Case: 12-13930 Date Filed: 07/01/2013 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 12-13930
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 1:11-cv-20507-FAM,
1:04-cr-20778-AJ-1
KENT FRANK,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(July 1, 2013)
Before DUBINA, Chief Judge, CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Case: 12-13930 Date Filed: 07/01/2013 Page: 2 of 7
Appellant Kent Frank appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255 motion to vacate. After denying Frank’s § 2255 motion, the district court
granted him a certificate of appealability on the issue of whether he was denied
effective assistance of counsel during plea negotiations when he followed the
advice of his attorney to reject a five-year plea offer from the government and
proceed to trial. On appeal, Frank argues that his counsel rendered ineffective
assistance by advising him to reject the government’s five-year plea offer, and that
subsequently, he suffered prejudice when he was convicted and sentenced to a total
of 40 years’ imprisonment.
With regard to a district court’s denial of a motion to vacate under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255, we review legal conclusions de novo and findings of fact for clear error.
Lynn v. United States, 365 F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004). A claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of law and fact that is subject
to de novo review. Caderno v. United States, 256 F.3d 1213, 1216-1217 (11th Cir.
2001).
We accord considerable deference to the district court’s credibility findings.
United States v. Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749 (11th Cir. 2002). “Credibility
determinations are typically the province of the fact finder because the fact finder
personally observes the testimony and is thus in a better position than a reviewing
court to assess the credibility of witnesses.” Id. Specifically in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255
2
Case: 12-13930 Date Filed: 07/01/2013 Page: 3 of 7
proceeding, we “allot substantial deference to the factfinder in reaching credibility
determinations with respect to witness testimony.” Devine v. United States, 520
F.3d 1286, 1287 (11th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The Sixth Amendment gives criminal defendants the right to effective
assistance of counsel. U.S. Const., amend. VI; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 684-86, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2063, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). To prevail on a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must demonstrate: (1) that
his counsel’s performance was deficient, i.e., the performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) that he suffered prejudice as a result
of that deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 104 S. Ct. at 2064-
65. A habeas petitioner claiming ineffective assistance of counsel must succeed on
both prongs of the Strickland test. Johnson v. Alabama, 256 F.3d 1156, 1176 (11th
Cir. 2001). Further, we need not “address both components of the inquiry if the
defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104
S. Ct. at 2069.
To meet the deficient performance prong of Strickland, the defendant must
show that counsel made errors so serious that he was not functioning as the counsel
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. There is a
strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within the range of reasonable
professional assistance. Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. Counsel’s performance is
3
Case: 12-13930 Date Filed: 07/01/2013 Page: 4 of 7
deficient only if it falls below the wide range of competence demanded of
attorneys in criminal cases. Id.
Under Strickland, a petitioner pursuing a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel must also demonstrate prejudice. Purvis v. Crosby, 451 F.3d 734, 743
(11th Cir. 2006). Prejudice is a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. A reasonable probability is one
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id. It is not enough for the
defendant to show that the error had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the
proceeding. Id. at 693, 104 S. Ct. at 2067. Rather, he must show that the result
would have been different. Id.
In Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 1399 (2012), and Lafler v.
Cooper, 566 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 1376 (2012), the Supreme Court held that the
Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel extends to plea
negotiations. Frye, 566 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. at 1404-08; Lafler, 566 U.S. at ___,
132 S. Ct. at 1384. Thus, criminal defendants are “entitled to the effective
assistance of competent counsel” during plea negotiations. Lafler, 566 U.S. at ___,
132 S. Ct. at 1384 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court also considered
how to apply the prejudice prong of the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel test set
forth in Strickland and concluded that, in order to show prejudice, a defendant
4
Case: 12-13930 Date Filed: 07/01/2013 Page: 5 of 7
must demonstrate a reasonable probability that: (1) he would have accepted a plea
offer but for counsel’s ineffective assistance; (2) the plea would have been entered
without the prosecution canceling it or the trial court refusing to accept it; and
(3) the plea would have resulted in a lesser charge or a lower sentence. Frye, 566
U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 1409; Lafler, 566 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 1384-85.
Moreover, we have also held that the Strickland two-part test applies to challenges
to guilty pleas based on ineffective assistance of counsel. United States v. Pease,
240 F.3d 938, 941 (11th Cir. 2001).
We conclude from the record here that the district court did not err in finding
that Frank failed to establish ineffective assistance of counsel. First, with regard to
the deficient-performance prong of Strickland, Frank did not show that his attorney
made errors so serious that he was no longer functioning as the counsel guaranteed
by the Sixth Amendment. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. The
record shows that Frank’s attorney apprised him of the relevant maximum
penalties that could apply if he rejected the government’s plea offer and was
convicted at trial. Additionally, Frank himself acknowledged that he had read the
indictment and, therefore, knew of the potential maximum penalties he faced if
convicted. Therefore, giving substantial deference to the factfinder below, the
magistrate judge did not clearly err by finding that Frank knew of the potential
sentencing exposure he faced if convicted at trial, or by finding any of Frank’s
5
Case: 12-13930 Date Filed: 07/01/2013 Page: 6 of 7
contrary testimony not credible. See Devine, 520 F.3d at 1287. Accordingly,
counsel’s performance did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness,
and Frank has not demonstrated that said performance was constitutionally
deficient. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 104 S. Ct. at 2064-65.
Moreover, even assuming that counsel’s representation was constitutionally
deficient, Frank still does not succeed on his claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel because he did not suffer any prejudice. The record shows that Frank
would not accept any plea offer from the government that required him to register
as a sex offender—as the government’s plea offer did, in fact, require. Therefore,
he has not shown that he would have accepted the plea offer even if counsel had
advocated doing so. Further, even if Frank had accepted the government’s five-
year plea offer, he still would not have suffered prejudice under Strickland because
the district court stated, unequivocally, that no judge in the Southern District of
Florida “ever accepts” Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreements such as the government’s
offer here. Therefore, even if Frank had accepted the plea offer, he has not shown
that the outcome of his case would have been any different. Thus, he has not
demonstrated prejudice under Strickland. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.
Ct. at 2068.
6
Case: 12-13930 Date Filed: 07/01/2013 Page: 7 of 7
Accordingly, as Frank has demonstrated neither deficient performance nor
prejudice under Strickland, we hold that the district court did not err in denying his
§ 2255 motion to vacate.
AFFIRMED.
7