United States v. Gamba

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FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,  No. 06-35021 Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. Nos. v.  CV-04-00162-DWM JUSTIN METUCHEN GAMBA, CR-01-00068-DWM Defendant-Appellant.  OPINION Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana Donald W. Molloy, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted November 17, 2006—Portland, Oregon Filed April 11, 2007 Before: Alfred T. Goodwin, Raymond C. Fisher, and Milan D. Smith, Jr., Circuit Judges. Opinion by Judge Milan D. Smith, Jr.; Dissent by Judge Fisher 4085 4088 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA COUNSEL Daniel R. Wilson, Measure, Robbin & Wilson, P.C., Kalis- pell, Montana, for the defendant-appellant. Joshua S. Van de Wetering, Assistant United States Attorney, Missoula, Montana, for the plaintiff-appellee. OPINION MILAN D. SMITH, JR., Circuit Judge: Justin Metuchen Gamba was convicted and sentenced for witness tampering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b). Gamba appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for relief filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Specifically, Gamba argues that the district court erred in denying his § 2255 motion because it did not find Gamba’s appellate counsel ineffective when he failed to challenge on appeal the magistrate judge’s jurisdic- tion to preside over closing argument without Gamba’s per- sonal consent. We affirm because the magistrate judge had proper jurisdiction over closing argument at Gamba’s trial. Defense counsel may waive a defendant’s right to have an Article III judge conduct closing argument where the decision is one of trial tactics or strategy. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY Gamba was charged with two counts of making false state- ments in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001, two counts of witness tampering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1812(b), and one count of being an accessory after the fact in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3. All of Gamba’s charges arose from his attempts to foil the prosecution of his girlfriend on drug and gun charges. He pleaded not guilty to all charges and the case was set for jury trial. Gamba retained attorney Ed Sheehy to represent him at trial. UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4089 Gamba’s trial lasted one day. After testimony concluded, Sheehy, without Gamba being present, and the Assistant United States Attorney, Joshua Van de Wetering, convened in the district court judge’s chambers to finalize jury instruc- tions. After the instructions were finalized, Chief District Judge Molloy informed the parties that he had to pick his wife up from the hospital and suggested that the trial reconvene after he returned. The relevant portion of the trial transcript reads as follows: THE COURT: Let me tell you what the problem is that I’ve got. I’ve got to pick my wife up at the hospital at 2:30 and run her home and then come back here. So what I’d like to do, if at all possible—and—shoot, it will be—2:30, make sure you’re here at 2:30, because that’s when it will be. And it just may delay me a lit- tle bit. Do you have any objection? One thing that I could do is have Judge Erickson sit in on the argu- ment and submit the case to the jury. I mean, I can instruct the jury, but then he would just preside and give it to the jury. MR. SHEEHY: Yeah, I have no objection to that. THE COURT: I’ll leave it up to you guys and I won’t force you, I just have to — MR. SHEEHY: I understand. THE COURT: If they did things the way I try and run things, I could go over, pick her up and be back in half hour. 4090 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA MR. SHEEHY: I understand what you’re talking about; I have no problem doing that. MR. VAN de WETERING: I think that’s a great idea. (Whereupon, the Court picked up the phone and had tele- phone conversation with Magistrate Judge Erickson’s assis- tant.) THE COURT: So is that all right with you guys? MR. SHEEHY: Yeah. THE COURT: Is that all right with the defendant? MR. SHEEHY: Yeah, he won’t care. THE COURT: So here’s what we’re going to do . . . . I’ll go in, instruct the jury, you get on your opening, you on yours and, hopefully, we can get it done. But if we’re running out of time at 2:30, I’ll take a break and then ask Judge Erickson to come in and just sit there for the balance of the argument and submit the instructions and Mary will swear in the bailiff and then send them off. Shortly thereafter, the trial reconvened in the courtroom with Gamba and the jury present. Judge Molloy addressed the jury: THE COURT: I am going to have to leave at 2:30 because my wife had a medical UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4091 procedure and I have to pick her up. So Judge Erickson, who is the magistrate judge, will come in and preside over the arguments of counsel in this case. They’ll start while I’m here, but we may take a real short break so that I can step off and he can come in. The parties have consented to that. (Emphasis added). Neither Gamba nor his counsel raised any objection to Judge’s Molloy’s announcement. Judge Molloy exited the courtroom after instructing the jury and after counsel for the government had begun his clos- ing argument. Magistrate Judge Erickson took the bench. Nei- ther Gamba nor his counsel objected to the presence of Magistrate Judge Erickson, who made no comments or rul- ings during the time he presided over the closing arguments. At the conclusion of closing argument, Magistrate Judge Erickson submitted the case to the jury. The jury found Gamba guilty of witness tampering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1812(b) and Gamba was later sentenced to thirty-three months imprisonment. Gamba did not object to the magistrate judge’s presiding over closing argument after the jury handed down its verdict or when he was sentenced by the district court. Gamba’s petition for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 comes after this court denied his first appeal for insufficiency of evi- dence. See United States v. Gamba, 76 F. App’x. 209 (9th Cir. 2003). The district court denied Gamba’s § 2255 motion on the grounds that Gamba’s counsel did not render ineffective counsel by consenting to the magistrate judge presiding over closing argument or by failing to raise the magistrate judge consent issue on appeal, but granted Gamba a certificate of appealability on the magistrate jurisdiction issue pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c). 4092 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA JURISDICTION We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2253 and 2255. STANDARD OF REVIEW Whether the district court’s delegation of authority to a magistrate judge to preside over closing argument is proper under the Federal Magistrates Act is a question of law subject to de novo review. United States v. Colacurcio, 84 F.3d 326, 328 (9th Cir. 1996). The district court’s denial of a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion is also subject to de novo review. United States v. Ware, 416 F.3d 1118, 1120 (9th Cir. 2005). DISCUSSION [1] The issue before us is one of first impression in this cir- cuit. Specifically, we address whether a district court judge may lawfully appoint a magistrate judge to preside over clos- ing argument at a felony criminal trial if the defendant’s coun- sel has, for trial tactic or legal strategy purposes, agreed to such appointment.1 [2] “The Federal Magistrates Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 631-39, governs the jurisdiction and authority of federal magistrates.” United States v. Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1118 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). The Act allows the district court to assign magistrate judges certain enumerated duties, as well as any 1 While we have examined issues involving consent and magistrate juris- diction, we have never specifically addressed the question posed in this appeal. See United States v. Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1119 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (holding a magistrate judge may conduct plea colloquies pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 if defendant consents); United States v. Sanchez-Sanchez, 333 F.3d 1065, 1067 (9th Cir. 2003) (finding the magistrate judge lacked authority to conduct a revocation pro- ceeding because neither defendant nor his counsel consented to allowing the magistrate judge to preside). UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4093 “additional duties as are not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(3). The Supreme Court initially examined the scope of the “ad- ditional duties” provision of the Act in Gomez v. United States, 490 U.S. 858 (1989), in the context of whether a mag- istrate judge had jurisdiction to preside over voir dire in a fel- ony trial. In Gomez, the Court determined the magistrate judge had exceeded his jurisdiction by conducting voir dire in a felony trial over the defendant’s objection. Id. at 876. Because the Court found no reference to jury selection in the Federal Magistrates Act or its legislative history, it deter- mined Congress did not intend to include jury selection within the § 636(b)(3) “additional duties” provision. Id. at 871-76. Two years later, faced with a conflict among the circuits in interpreting Gomez and applying the § 636(b)(3) catch-all “additional duties” provision, the Court decided Peretz v. United States, 501 U.S. 923 (1991). Because the dissent relies on what we respectfully take to be a misreading of Peretz, we review its facts and holding at some length. In Peretz, the facts were as follows: At a pretrial conference attended by both petitioner and his counsel, the District Judge asked if there was “[a]ny objection to picking the jury before a magis- trate?” Petitioner’s counsel responded: “I would love the opportunity.” Immediately before the jury selec- tion commenced, the Magistrate asked for, and received, assurances from counsel for petitioner and from counsel for his codefendant that she had their clients’ consent to proceed with the jury selection. She then proceeded to conduct the voir dire and to supervise the selection of the jury. Neither defendant asked the District Court to review any ruling made by the Magistrate. . . . In the District Court, peti- 4094 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA tioner raised no objection to the fact that the Magis- trate had conducted the voir dire. Id. at 925 (citations omitted). On appeal from his conviction to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, Peretz contended that the lower court had erred in assigning jury selection to the magistrate and that the Court’s decision in Gomez required reversal. The Court of Appeals disagreed, citing its earlier decision in United States v. Musacchia, 900 F. 2d 493 (2d Cir. 1990), in which “the Second Circuit had affirmed a conviction in a case in which the defendant had not objected to jury selection by the Magis- trate.” Id. at 926. In order to illustrate the conflict among the circuits, the Supreme Court then quoted approvingly and at length from the Second Circuit’s Musacchia opinion: Appellants additionally claim that Gomez states that a magistrate is without jurisdiction under the Federal Magistrates Act to conduct voir dire. We disagree. Since Gomez was decided we and other circuits have focused on the ‘without defendant’s consent’ lan- guage and generally ruled that where there is either consent or a failure to object a magistrate may con- duct the jury voir dire in a felony case. See [United States v. Vanwort, 857 F. 2d 375, 382-383 (2d Cir. 1989), cert. denied sub nom. Chaptoteau v. United States, 495 U.S. 906 (1990); United States v. Mang Sun Wong, 884 F. 2d 1537, 1544 (2d Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1082 (1990); United States v. Lopez-Pena, 915 F.2d 1542, 1545-1548 (1st Cir. 1989)] (not plain error to permit magistrate to pre- side since objection to magistrate must be raised or waived); Government of the Virgin Islands v. Wil- liams, 892 F.2d 305, 310 (3d Cir. 1989) (absent demand no constitutional difficulty under § 636(b)(3) with delegating jury selection to magis- trate); United States v. Ford, 824 F. 2d 1430, 1438- UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4095 39 (5th Cir. 1987) (en banc) (harmless error for mag- istrate to conduct voir dire where defendant failed to object), cert denied, 484 U.S. 1034 (1988); United States v. Wey, 895 F.2d 429 (7th Cir. 1990) (jury selection by magistrate is not plain error where no prejudice is shown). Id. (emphasis added). After noting that the holding in Gomez was “carefully lim- ited to the situation in which the parties had not acquiesced at trial to the magistrate’s role” and had divided the Courts of Appeals, the Court commented that “[o]n the other hand, those courts had uniformly rejected challenges to a magis- trate’s authority to conduct the voir dire when no objection to his performance of the duty had been raised in the trial court.” Id. at 928. After extolling the now essential role played by magistrate judges in helping district court judges handle their “bloated dockets,” id. at 928, and concluding that with the defendant’s consent the constitutional analysis is successfully negotiated, it noted: The generality of the category of “additional duties” indicates that Congress intended to give federal judges significant leeway to experiment with possi- ble improvements in the efficiency of the judicial process that had not already been tried or even fore- seen. If Congress had intended strictly to limit these additional duties to functions considered in the com- mittee hearings or debates, presumably it would have included in the statute a bill of particulars rather than a broad residuary clause. Construing this residuary clause absent concerns about raising a constitutional issue or depriving a defendant of an important right, we should not foreclose constructive experiments that are acceptable to all participants in the trial pro- 4096 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA cess and are consistent with the basic purposes of the statute. Id. at 932-33. The Court next dealt with the issue of waiver in the context of magistrate jurisdiction. “We have previously held that litigants may waive their personal right to have an Article III judge pre- side over a civil trial. The most basic rights of crimi- nal defendants are similarly subject to waiver. Just as the Constitution affords no protection to a defendant who waives these fundamental rights, so it gives no assistance to a defendant who fails to demand the presence of an Article III judge at the selection of his jury.” Id. at 936-37 (citations omitted). [3] The Court also found additional protections to defen- dants by virtue of the fact that “[t]he ultimate decision whether to invoke the magistrate’s assistance is made by the district court, subject to veto by the parties.” Id. at 937. Fur- thermore, “[b]ecause the entire process takes place under the district court’s total control and jurisdiction, there is no dan- ger that use of the magistrate involves a congressional attem- p[t] to transfer jurisdiction [to non-Article III tribunals] for the purpose of emasculating constitutional courts.” Id. (inter- nal citations and quotation marks omitted). Finally, the Court held “that permitting a magistrate to conduct the voir dire in a felony trial when the defendant raises no objection is entirely faithful to the congressional purpose in enacting and amending the Federal Magistrates Act.” Id. at 940. [4] Following the Supreme Court’s focus on the defen- dant’s consent in Peretz, this court articulated a two-pronged test to determine whether a duty, not specified in the Act, may UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4097 be delegated to a magistrate judge under the catch-all “addi- tional duty” provision, § 636(b)(3). Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d at 1119. We determined that whether a duty designated to a magistrate judge falls under § 636(b)(3) “depends, first and foremost, on whether the parties have consented, and sec- ondly, on whether the additional duties bear some relation to the specified duties that magistrate judges can perform.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). A. Consent The central issue before this panel is the degree to which a defendant himself must be involved in the decision to allow a magistrate judge to preside over closing argument. Because Sheehy’s decision to consent to Magistrate Judge Erickson presiding over Gamba’s closing argument was a technical and strategic legal decision, we hold it is a decision that an attor- ney may properly make on a defendant’s behalf. [5] Numerous courts have held that defense counsel may waive constitutional rights of the accused as part of the trial strategy or tactics. In Wilson v. Gray, 345 F.2d 282, 286 (9th Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 383 U.S. 919 (1965), for example, we determined that counsel may waive the accused’s Sixth Amendment right to cross-examination and confrontation as a matter of trial tactics or strategy. There, defense counsel stipulated that a matter could be heard on the transcript of the preliminary hearing, though each side retained the right to produce additional evidence at trial. Id. at 287. We found that this decision was “deliberately made as a matter of trial tactics and strategy” because the accused was charged with assault with a deadly weapon, and the transcript of the witness testi- mony was “far more innocuous than the appearance of that witness before the state judge could ever have been.” Id. at 287-88 & n.8. We concluded that in this instance the defen- dant’s “right to cross examine and confront prosecution wit- nesses was effectively waived by his counsel.” Id. at 288; see also United States v. Plitman, 194 F.3d 59, 64 (2d Cir. 1999) 4098 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA (“We therefore join the majority of circuit courts of appeals and hold that defense counsel may waive a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation where the decision is one of trial tactics or strategy that might be considered sound.”). [6] Just as defense counsel made a tactical decision to waive his client’s Sixth Amendment right to cross- examination and confrontation in Wilson v. Gray, Sheehy’s decision to consent to Magistrate Judge Erickson presiding over Gamba’s closing argument (to which Gamba made no objection when the agreement was announced in open court) was also a strategic choice. As Sheehy explained in a letter to Gamba, “if we had objected to Judge Erickson coming in and listening to the closing arguments, rather than Judge Molloy, Judge Molloy would have simply delayed the closing argu- ment and I did not see the merit in doing that.” Based on the record before this court, it appears that Sheehy understood the nuances of the case, observed the jury, and made a strategic decision that a continuance would disadvantage his client. This is precisely the type of tactical decision that counsel is retained to provide. See Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 345 (1963) (emphasizing the importance of the knowledge and skill counsel brings to bear when representing a defendant in a criminal trial). [7] Moreover, the Supreme Court in Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175 (2004), explained that: An attorney undoubtedly has a duty to consult with the client regarding important decisions, including questions of overarching defense strategy. That obli- gation, however, does not require counsel to obtain the defendant’s consent to every tactical decision. But certain decisions regarding the exercise or waiver of basic trial rights are of such moment that they cannot be made for the defendant by a surro- gate. A defendant, this Court affirmed, has the ulti- mate authority to determine whether to plead guilty, UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4099 waive a jury, testify in his or her own behalf, or take an appeal. Concerning those decisions, an attorney must both consult the defendant and obtain consent to the recommended course of action. Id. at 187 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added). Although the Court did not provide an exhaustive list of “basic trial rights,” the Court did not list the right to an Article III judge presiding over closing argument as one of those rights, and it cannot reasonably be said that such a “right”— if there is one at all— rises to the level of such basic and fundamental rights as deciding whether to plead guilty or appeal one’s conviction, particularly in light of Peretz. Thus, Gamba’s consent was not necessary for Sheehy to agree to Magistrate Judge Erickson presiding over closing argument. Despite the fact that Sheehy made an appropriate tactical decision, the dissent interprets Peretz to require a defendant’s knowing, informed, and personal consent to a magistrate judge’s jurisdiction. Dissent at 4103; see also United States v. Maragh, 174 F.3d 1202,1206 (11th Cir. 1999) (remanding the case to the district court for an evidentiary hearing on whether the defendant personally consented to a magistrate judge con- ducting voir dire in a felony criminal proceeding). The dissent extrapolates this rule from two facts in Peretz: (1) the defen- dant and his counsel both attended the pre-trial conference where the counsel consented to the magistrate judge’s juris- diction, and (2) in response to the magistrate’s question, coun- sel indicated she had defendant’s consent to proceed with jury selection. Dissent at 4104-4105 (citing Peretz, 501 U.S. at 925).2 However, there is no express indication in Peretz that the defendant ever personally consented to the magistrate’s pres- 2 Arguably, Gamba’s presence in court when Judge Molloy announced the agreement of the parties that the magistrate judge would preside over closing argument in his absence is comparable to Peretz’s presence in the pre-trial conference. 4100 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA ence, or that the Court requires that such consent to be person- ally given. Peretz, 501 U.S. at 936 n.2 (explaining the defense counsel’s duty to weigh the costs and benefits of a magistrate judge’s supervision of voir dire). Moreover, despite Justice Marshall’s dissent in Peretz, the Court declined to extend the express consent requirement found in 18 U.S.C. § 3401(b), which requires a defendant charged with a misdemeanor to expressly consent to be tried before a magistrate judge, to apply to a magistrate judge’s ability to perform “additional duties” under § 636(b)(3). See Peretz, 501 U.S. at 947 n.6 (Marshall, J., dissenting) (arguing that the written and express consent requirements found in 18 U.S.C. § 3401 should have been applied to the § 636(b)(3) additional duties provision). We do not know, as suggested by the dissent, whether the Peretz court “contemplated” that defendant’s consent must be personal, but it by no means required it.3 Dissent at 4106. The dissent also argues that because the magistrate judge lacks familiarity with the proceeding, allowing him to preside over closing argument risks “a fractured judicial approach and rulings inconsistent with prior proceedings.” Dissent at 4109. This proposition actually reinforces our argument that such a decision is necessarily strategic and technical in nature, and, therefore, best made by an attorney. Few defendants have the training to permit them to appreciate the various legal con- cerns at issue when a magistrate judge is delegated authority to preside over closing argument. Because an attorney under- stands the importance of consistency in a trial proceeding, he is best equipped to make an immediate determination as to the risks or benefits of accepting a magistrate judge as a substitute for a district court judge. Attorney Sheehy’s decision to allow 3 The Supreme Court is habitually clear when a defendant’s personal and informed consent is required to waive a constitutional right. See, e.g., Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 241-43 (1969) (explaining that a guilty plea and the waiver of right to counsel must be made “knowingly” and “intelligently” by the defendant). Notably, the Court did not include such language in Peretz. UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4101 a magistrate judge to preside over closing argument in Gamba’s trial was a strategic, technical legal decision and Gamba’s personal consent was not required.4 Even if the dissent were correct and we were to hold that Gamba’s personal, knowing consent to the magistrate presid- ing over the closing arguments in his trial was required, he has waived his right to object to Magistrate Judge Erickson’s presence by failing to raise his objection when Judge Molloy announced the agreement of the parties, at the time of the jury verdict, at sentencing or in his first appeal. Under Peretz, Gamba’s failure to object clothed the magistrate with author- ity to preside over the closing arguments. B. Additional Duties In addition to finding the required consent, we must deter- mine whether closing argument “bear[s] some relation to the specified duties” that magistrate judges are already authorized to perform. Peretz, 501 U.S. at 930. We hold that it does. [8] In Peretz, the Court found that the Act’s “additional duties clause permits a magistrate to supervise jury selection in a felony trial provided the parties consent.” Id. at 933 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court reasoned that the responsibility and importance of presiding over voir dire at a felony trial are comparable to the duties and responsibility that magistrate judges have in supervising entire civil and misdemeanor trials. Id.; see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(a) (with the parties’ consent, a district court judge may delegate the super- vision of entire civil and misdemeanor trials to a magistrate 4 In Peretz, the Court also found that “a defendant has no constitutional right to have an Article III judge preside at jury selection if the defendant has raised no objection to the judge’s absence.” Peretz, 501 U.S. at 936. Therefore, even if Gamba’s counsel had not consented to Magistrate Judge Erickson’s supervision of closing argument, any failure to object to Judge Molloy’s absence would have been deemed a waiver of Gamba’s right to an Article III judge at critical stages of a felony criminal proceeding. 4102 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA judge). The Peretz Court, as noted above, also encouraged the district courts to experiment in the use of magistrates to carry out functions not previously considered so long as the parties consent or the defendant fails to object. [9] The reasoning the Court applied in Peretz equally extends to closing argument. If a magistrate judge can con- duct jury selection, then, logically, he can preside over closing argument as well. A magistrate judge who conducts a civil or misdemeanor trial necessarily must preside over closing argu- ment. Closing argument clearly bears a relation to specified duties magistrate judges are statutorily authorized to perform. Accordingly, where defense counsel consents to proceed before a magistrate judge for tactical or strategic reasons, there is neither a constitutional nor a statutory impediment to delegating closing argument in criminal cases to magistrate judges. See Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d at 1121. C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Since we hold that the magistrate judge had jurisdiction in this case because of defense counsel’s consent due to trial strategy or tactics and the close relationship between presid- ing over closing argument and a magistrate judge’s statutorily specified duties, Sheehy’s conduct was not objectively unrea- sonable and Gamba cannot make the necessary showing of prejudice to show ineffective assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). CONCLUSION We affirm the district court’s denial of Gamba’s 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion. Where the decision is one of trial tactics or legal strategy, defense counsel may waive the defendant’s right to have an Article III judge preside over closing argu- ment without the defendant’s personal, informed consent. AFFIRMED. UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4103 FISHER, Circuit Judge, dissenting: I do not quarrel with the majority’s conclusion that the dis- trict court had the authority to delegate to the magistrate judge the responsibility for presiding over the closing argument. Nor do I fault the district court for proposing to utilize the ser- vices of the magistrate judge under the circumstances here. But I do disagree that such a delegation of jurisdiction at this critical stage of the proceedings was proper without obtaining the knowing and informed consent (or acquiescence) of the defendant himself, not simply by way of a unilateral “tactical” decision by his attorney. See United States v. Maragh, 174 F.3d 1202, 1206 (11th Cir. 1999). In that respect, I respect- fully dissent. I. In Gomez v. United States, 490 U.S. 858 (1989), the Supreme Court held that where the defendant had timely objected to the magistrate judge conducting voir dire, the “ad- ditional duties” a federal judge may assign to a magistrate judge under the Federal Magistrates Act (FMA) do not include the selection of a jury in a felony trial. Id. at 860, 871- 72. In Peretz v. United States, 501 U.S. 923 (1991), the Court reaffirmed Gomez but held that “the defendant’s consent war- rants a different result.” Id. at 925. The question now before us is what constitutes the crucial “defendant’s consent.” The majority and I agree that presiding over closing argu- ments at a felony trial is a critical stage of the proceedings. See Peretz, 501 U.S. at 923 (stating that “those specified duties [in the Federal Magistrate Act] that were comparable to jury selection in a felony trial could be performed only with the consent of the litigants”); see also United States v. Gomez- Lepe, 207 F.3d 623, 629 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that con- ducting a jury poll that calls into question the jury’s unanimity is a critical stage of a criminal proceeding due to the possibil- ity the presiding judge will need to exercise discretion). 4104 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA We also agree that Gamba had to consent to the magistrate judge substituting for the district judge, but the majority is content to rely solely on defendant’s trial counsel’s consent. I acknowledge that Peretz is not entirely clear as to how the defendant’s consent must be established. But, like the Elev- enth Circuit in Maragh, I read the Supreme Court as requiring some evidence that the defendant has personally and know- ingly agreed to the substitution of a magistrate judge for an Article III judge — evidence that is lacking here. Peretz made clear that “the litigants’ consent makes the crucial difference” when “constru[ing] the additional duties clause to include responsibilities of far greater importance than the specified duties assigned to magistrates.” Peretz, 501 U.S. at 933. In doing so, the Court noted that the defendant’s due process right to have an Article III judge preside over the critical stages of his felony trial is an underlying concern when interpreting the “additional duties” proviso of the FMA. See id. at 932-33. Congress specifically limited assignments to “such additional duties as are not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(3). In interpreting the FMA, therefore, it is “settled policy to avoid an interpretation . . . that engenders constitu- tional issues.” Peretz, 501 U.S. at 929 (quoting Gomez, 490 U.S. at 864). This framework controls our assessment of whether the “crucial” element of defendant’s consent to the magistrate judge’s jurisdiction has been established. Whatever ambiguity may exist in Peretz, the Supreme Court has never endorsed the legitimizing force of consent to a magistrate judge’s jurisdiction on a record so devoid of any indication that the defendant himself understood and know- ingly waived his right to have a “person with jurisdiction to preside” over all critical stages of his felony trial. Gomez, 490 U.S. at 876. In Peretz, the Court noted that “both petitioner and his counsel” attended the pre-trial conference at which the counsel consented to the magistrate judge’s jurisdiction and that the magistrate judge thereafter specifically asked counsel UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4105 whether she had the “clients’ consent to proceed with the jury selection.” 501 U.S. at 925 (emphasis added). The Court did not specify whether the petitioner’s presence and failure to object were necessary components of his consent, but the Eleventh Circuit has understood them as such. See Maragh, 174 F.3d at 1206. Maragh noted that “[i]n Peretz, the specific consent that the Supreme Court approved consisted of (a) trial counsel’s agreement to the procedure, (b) trial counsel’s rep- resentation that the client was aware of and agreed to the pro- cedure, and (c) the lack of any objection from the defendant in the district court.” Id. Maragh is buttressed by Peretz’s suggestion that the defendant, not just his attorney, must agree to a magistrate judge: “ ‘If a criminal defendant, together with his attorney, believes that the presence of a judge best serves his interests during the selection of the jury, then Gomez pre- serves his right to object to the use of a magistrate.’ ” Peretz, 501 U.S. at 935 (quoting Government of the Virgin Islands v. Williams, 892 F.2d 305, 311 (3d Cir. 1989)) (emphasis added). Here, neither the district judge nor the magistrate judge ever asked for or received consent in the presence of the defendant. The colloquy from the pretrial conference quoted by the majority makes clear that Gamba was not aware of, much less necessarily in agreement with, his attorney’s con- sent to the plan to allow the magistrate judge to preside over part of closing arguments. Gamba was not present at this con- ference — at which the idea of the magistrate judge’s partici- pation was proposed for the first time — and when the district judge asked Gamba’s attorney if his client “was all right” with the plan, the attorney simply replied, “Yeah, he won’t care.” The judge did not seek consent at any other time, but stated in court only that “the parties ha[d] consented” to the magis- trate judge’s role during closing arguments. The district court later concluded that Gamba’s attorney “fail[ed] to obtain [Gamba’s] personal consent to allow Judge Erickson to pre- side over closing arguments” and “fail[ed] to inform Gamba of his right to personally give or withhold consent to the mag- 4106 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA istrate’s jurisdiction.” As the district court found, “Gamba was presented with the magistrate’s jurisdiction as a fait accompli.” Thus, it is clear that Gamba did not know of his right to refuse the magistrate judge’s jurisdiction and that Gamba had no opportunity to “decline to consent to the mag- istrate’s supervision” had he “perceive[d] any threat of injury from the absence of an Article III judge” at closing argument. Peretz, 501 U.S. at 935. I disagree with the majority that Gamba’s right to refuse to consent to a magistrate judge’s jurisdiction is one that his attorney may waive “as a matter of trial tactics or strategy.” Majority Op. at 4097 (citing Wilson v. Gray, 345 F.2d 282, 288-89 (9th Cir. 1965)). Indeed, its dictum that “even if Gamba’s counsel had not consented to Magistrate Judge Erickson’s supervision of closing argument, any failure to object to Judge Molloy’s absence would have been deemed a waiver of Gamba’s right to an Article III judge at critical stages of a felony criminal proceeding,” Maj. Op. at 4101 n.4 (emphasis added), is startling. This extension of Peretz, which went to great lengths to explain why a defendant’s consent was “crucial,” Peretz, 501 U.S. at 933-35, is both inconsistent with the Court’s concern that there be some manifestation of consent and trivializes the nature and import of having an Article III judge preside over the critical phases of a felony trial. First, Peretz’s reference to the right of “a criminal defen- dant, together with his attorney” to object to the use of a mag- istrate judge suggests that the Court contemplated that the defendant would personally participate in the decision to waive his right to an Article III judge. See Peretz, 501 U.S. at 935. After all, it is “the defendant’s consent [that] signifi- cantly changes the constitutional analysis” — legitimizing the delegation because “there is no Article III problem when a district court judge permits a magistrate [to preside] in accor- dance with the defendant’s consent.” Id. at 932 (emphasis UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4107 added).1 The majority invokes an attorney’s greater “under- stand[ing of] the importance of consistency in a trial proceed- ing” and ability to “make an immediate determination as to the risks or benefits of accepting a magistrate judge as a sub- stitute for a district court judge.” Maj. Op. at 4100. The majority is undoubtedly correct that an attorney will be “best equipped” to understand the “legal concerns at issue,” but such is the case in all legal decisions that we reserve to the defendant personally. Id. That a lawyer may have a better grasp of the risks and benefits of a bench trial rather than a jury trial does not mean that we allow attorneys to waive their client’s right to the former.2 Nor is the decision regarding con- sent to a magistrate judge’s jurisdiction “immediate” in the sense of some trial decisions, id., such as objections during witness testimony that must be made or waived. A district court must plan for the magistrate judge’s substitution and 1 The Court did note that some of “[t]he most basic rights of criminal defendants are . . . subject to waiver,” citing numerous cases in which a defendant’s failure to object constituted a waiver of the right at issue. Per- etz, 501 U.S. at 936-37. Some of these failures — such as not objecting on Fourth or Fifth Amendment grounds — were obviously attributable to the defendants’ lawyers rather than the defendants themselves. However, the Court was invoking these cases to illustrate that the right to an Article III judge at a critical stage of a criminal trial is subject to waiver if the defendant consents, not to resolve the nature of that consent in all cases. Significantly, unlike instances in which a court is obliged to address an issue only if raised, here delegation to the magistrate judge required the district court affirmatively to obtain the defendant’s consent. Thus, the most I would infer from the Court’s waiver discussion is that the defen- dant may knowingly acquiesce — which was not the circumstance here. 2 I have more faith than the majority that even an unsophisticated defen- dant can grasp the distinction between appearing before the same person throughout his trial and appearing before a different person at different stages of the trial. It does not take a law degree or litigation experience to realize that there may be some risks and benefits to consenting to a lower- level judicial officer; even students know the difference between the regu- lar teacher and the substitute. Our fine magistrate judges may well provide the same quality of trial administration more expeditiously than our over- worked district judges, but that does not mean that we should allow a defendant’s attorney unilaterally to opt for the former. 4108 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA affirmatively obtain the litigants’ consent — probably during a conference, as was the case here and in Peretz. Second, in construing the “additional duties” clause, we must not forget that “federal magistrates are creatures of stat- ute, and so is their jurisdiction.” N.L.R.B. v. A-Plus Roofing, Inc., 39 F.3d 1410, 1415 (9th Cir. 1994). The explicit, per- sonal consent that Congress requires for a magistrate judge to assume jurisdiction over even misdemeanor trials counsels against the majority’s position. The Federal Magistrates Act incorporates 18 U.S.C. § 3401(b)’s provision that: Any person charged with a misdemeanor, other than a petty offense may elect, however, to be tried before a district judge for the district in which the offense was committed. The magistrate judge shall carefully explain to the defendant that he has a right to trial, judgment, and sentencing by a district judge and that he may have a right to trial by jury before a district judge or magistrate judge. The magistrate judge may not proceed to try the case unless the defendant, after such explanation, expressly consents to be tried before the magistrate judge and expressly and spe- cifically waives trial, judgment, and sentencing by a district judge. Any such consent and waiver shall be made in writing or orally on the record. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(a)(3) (incorporating 18 U.S.C. § 3401 by reference) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court did not extend § 3401’s specific consent requirements to a magistrate judge’s assumption of jurisdiction over felony trial voir dire. See Peretz, 501 U.S. at 947 n.6 (Marshall, J., dissenting) (arguing that the written consent requirements of § 3401 should be adopted). But neither did it endorse a finding of consent where it is clear that the defendant had neither the knowledge nor the opportunity to object. Defense counsel in Peretz was twice asked for, and twice gave, consent to the magistrate judge’s jurisdiction — at least once in the presence UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4109 of the defendant himself. See Peretz, 501 U.S. at 925. Thus, Peretz was on notice that he could have objected to the magis- trate judge’s jurisdiction had he decided to do so. Third, because closing argument is a critical stage of trial, it is important not to undermine Peretz’s consent requirement. When a magistrate judge presides over only a discrete portion of the trial — particularly closing arguments — there is the danger that the defendant will suffer from a fractured judicial approach and rulings inconsistent with prior proceedings. For example, objections during closing arguments, such as whether the government improperly argued facts not in evi- dence, would be difficult to adjudicate fairly without exposure to the entire trial. The importance of consistency and the pre- siding judge’s familiarity with the proceedings as a whole is underscored by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 25(a)(2), which requires that an Article III judge who takes over for another Article III judge once trial has begun but before a ver- dict is rendered must “certif[y] familiarity with the trial record.” If the assumption of jurisdiction by an Article III judge requires such certification, the assumption of jurisdic- tion by an Article I judge — which is unaccompanied by any such certification — should at least be plainly consented to by the defendant. Finally, the pressure that an attorney might feel to accom- modate the judge’s schedule cuts against eliminating a defen- dant’s right to personally consent to or refuse a magistrate judge’s jurisdiction over a critical stage of his trial. Although there is no hint here that Chief Judge Molloy exerted any pressure on the attorneys to acquiesce, we should be careful not to eliminate possible checks on the inherent desire to stay in a judge’s good graces by consenting where the defendant himself — if asked — might not. For the foregoing reasons, I would hold that Gamba did not give the requisite consent to the magistrate judge’s jurisdic- tion during closing arguments of his trial. 4110 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA II. Given my view that there was no effective consent to the magistrate judge’s jurisdiction, the next question is whether this error requires reversal. It is tempting to conclude that we may apply harmless error analysis to what I believe was error here. The Supreme Court in Gomez held, however, that “harmless-error analysis does not apply in a felony case in which, despite the defendant’s objection and without any meaningful review by a district judge, an officer exceeds his jurisdiction by selecting a jury.” Gomez, 490 U.S. at 876. There are key differences between voir dire and closing argu- ments — differences that arguably make harmless error analy- sis more appropriate in connection with the latter. A primary purpose of voir dire is to ferret out bias, see Darbin v. Nourse, 664 F.2d 1109, 1113 (9th Cir. 1981), and removing the dis- trict judge from supervising that process could compromise in untraceable ways an important check on assuring an impartial jury if the process is flawed, see Gomez, 490 U.S. at 876. The potential for such hard-to-establish prejudice is much less dur- ing closing arguments, and indeed we routinely review errors during closing argument for harmlessness. See, e.g., Hovey v. Ayers, 458 F.3d 892, 912 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding that “prose- cutor’s inappropriate comments” during closing arguments regarding defendant’s refusal to testify were harmless because they “were isolated statements, and . . . minimal in compari- son with the weight of the evidence presented”); United States v. Marcucci, 299 F.3d 1156, 1158 (9th Cir. 2002) (reviewing a prosecutor’s allegedly inflammatory statement during clos- ing argument under the harmless error standard). Here, there is no allegation that the magistrate judge’s participation caused any specific prejudice. No objections were raised dur- ing closing arguments, and the magistrate judge was not cal- led upon to make any rulings. There is no indication that the magistrate judge interacted with the jury in any way that could have affected its impartiality. Notwithstanding the practical appeal of applying harmless error analysis to the magistrate judge’s improperly assumed UNITED STATES v. GAMBA 4111 jurisdiction here, this route appears to be foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s analysis in Gomez: Among those basic fair trial rights that can never be treated as harmless is a defendant’s right to an impartial adjudicator, be it judge or jury. Equally basic is a defendant’s right to have all critical stages of a criminal trial conducted by a person with juris- diction to preside. 490 U.S. at 876 (citations and internal quotation marks omit- ted). Thus the Supreme Court has explicitly linked the right to have a person with jurisdiction to preside to the right to an impartial adjudicator and clearly indicated that neither right can ever “be treated as harmless.” Id. To be sure, in Peretz, the Court concluded that there was no structural error in the magistrate judge’s assumption of jurisdiction, see Peretz, 501 U.S. at 937, suggesting that its earlier statement in Gomez may have been overly broad. However, the Court did not explicitly overrule this aspect of Gomez, and therefore we are still bound by it. See United States v. Weiland, 420 F.3d 1062, 1080 n.16 (9th Cir. 2005) (“[W]e are bound to follow a con- trolling Supreme Court precedent until it is explicitly over- ruled by that Court.”). Accordingly, I would reverse Gamba’s conviction and remand for a new trial. I agree with Gamba that he suffered ineffective assistance of counsel in his unsuccessful appeal. Gamba’s first appellate lawyer — who also served as his trial counsel — “ignored issues [that] are clearly stronger than those presented,” so “the presumption of effective assistance of counsel [is] overcome.” Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 288 (2000) (quoting Gray v. Greer, 800 F.2d 644, 646 (7th Cir. 1986)). Because the district court’s error was not harm- less, Gamba has also demonstrated prejudice, thus satisfying “both prongs of the Strickland test,” as he is required to do in order to prevail in this collateral attack on his conviction. Id. at 289. 4112 UNITED STATES v. GAMBA For the foregoing reasons, I would decline to create a split in authority with the Eleventh Circuit and I respectfully dis- sent.