FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 15 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MONTANA CAREGIVERS No. 12-35110
ASSOCIATION, LLC.; MCM
CAREGIVERS, INC.; RANDY M. D.C. No. 9:11-cv-00074-DWM
LEIBENGUTH; FOUR SEASONS
GARDENING; LUKE MULVAUGH;
PAUL SCHMIDT; EIGHT HELPING MEMORANDUM *
CENTERS AND HELPING CENTER
FOUNDATIONS; AARON DURBAN;
MONTANA CANNABIS; SALT
SPRINGS, LLC; SLEEPING GIANT
CAREGIVERS, INC.; CHRISTOPHER
W. WILLIAMS; OUTLAW HILL
HEALTH SUSTAINABILITY
INSTITUTE; JOHN KEVIN MOORE,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;
ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General;
MICHAEL W. COTTER; DEA SPECIAL
AGENT WESLEY K SMITH; JOHN
DOES 1-10; UNKNOWN DEA, ATF,
AND FBI AGENTS AND OFFICIAL,
Defendants - Appellees.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Montana
Donald W. Molloy, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted May 7, 2013 **
Portland, Oregon
Before: GOODWIN, REINHARDT, and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
Appellants Montana Caregivers Association, LLC et al. (“Montana
Caregivers”) appeal the district court’s dismissal of their amended complaint
alleging violations of their Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Tenth Amendment rights, as
well as a Bivens claim against federal officials for the alleged constitutional
violations. We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a complaint
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). W. Radio Servs. Co. v.
Qwest Corp., 678 F.3d 970, 975 (9th Cir. 2012). We affirm.
1. Appellants’ assertion that the Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”), 21
U.S.C. § 801 et seq., exceeded Congress’ commerce power is foreclosed by the
Supreme Court’s decision in Gonzales v. Raich (Raich I), 545 U.S. 1 (2005). The
regulation of marijuana under the CSA is “squarely within Congress’ commerce
power because production of the commodity . . . has a substantial effect on supply
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
2
and demand in the national market for that commodity.” Id. at 19; see also id. at
25 (noting that “the activities regulated by the CSA are quintessentially
economic”). Montana Cannabis Industry, participating as Amicus Curiae in
support of Montana Caregivers’ appeal, argues that we should reexamine the
“substantial effects” doctrine. We may not do so, as we are bound by Raich I, a
“directly control[ling]” decision by the Supreme Court. Agostini v. Felton, 521
U.S. 203, 237 (1997).
2. “[I]f Congress acts under one of its enumerated powers, there can be no
violation of the Tenth Amendment.” Raich v. Gonzales (Raich II), 500 F.3d 850,
867 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Jones, 231 F.3d 508, 515 (9th Cir.
2000)); see also United States v. Jinian, — F.3d —, 2013 WL 1198086, at *11 (9th
Cir. Mar. 26, 2013). That conclusion “applies regardless of whether the federal
legislation displaces laws enacted under the States’ ‘police powers.’” Hodel v. Va.
Surface Min. and Reclamation Ass’n, Inc., 452 U.S. 264, 291 (1981); see also
United States v. Comstock, 130 S. Ct. 1949, 1962 (2010).
3. Montana Caregivers’ Ninth Amendment claim fails for similar reasons.
“[T]he Ninth Amendment ‘has not been interpreted as independently securing any
constitutional rights for purposes of making out a constitutional violation.’” San
Diego Cnty. Gun Rights Comm. v. Reno, 98 F.3d 1121, 1125 (9th Cir. 1996)
3
(quoting Schowengerdt v. United States, 944 F.2d 483, 490 (9th Cir. 1991)). So
long as Congress acts pursuant to an enumerated power, and does not exceed a
“specific limitation” on that power, an “objection . . . that the exercise of [that]
power infringes upon rights served by the ninth and tenth amendments . . . must
fail.” Barton v. C.I.R., 737 F.2d 822, 823 (9th Cir. 1984) (per curiam). Montana
Caregivers do not allege that the government’s enforcement of the CSA exceeded
any such “special limitation.”
4. Nor is there any merit to Montana Caregivers’ argument that the Fifth
and Ninth Amendments together protect a fundamental right to cultivate marijuana
for medical purposes. That argument is squarely foreclosed by Raich II, which
rejected the notion that “the Due Process Clause embraces a right to make a
life-shaping decision on a physician’s advice to use medical marijuana.” 500 F.3d
at 864. Montana Caregivers do not directly challenge that holding, which, in any
event, could be overturned only by calling for en banc consideration. See United
States v. Parker, 651 F.3d 1180, 1184 (9th Cir. 2011).
4
5. Montana Caregivers do not challenge the district court’s dismissal of its
Fourth Amendment, Fifth Amendment procedural due process, or Bivens claims.1
Those claims are therefore waived. Greenwood v. FAA, 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir.
1994).
AFFIRMED.
1
Amicus Montana Cannabis Industry does raise the Fourth Amendment,
Fifth Amendment procedural due process, and Bivens claims. However, we “do
not review issues raised only by an amicus curiae.” Russian River Watershed
Protection Comm. v. City of Santa Rosa, 142 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 1998)
(citing Swan v. Peterson, 6 F.3d 1373, 1383 (9th Cir. 1993)).
5