Oct 14 2015, 9:34 am
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
John L. Tompkins Gregory F. Zoeller
Brown Tompkins Lory & Mastrian Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Ellen H. Meilaender
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Tonya Herron, October 14, 2015
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A04-1504-CR-149
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Linda E. Brown,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
49F10-1308-CM-54228
Baker, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 1 of 10
[1] Tonya Herron appeals the certified interlocutory order of the trial court denying
her motion to suppress evidence. She argues that the warrant authorizing a
blood draw lacked probable cause where the officer’s probable cause affidavit
left several material sections blank. Finding a lack of probable cause to issue
the warrant, we reverse.
Facts
[2] On August 16, 2013, Officer Carey stopped Herron’s car to investigate whether
she was intoxicated.1 Officer Carey informed Herron of Indiana’s implied
consent law2 and asked her whether she would submit to a chemical test to
determine her intoxication level. When she declined, Officer Carey filled out a
probable cause affidavit for a blood draw.
[3] The boilerplate introduction to the affidavit states that Officer Carey had reason
to believe “that there is now concealed certain evidence, namely: Blood in such
person, which is evidence of the crime of operating a vehicle/motor vehicle
while intoxicated . . . and tends to show that said person committed such
offense[.]” Appellant’s App. at 8. Based on the “X” he placed on the form, his
affidavit goes on to say, “In the course of my duties I had occasion to
investigate . . . the scene of an operating a vehicle while intoxicated. Officer
Carey observed erratic and/or unlawful motor vehicle operation as follows . . .
1
The exact circumstances of this stop, and what led to it, are not in the record before us and are not being
challenged in this appeal.
2
Ind. Code § 9-30-6-1 et seq.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 2 of 10
.” Id. The space underneath this prompt was left blank, and all parties agree it
was done so by mistake. Officer Carey also did not write anything under the
prompt, “I believe that above-named individual was the operator of the motor
vehicle in question because . . . .” Id.
[4] His affidavit does mention the following indicia of intoxication: odor of
alcoholic beverage on the breath; alcohol beverage containers in plain view;
slurred speech; glassy and bloodshot eyes; unsteady balance; and a preliminary
breathalyzer test resulting in a .19 reading. Id. at 9. Finally, the affidavit states
that Herron refused to consent to a certified chemical test after being advised of
the implied consent law. Id. The judge signed the warrant, and a blood sample
was taken.
[5] On August 22, 2013, the State charged Herron with operating a vehicle while
intoxicated3 and operating a vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.15
or greater4 as class A misdemeanors. On March 7, 2014, Herron filed a motion
to exclude the evidence obtained by the blood draw. After a February 24, 2015,
hearing, the trial court denied her motion. Herron now appeals from the trial
court’s interlocutory order denying her motion to exclude.
3
Ind. Code § 9-30-5-2(a).
4
I.C. § 9-30-5-1(b).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 3 of 10
Discussion and Decision
[6] When deciding whether to issue a warrant, a magistrate makes a practical,
common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances, there is a fair
probability that evidence of a crime will be found. Lloyd v. State, 677 N.E.2d 71,
73 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). When reviewing that decision, we apply a deferential
standard, and will affirm if the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding
that probable cause to search existed. Id. Probable cause determinations “are
not technical; they are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life
on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act.” Illinois v.
Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 231 (1983). The determination is made upon the totality of
the circumstances. Id. at 233.
I. The Warrant
[7] Herron properly brings one argument on appeal, namely, that the affidavit did
not include enough specific facts to support probable cause for a warrant. 5 She
argues that since the only mention of a motor vehicle is in the affidavit
boilerplate, “the application form does not even contain an individualized
allegation that Herron operated a vehicle at all.” Appellant’s Br. 3.
5
Herron also questions whether “a court may presume a neutral and detached magistrate” where sections of
the application were left blank, but she does so for the first time on appeal. Since “a trial court cannot be
found to have erred as to an issue or argument that it never had an opportunity to consider,” Washington v.
State, 808 N.E.2d 617, 625 (Ind. 2005), this argument is waived. Moreover, this second argument, as
developed in the Appellant’s Brief, is essentially a repackaging of the first and so it need not be discussed
separately.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 4 of 10
[8] Whether Herron was actually operating a vehicle is crucial to whether there
was probable cause that the crime of operating a vehicle while intoxicated was
committed. Both Indiana Code sections 9-30-5-1(b) and -2(a) require the State
to show that a person “operate[d] a vehicle.” Without the allegation that
Herron operated a vehicle, it is unclear whether she committed any criminal
violation. Officer Carey did allege specific facts of intoxication—odor of
alcoholic beverage on the breath; alcohol beverage containers in plain view;
slurred speech; glassy and bloodshot eyes; unsteady balance; and a preliminary
breathalyzer test resulting in a .19 reading—but these would only support
probable cause for Herron’s intoxication. In Milam v. State, we reversed a
public intoxication charge for insufficient evidence where the intoxicated
defendant was a passenger, not the operator, of a vehicle. 14 N.E.3d 879 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2014); see also Ind. Code § 7.1-5-1-3. The absence of facts giving the
magistrate a substantial basis to believe Herron operated a motor vehicle would
render the warrant affidavit insufficient to show probable cause of a crime.
[9] We note that the mere use of boilerplate language does not call the validity of a
warrant into question. In Rios v. State, we rejected such a claim, stating that
“[t]his alone does not make the affidavit insufficient to establish probable
cause.” 762 N.E.2d 153, 160 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). That case involved an
affidavit with boilerplate language but “with the facts particular to Rios . . .
inserted in bold by a word processing program.” Id. The use of boilerplate
language in a warrant affidavit is valid “as long as the affidavit contains
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 5 of 10
sufficient facts specific to the search at issue to establish probable cause . . . .”
Id.
[10] The State offers four arguments as to why the magistrate had a substantial basis
to believe Herron was operating a vehicle. First, it argues that the following
statement contained in the affidavit creates such a basis: “which is evidence of
the crime of operating a vehicle/motor vehicle while intoxicated . . . .” But
these words are pure boilerplate. The State would have us go beyond Rios to
say that boilerplate without facts particular to Herron would still be sufficient to
create probable cause. Under this argument, a prefabricated form with this
single sentence, a defendant’s name at the top, and an officer’s signature at the
bottom would be sufficient to support a warrant. Such an argument is
unavailing.
[11] Second, the State points to more boilerplate on the form: “In the course of my
duties, I had occasion to investigate . . . the scene of an operating a vehicle
while intoxicated.” This argument fails for the same reason as the first: this
language is pure boilerplate without any facts specific to the search at issue. To
find that such a statement creates a substantial basis to believe that Herron was
operating a vehicle would be to turn magistrates into the kind of “rubber
stamp” they cannot and should not be. U.S. v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 914 (1984).
[12] Third, the State argues that the affidavit does contain facts specific to Herron
because Officer Carey filled out the date, time, and intersection of where he saw
Herron. “[I]mplicit in these facts is an allegation that a vehicle was operated.”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 6 of 10
Appellee’s Br. 7. When combined with the above-mentioned boilerplate, “these
statements create a clear inference that Defendant is the person who was
allegedly operating the vehicle stopped at Southport and McFarland on August
16th.” Id. at 8.
[13] This argument fails because the State is misapplying the “substantial basis”
rule. Our standard of review is not whether the magistrate had a substantial
basis to understand what crime an officer is alleging; it is instead whether the
magistrate had a substantial basis to believe that probable cause of a crime and
evidence thereof existed. Put pithily, if an officer’s affidavit stated solely that an
individual “committed a crime that rhymes with schmurder,” a magistrate
would have a substantial basis to believe the officer was talking about murder,
but would not have a substantial basis to believe that probable cause existed
regarding a murder. See Kinnaird v. State, 242 N.E.2d 500, 505 (Ind. 1968)
(holding warrant invalid where “affidavit merely allege[d] that the appellant
engaged in unlawful conduct [but did not] state the facts and circumstances
from which this conclusion was drawn”). Reading the affidavit in this case, a
magistrate would clearly have a substantial basis to believe that Officer Carey
meant to allege that Herron operated a vehicle while intoxicated, but would not
have a substantial basis to find probable cause that Herron actually did commit
that offense.
[14] Fourth, the State argues that when Officer Carey placed an “X” next to the
statement, “The above named individual has refused to consent to a certified
chemical test after being advised of the Indiana Implied Consent Law,” he
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 7 of 10
provided enough information to satisfy the substantial basis for probable cause
standard. The State reasons as follows: the Implied Consent Law, Indiana
Code section 9-30-6, only applies to drivers; courts should presume that officers
know Indiana laws; therefore, courts should presume that Officer Carey would
only read the law to someone operating a vehicle; and therefore, there was
probable cause to believe Herron was operating the vehicle.
[15] This argument fails. This is precisely the type of “legal technician” argument
warned against in Gates. Although we do presume that officers know and
follow the law, nothing in Indiana Code section 9-30-6 et seq. forbids an officer
from offering a chemical test for intoxication to a passenger or a pedestrian.
We cannot agree that an officer reading a law to an individual creates probable
cause to believe that individual violated a law.
[16] In summary, when one focuses on the individualized information contained in
the affidavit, rather than the boilerplate, one finds the following: at 9:04 p.m. on
August 16, 2013, at the intersection of Southport Road and McFarland
Boulevard, Officer Carey noticed that Herron exhibited signs of intoxication, so
he read to her Indiana’s Implied Consent Law but she refused to consent to a
chemical test. This combination of facts does not create probable cause that a
crime was committed, and therefore the warrant was invalid.
II. Good Faith Exception
[17] Our analysis does not end with finding the warrant invalid. Under some
circumstances, an officer’s “reliance on the magistrate’s determination of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 8 of 10
probable cause [is] objectively reasonable, and application of the extreme
sanction of exclusion is inappropriate.” Leon, 468 U.S. at 926. The exception
allows courts to admit evidence that has been unlawfully seized if the police
acted in “objective good faith.” Caudle v. State, 749 N.E.2d 616, 621 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2001) (quoting Leon, 468 U.S. at 920). An officer does not qualify for this
exception if 1) the officer misled the magistrate by filing an affidavit that the
officer knew or should have known was false; or 2) if the affidavit is so lacking
in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely
unreasonable. Id. Our Supreme Court has counselled against allowing the
good faith exception to “obliterate the exclusionary rule.” Dolliver v. State, 598
N.E.2d 525, 529 (Ind. 1992). In a good faith exception case, “[t]he error . . .
rests with the issuing magistrate, not the police officer, and punish[ing] the
errors of judges is not the office of the exclusionary rule.” Davis v. U.S., 131 S.
Ct. 2419, 2428 (2011) (internal quotations omitted).
[18] We do not have such a case here; the error rests first with the officer. Both
parties agree that Officer Carey did not intentionally mislead the magistrate by
filing an affidavit he knew to be false, but, as explained above, the affidavit did
lack in indicia of probable cause. Indeed, the individualized information
regarding Herron only suggested intoxication, but not any crime.
[19] The definition of “evidence obtained in good faith,” for the purposes of this
exception, has been codified in Indiana Code section 35-37-4-5(b)(1)(A):
evidence “obtained pursuant to a search warrant that was properly issued upon
a determination of probable cause by a neutral and detached magistrate, that is
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 9 of 10
free from obvious defects other than nondeliberate errors made in its
preparation, and that was reasonably believe by the law enforcement officer to
be valid . . . .” As made clear from the discussion above, this warrant does not
fall under the protection of this statute because the search warrant was not
“properly issued upon a determination of probable cause.”
[20] In sum, the good faith exception does not apply to this error. The error was
made first by the officer and so the public policy of incentivizing better police
behavior still applies. Affirming a form affidavit that does not, in its
individualized portions, include a crime would come much too close to the
obliteration of the exclusionary rule that our Supreme Court has cautioned
against.
[21] The judgment of the trial court is reversed.
Bailey, J., and Mathias, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A04-1504-CR-149 | October 14, 2015 Page 10 of 10