'
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claims for withholding of removal and protection under CAT. On appeal, the BIA
affirmed the IJ's decision in its entirety. Petitioners filed a timely petition for review
arguing that the denial of their application for asylum, withholding of removal, and
protection under CAT was flawed in several respects.
Petitioners argue that the IJ and the BIA erred in finding them ineligible for
asylum. The IJ and the BIA determined petitioners had failed to request asylum
within the one year time limit and had not demonstrated changed or extraordinary
circumstances sufficient to excuse the untimely application. See 8 U.S.C. §
1158(a)(2). As petitioners recognize, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3) precludes judicial review
of these determinations. Bejet-Viali Al-Jojo v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 823, 826-27 (8th
Cir. 2005). This jurisdictional bar does not preclude judicial review of constitutional
claims or questions of law. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Manani v. Filip, 552 F.3d 894,
900 (8th Cir. 2009). Petitioners assert that this exception applies here.
To determine whether an alien has raised a constitutional claim or question of
law, we look to the nature of the argument advanced in the petition. Purwantono v.
Gonzales, 498 F.3d 822, 824 (8th Cir. 2007). Petitioners argue that a combination of
several circumstances—including their inability to speak English, lack of knowledge
as to the asylum process, and fear of leaving their home—are sufficient to excuse the
failure to timely request asylum. This argument does not present a constitutional
claim or question of law, but rather a dispute with the BIA's factual determination that
petitioners have not demonstrated sufficient changed or extraordinary circumstances.
Id.; Yakovenko v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 631, 635-36 (8th Cir. 2007). Accordingly, we
dismiss petitioners' asylum claim for lack of jurisdiction.
Petitioners appeal the denial of their claims for withholding of removal and
protection under CAT first on the ground that the IJ erred in its adverse credibility
findings. An IJ's findings of fact, including findings on credibility, are "conclusive
unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary."
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Rafiyev v. Mukasey, 536 F.3d 853, 856 (8th Cir. 2008). Credibility findings are
specifically entitled to great weight because the IJ sees the witnesses testify and is in
the best position to assess credibility. Fofanah v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 1037, 1040 (8th
Cir. 2006). We defer to an IJ's credibility finding if the finding is supported by "a
specific, cogent reason for disbelief." Al Milaji v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 768, 772 (8th
Cir. 2008).
The IJ's adverse credibility determinations were supported by several
inconsistencies related to: Lybesha's May 1996 beating, his June 1996 stabbing, the
bombing of his home and car, and his family's departure from Albania. Petitioners'
statements in support of asylum, witness testimony, and the statements of other family
members differed as to the dates, circumstances, and extent of those events. The
inconsistencies involve key issues of petitioners' claims for relief, and provide
substantial evidence to support the adverse credibility findings by the IJ and the
affirmance by the BIA. Guled v. Mukasey, 515 F.3d 872, 880-81 (8th Cir. 2008).
While petitioners attempted to reconcile those inconsistencies, the IJ was permitted
to and indeed did reject their explanations. Onsongo v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 849, 853
(8th Cir. 2006). Because petitioners' withholding of removal and CAT claims are
based on the same inconsistent testimony, the adverse credibility findings are fatal to
both claims. Zine v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 535, 541 (8th Cir. 2008).
Even if petitioners had been deemed credible, they would not be entitled to
relief. The IJ and the BIA determined that country conditions in Albania have
changed such that petitioners would no longer have a well founded fear of persecution
upon return to the country. Petitioners' claims for relief were based upon past
persecution by Socialist Party members provoked by Lybesha's membership and
participation in the Democratic Party of Albania. On appeal, the BIA recognized that
the Democratic Party now controls the Presidency, the Prime Ministership, and the
Parliament. As the Democratic Party is in control of the Albanian government,
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petitioners were unable to meet their burden of establishing the well founded fear of
persecution required for withholding of removal and CAT claims.
Petitioners also assert a due process claim based on the IJ's acceptance of a
DHS Forensic Document Laboratory report following the deadline for submission of
all evidence and following the conclusion of the merits hearing. The traditional rules
of evidence do not apply in immigration proceedings, except to the extent that due
process is implicated. Tun v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 1014, 1025-26 (8th Cir. 2007). To
comport with the requirements of due process in the context of immigration
proceedings, evidence must be probative and its admission must be fundamentally
fair. Nyama v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 812, 816 (8th Cir. 2004). Petitioners were
provided an opportunity to respond to the DHS's submission of the report, and indeed
submitted a written objection to the admission of the evidence. Following admission
of the report, there is no indication that petitioners were prevented from submitting
evidence to refute the report.
To prevail on a claim alleging a violation of due process, petitioners must make
a showing of prejudice. Shoaira v. Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 837, 843 (8th Cir. 2004). This
requires petitioners to demonstrate that the complained of defects in the proceedings
may well have resulted in removal that would not otherwise have occurred. Tun, 485
F.3d at 1026. As the BIA correctly observed, petitioners have not made any showing
that the DHS report was relied on by the IJ in deciding their case let alone that its
admission affected the outcome of their application for relief. The DHS report was
probative, its admission was fundamentally fair, and petitioners have not demonstrated
that it prejudiced the outcome of the matter. Petitioners have not made any showing
that admission of the DHS report violated their due process rights.
Finally, petitioners contend that the combination of the above alleged errors
demonstrate the IJ's bias, which prevented them from receiving a full and fair hearing.
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Petitioners did not raise any allegation of bias in their appeal, however. By not raising
this issue before the BIA they failed to exhaust their administrative remedies and
deprived this court of jurisdiction over this claim. Sultani v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 878,
884 (8th Cir. 2006).2
For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition for review.
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2
Even if petitioners had included this issue in their appeal to the BIA, the claim
is without merit. The record does not reflect bias on the IJ's part, and petitioners have
not provided any examples of bias they allege in prior cases before that judge.
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