FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION;
THE FINANCIAL SERVICES
ROUNDTABLE; CONSUMER BANKERS
ASSOCIATION,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
BILL LOCKYER, Attorney General; No. 05-17163
JOHN GARAMENDI,
Defendants-Appellants, D.C. No.
CV-04-00778-
and MCE/KJM
WILLIAM P. WOOD; HOWARD
GOULD, Commissioner of the
Department of Financial
Institutions of the State of
California,
Defendants.
12275
12276 AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION v. LOCKYER
AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION;
THE FINANCIAL SERVICES
ROUNDTABLE; CONSUMER BANKERS
ASSOCIATION,
Plaintiffs-Appellants, No. 05-17206
v. D.C. No.
BILL LOCKYER, Attorney General; CV-04-00778-
JOHN GARAMENDI; WILLIAM P. MCE/KJM
WOOD; HOWARD GOULD, OPINION
Commissioner of the Department
of Financial Institutions of the
State of California,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of California
Morrison C. England, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted
June 9, 2008—San Francisco, California
Filed September 4, 2008
Before: J. Clifford Wallace and Susan P. Graber,
Circuit Judges, and David A. Ezra,* District Judge.
Opinion by Judge Graber;
Dissent by Judge Wallace
*The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the
District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.
AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION v. LOCKYER 12279
COUNSEL
Catherine Z. Ysrael and Michele R. Van Gelderen, Deputy
Attorneys General, State of California, Los Angeles, Califor-
nia, for the defendants-appellants/cross-appellees.
E. Edward Bruce and Keith A. Noreika, Covington & Burl-
ing, Washington, D.C., for the plaintiffs-appellees/cross-
appellants.
12280 AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION v. LOCKYER
OPINION
GRABER, Circuit Judge:
This case comes before us for the second time. See Am.
Bankers Ass’n v. Gould, 412 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2005). In
2003, the California State Legislature enacted the California
Financial Information Privacy Act (“SB1”), Cal. Fin. Code
§§ 4050-4060, “for financial institutions to provide their con-
sumers notice and meaningful choice about how consumers’
nonpublic personal information is shared or sold by their
financial institutions,” id. § 4051(a). Plaintiffs American
Bankers Association, The Financial Services Roundtable, and
Consumer Bankers Association filed suit, alleging that the
federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), 15 U.S.C.
§§ 1681-1681x, preempted SB1’s regulation of information
sharing between financial institutions and their affiliates.
Previously, we held that the affiliate-sharing preemption
clause of the FCRA, 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(2),1 preempted the
affiliate-sharing provision of SB1, Cal. Fin. Code § 4053(b)(1),2
1
FCRA, 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(2) provides:
No requirement or prohibition may be imposed under the laws of any
State—
....
(2) with respect to the exchange of information among persons affili-
ated by common ownership or common corporate control, except that this
paragraph shall not apply with respect to [a statute not relevant to this
appeal.]
2
SB1 section 4053(b)(1) reads, in relevant part:
A financial institution shall not disclose to, or share a consum-
er’s nonpublic personal information with, an affiliate unless the
financial institution has clearly and conspicuously notified the
consumer annually in writing . . . that the nonpublic personal
information may be disclosed to an affiliate of the financial insti-
tution and the consumer has not directed that the nonpublic per-
sonal information not be disclosed.
AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION v. LOCKYER 12281
“insofar as [SB1] attempts to regulate the communication
between affiliates of ‘information,’ as that term is used in [15
U.S.C.] § 1681a(d)(1),” Am. Bankers Ass’n, 412 F.3d at 1087,
which defines “consumer report” information under the FCRA.3
We remanded to “determine whether, applying this restricted
meaning of ‘information,’ any portion of the affiliate-sharing
provisions of SB1 survives preemption and, if so, whether it
is severable from the portion that does not.” Id.
On remand, the district court held that no portion of section
4053(b)(1) survives preemption and that, even if a portion did
survive, the court lacked the power to sever the preempted
applications. Accordingly, the court enjoined enforcement of
section 4053(b)(1) “to the extent [that it is] preempted by 15
U.S.C. [§] 1681t(b)(2),” which, the court ruled, meant the
statute in its entirety. On de novo review, Silvas v. E*Trade
Mortgage Corp., 514 F.3d 1001, 1004 (9th Cir. 2008) (pre-
emption); Ariz. Libertarian Party, Inc. v. Bayless, 351 F.3d
1277, 1283 (9th Cir. 2003) ( per curiam) (severability), we
As part of the notification process, “consumer[s] shall be provided a rea-
sonable opportunity prior to disclosure of nonpublic personal information
to direct that nonpublic personal information not be disclosed.” Cal. Fin.
Code § 4053(d)(3). SB1 exempts certain closely affiliated institutions
from these requirements. Id. § 4053(c)(1)-(3).
3
FCRA § 1681a(d)(1) provides:
The term “consumer report” means any written, oral, or other
communication of any information by a consumer reporting
agency bearing on a consumer’s credit worthiness, credit stand-
ing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal char-
acteristics, or mode of living which is used or expected to be used
or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a
factor in establishing the consumer’s eligibility for—
(A) credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal,
family, or household purposes;
(B) employment purposes; or
(C) any other purpose authorized under [§ 1681b].
12282 AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION v. LOCKYER
reverse and remand. We hold that section 4053(b)(1) has non-
preempted applications and that California law requires that
we reform section 4053(b)(1) to sever its preempted applica-
tions.
As a preliminary matter, Plaintiffs argue that, under our
prior mandate, no “portion” of section 4053(b)(1) survives
preemption because no physically distinct segment of the stat-
ute “applies only to information that falls outside the FCRA
preemption clause.” We reject such a hyper-technical reading
of our mandate. The previous panel was aware of, and indeed
quoted from, the text of SB1 regulating “ ‘nonpublic personal
information.’ ” Am. Bankers Ass’n, 412 F.3d at 1085 (quoting
Cal. Fin. Code § 4053(b)(1)). If the question were whether a
physically distinct segment of the statute could be severed, the
previous panel never would have remanded the case, because
the answer is obvious. The panel would have held that, strik-
ing “nonpublic personal information” from the statute, no part
of the statute survives preemption. But the panel did not so
hold. Instead, the panel remanded to determine whether the
statute survives beyond “the extent that it applies” to con-
sumer report information as defined by the FCRA. Id. at
1087. In other words, we remanded to determine whether SB1
section 4053(b)(1) applies to non-consumer report informa-
tion and, if so, whether California law allows its application
to consumer report information to be severed from the statute.
[1] Plaintiffs concede that SB1 has non-preempted applica-
tions.4 Consequently, the only remand question now in dispute
is whether California law allows us to sever the preempted
applications from the statute by narrowing the statute’s reach.
[2] Under California law, “[w]hen faced with a question of
4
In their briefing to this court, Plaintiffs stated: “Every such ‘portion’
of [section] 4053(b)(1) imposes restrictions and prohibitions on affiliate-
sharing of ‘nonpublic personal information,’ which indisputably includes
both federally protected and unprotected information.”
AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION v. LOCKYER 12283
whether to reform a state statute, the function of a federal
court is to divine, to the best of its ability, how the state’s
highest court would resolve that state law issue.” Kopp v. Fair
Political Practices Comm’n, 905 P.2d 1248, 1259 (Cal.
1995). We must revise the statute “if we conclude that the
Legislature’s intent clearly would be furthered by application
of the revised version rather than by the alternative of invali-
dation.” People v. Sandoval, 161 P.3d 1146, 1158 (Cal.
2007); see also Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of N. New
England, 546 U.S. 320, 329 (2006) (“[T]he normal rule is that
partial, rather than facial, invalidation is the required course,
such that a statute may be declared invalid to the extent that
it reaches too far, but otherwise left intact.” (internal quota-
tion marks and ellipsis omitted)). Specifically, judicial refor-
mation or rewriting of a statute is appropriate “when (i) doing
so closely effectuates policy judgments clearly articulated by
the enacting body, and (ii) the enacting body would have pre-
ferred such a reformed version of the statute over the invalid
and unenforceable statute.” Kopp, 905 P.2d at 1259.
[3] Thus, this appeal turns on whether narrowing section
4053(b)(1) to exclude the regulation of consumer report infor-
mation would effectuate the intent of the California Legisla-
ture and whether the Legislature would have preferred the
narrowed statute to no statute at all.
[4] As part of SB1, the Legislature included “Legislative
intent” and “Legislative findings” provisions. Cal. Fin. Code
§§ 4051, 4051.5. The Legislature stated that, in enacting SB1,
it “intends for financial institutions to provide their consumers
notice and meaningful choice about how consumers’ nonpub-
lic personal information is shared or sold by their financial
institutions.” Id. § 4051(a). The Legislature also stated that its
intent in passing SB1 was “[t]o further achieve . . . control for
California consumers by providing consumers with the ability
to prevent the sharing of financial information among affili-
ated companies through a simple opt-out mechanism via a
clear and understandable notice provided to the consumer.”
12284 AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION v. LOCKYER
Id. § 4051.5(b)(3). A narrowed version of section 4053(b)(1)
would effectuate those statements of intent because it still
would enable consumers “to prevent the sharing of financial
information”—their non-consumer report financial informa-
tion.
[5] Those statements by the Legislature also demonstrate
that it would have preferred a narrowed version of section
4053(b)(1) to no version at all. The Legislature enacted SB1
to protect consumers’ financial information by giving con-
sumers notice of, and control over, disclosure of that informa-
tion. A narrowed version would advance this purpose with
respect to financial affiliates, albeit to a lesser extent than the
Legislature originally expected. By contrast, wholesale invali-
dation would not protect at all the sharing of consumer infor-
mation with affiliates.
[6] In addition, the Legislature included a severability
clause in its enactment of SB1: “The provisions of this divi-
sion shall be severable, and if any phrase, clause, sentence, or
provision is declared to be invalid or is preempted by federal
law or regulation, the validity of the remainder of this division
shall not be affected thereby.” Cal. Fin. Code § 4059 (empha-
sis added). Plaintiffs argue that the severability clause does
not state that preempted applications should be severed from
the statute. We are not persuaded that the omission of that
word indicates a legislative preference that we strike down the
entire statute. In addition to the aforementioned statements of
intent to provide consumers with choice and control over the
disclosure of their financial information, the Legislature also
explicitly declared an intent “[t]o adopt to the maximum
extent feasible . . . definitions consistent with federal law.”
Cal. Fin. Code § 4051.5(b)(5) (emphasis added). Moreover,
the California Supreme Court has eschewed, as a matter of
semantics, the distinction between severing a phrase from a
statute and severing an application. See Sandoval, 161 P.3d
at 1158-59 n.7 (“In Kopp, . . . we rejected any distinction
between cases in which the court simply placed a saving con-
AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION v. LOCKYER 12285
struction on the statutory language, thereby constricting the
reach of the statute, and a case in which the court found it
necessary to disregard language and to substitute reformed
language. This distinction suggests a difference of degree, not
kind. In practical effect, in all of these cases, we rewrote each
statute . . . .” (internal quotation marks, emphases, and ellipses
omitted)). Our prior opinion held “nonpublic personal infor-
mation” to be preempted by federal law as applied to con-
sumer report information. In other words, we declared a
portion of the “phrase” to be preempted; under the severabil-
ity clause, “the validity of the remainder . . . shall not be
affected thereby.” Cal. Fin. Code § 4059.
[7] For the foregoing reasons, we narrow the affiliate-
sharing provision of SB1, Cal. Fin. Code § 4053(b)(1), to
exclude the regulation of consumer report information as
defined by the FCRA, 15 U.S.C. § 1681a(d)(1).
REVERSED and REMANDED.
WALLACE, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I agree with the majority that section 4053(b) has non-
preempted applications. However, I disagree that California
law permits us to reform section 4053(b) to sever its pre-
empted applications. I would allow the California Legislature
to reform section 4053(b) to conform to federal law, if it
chooses to do so.
It may be true, as the majority argues, that the Legislature
in passing SB1 was concerned with protecting non-preempted
consumer information. However, it does not follow by logic
or otherwise that the patched-up version of SB1 proposed by
the majority would “effectuate[ ] policy judgments clearly
articulated” by the Legislature, or that the Legislature would
necessarily “prefer[ ] such a reformed version of the statute
12286 AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION v. LOCKYER
[over] invalidation of the statute.” Kopp v. Fair Political
Practices Comm’n, 905 P.2d 1248, 1290 (Cal. 1995) (empha-
sis added). Our very best indicator of the Legislature’s intent
— the statute itself — suggests that the Legislature would dis-
favor our interference.
As the majority acknowledges, the statute’s own severabil-
ity clause does not state that preempted applications should be
severed; on the contrary, it provides only that “if any phrase,
clause, sentence, or provision is declared to be invalid or is
preempted by federal law or regulation, the validity of the
remainder of this division shall not be affected thereby.” Cal.
Fin. Code § 4059. Clearly, a “phrase, clause, sentence, or pro-
vision” can be severed, but the statute itself does not provide
for the more complicated exercise of severing applications
adopted by the majority. The majority states that this is a
“hyper-technical” reading of the severability clause; I dis-
agree. There is certainly a difference between striking por-
tions or language from a statute, which is what severing a
“phrase, clause, sentence, or provision” would do, and leaving
intact the language but giving it a different meaning, which is
what the majority’s severing an application does. Then what
prevents us from following the clear language of the statute?
We should; that is why I dissent.
Following the important principle of Separation of Powers
leads me to the same result. SB1 was a fiercely-negotiated
statute that underwent a long process of revisions before it
was finally passed. Had the Legislature wanted to provide for
the majority’s severance-of-applications theory, it could have
done so. It has done so in the past. See Walnut Creek Manor,
Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Comm’n, 814 P.2d 704,
717 n.13 (Cal. 1991). It did not do so when it passed SB1.
I would therefore affirm the district court’s holding that,
even if a portion of section 4053(b)(1) survives preemption,
this court lacks the power to sever the preempted applications.