Perea v. Sanchez CA1/5

Filed 10/15/15 Perea v. Sanchez CA1/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

MARTHA PEREA,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A142050
v.
OMAR SANCHEZ, (Alameda County
Super. Ct. No. RG10519832)
Defendant;
ALLIANCE UNITED INSURANCE
COMPANY,
Movant and Appellant.

Alliance United Insurance Company (Alliance) appeals from the trial court’s
denial of its motion to vacate a default judgment entered against defendant Omar Sanchez
(defendant) in favor of plaintiff and respondent Martha Perea (plaintiff). We find
Alliance—a nonparty to this action—lacks a sufficient interest in the judgment to seek
the requested relief, and affirm.
BACKGROUND
In May 2009, plaintiff and her daughter were injured when their car was struck by
a car owned by defendant. The person driving defendant’s car fled the scene of the
accident on foot. Plaintiff subsequently filed a claim with Alliance, defendant’s
insurance carrier. Defendant apparently told Alliance his car had been stolen prior to the
accident, and Alliance denied the claim on that ground.

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 In June 2010, plaintiff, individually and as guardian ad litem for her daughter,
filed the instant personal injury lawsuit against defendant. In July, plaintiff attempted to
personally serve defendant at the address listed for him in the police report on the
accident. The process server was told defendant was “not known” at that address.
In August 2010, plaintiff asked Alliance to provide defendant’s address or to
accept service on his behalf. Alliance refused both requests. Plaintiff subsequently
subpoenaed Alliance’s records for defendant’s policy; Alliance refused to comply with
the subpoena and informed plaintiff it would file a motion to quash.
In September 2010, plaintiff filed a case management statement describing her
efforts at service and attaching the process server’s declaration of diligence,
correspondence between plaintiff and Alliance documenting Alliance’s refusal to accept
service or provide defendant’s contact information, and plaintiff’s subpoena of Alliance’s
records. Plaintiff submitted a proposed order seeking alternatively an order directing
Alliance to accept service on defendant’s behalf, an order directing Alliance to respond to
the subpoena, or an order authorizing service by publication. At the conclusion of the
October 25 case management conference, the trial court issued the order authorizing
service by publication.
After this case management conference, plaintiff continued to pursue the subpoena
in an apparent attempt to effect personal service despite the order authorizing service by
publication. In November, counsel for Alliance requested to meet and confer with
plaintiff’s counsel about the subpoena. Alliance represented to plaintiff’s counsel that,
with respect to defendant’s contact information, “we have no better information than you
do.” In fact, this representation was not correct. In declarations submitted with
Alliance’s motion to vacate the default judgment, an Alliance employee conceded the
address for defendant listed on the police report transposed two numbers, and therefore
did not match the address listed in Alliance’s files. She stated she had not previously
noticed the error. Based on this representation—which, at the time, plaintiff did not
know was inaccurate—plaintiff withdrew the subpoena.

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 Service was published in November 2010. In April 2011, after a default hearing
following defendant’s failure to answer, plaintiff obtained a default judgment of
approximately $125,000.
Alliance was contemporaneously aware of every significant development in this
case. Plaintiff gave Alliance a copy of the complaint and informed Alliance in August
2010 that she would seek authorization to serve defendant by publication if she was
unable to personally serve him. Alliance asked plaintiff to keep it advised of
developments in the case and plaintiff did so. Alliance knew when the order authorizing
service by publication issued. Following issuance of the order, plaintiff informed
Alliance she planned to obtain a default judgment following service. Alliance asked for
the name of the publication for service and asked to be informed when plaintiff planned
to obtain the default judgment. Alliance was aware of the completion of service by
publication and of plaintiff’s request for an entry of defendant’s default. Alliance knew
when the default hearing was scheduled and when the default judgment issued.
Meanwhile, Alliance was aggressively trying to reach defendant. Between
September 2010 and April 2011, Alliance left defendant numerous telephone messages
and mailed him numerous letters. Alliance spoke with defendant’s wife, who informed
them defendant was out of the country and lacked documentation to allow him entry into
the United States. Alliance conducted a “skip trace” to try to locate defendant.
Alliance’s efforts were all unsuccessful.
In June 2011, plaintiff received a letter from Alliance denying her claim on the
ground that “no coverage existed between [Alliance] and our insured for this particular
accident.” Plaintiff subsequently requested assistance from the Department of Insurance.
In November 2012, Alliance informed plaintiff: “our coverage denial for the above
referenced loss remains unchanged,” and “we are unable to divulge the nature of the
coverage issue to you, a third party.”
In April 2013, plaintiff filed a separate lawsuit against Alliance seeking payment
of the judgment pursuant to Insurance Code section 11580. In December 2013, Alliance
filed a motion in the instant action seeking to set aside the default judgment pursuant to

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Code of Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (d) (section 473(d)).1 Alliance argued
the default judgment was void on its face because the requisite showing of diligence to
authorize service by publication had not been made. The trial court denied Alliance’s
motion. Alliance subsequently moved for reconsideration of, or relief under section 473,
subdivision (b) from, the trial court’s order on its section 473(d) motion. The trial court
denied these motions but, in the same order, modified its order denying Alliance’s section
473(d) motion. Alliance now appeals from the trial court’s denial of all three motions.
DISCUSSION
Section 473(d) provides, in relevant part, a court “may, on motion of either party
after notice to the other party, set aside any void judgment or order.” (Italics added.)
Although section 473(d) refers only to parties, “[a] stranger to an action who is aggrieved
by a void judgment may move to vacate the judgment.” (Ryerson v. Riverside Cement
Co. (1968) 266 Cal.App.2d 789, 795 (Ryerson); accord, People v. Silva (1981) 114
Cal.App.3d 538, 547 [“a stranger may attack a void judgment if some right or interest in
him would be affected by its enforcement”].) Courts have defined an “aggrieved party”
as “one ‘whose rights or interests are injuriously affected by the judgment. [Citations.]
[The aggrieved party’s] interest “ ‘must be immediate, pecuniary, and substantial and not
nominal or a remote consequence of the judgment.’ ” ’ ” (Tomassi v. Scarff (2000) 85
Cal.App.4th 1053, 1057 (Tomassi) [defining phrase for purposes of section 663, which
authorizes court “upon motion of the party aggrieved” to set aside judgment based on
court decision that has an erroneous legal basis, is inconsistent with facts, or is
unsupported by a special verdict].)2

1
All undesignated section references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
2
In response to our request for supplemental briefing, Alliance suggests for the first time
that no showing of interest is required to vacate a void judgment. Alliance has forfeited
this argument by failing to raise it in the trial court or in its opening brief in this court.
(Kelly v. CB&I Constructors, Inc. (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 442, 451–452.) In any event,
Alliance’s citation to cases predating the enactment of the predecessor statute to section
473(d) are inapposite, as the statute expressly provides the motion may be made by “any
party.” (See Plaza Hollister Ltd. Partnership v. County of San Benito (1999) 72

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 In the trial court and in supplemental briefing on appeal, Alliance argued it has
sufficient interest to move to vacate the judgment because of plaintiff’s lawsuit against
Alliance attempting to collect on the default judgment against its insured. To determine
whether this is a sufficient interest, we must first consider the legal principles governing
an insurer’s liability for such judgments.
Insurance Code section 11580, subdivision (b)(2), “ ‘provides insurance policies
issued in California shall either contain the following provision or shall be construed as if
this provision is in the policy: “A provision that whenever judgment is secured against
the insured or the executor or administrator of a deceased insured in an action based upon
bodily injury, death, or property damage, then an action may be brought against the
insurer on the policy and subject to its terms and limitations, by such judgment creditor to
recover on the judgment.” Thus, a judgment creditor who has prevailed in a lawsuit
against an insured party may bring a direct action against the insurer subject to the terms
and limitations of the policy.’ ” (Western Heritage Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (2011) 199
Cal.App.4th 1196, 1204–1205 (Western Heritage).)
“[C]ourts have generally examined the right of insurers to reopen and relitigate the
liability of their insureds for covered losses and resulting damages, which have already
been established by third-party judgments, without resorting to principles of privity or
collateral estoppel. Instead, the cases employ a distinct preclusion doctrine, which is
more akin to the well-settled principles of contractual indemnity. [Citation.] When
discussing an insurer’s right to relitigate its insured’s liability, a leading treatise states the

Cal.App.4th 1, 19, fn. 11 [“Code of Civil Procedure section 473 [initially] permitted
relief from a judgment taken through mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable
neglect provided that ‘application therefor be made within a reasonable time, but in no
case exceeding six months after such judgment . . . was taken.’ (Stats. 1917, ch. 159, § 1,
pp. 242-243.) In 1933, the Legislature amended the section and added in a fourth
paragraph: ‘The court . . . may, on motion of either party after notice to the other party,
set aside any void judgment or order.’ (Stats. 1933, ch. 744, § 34, pp. 1851-1852.)”].)
Alliance cites Plaza Hollister for the proposition that the added language did not change
existing law, but the court was discussing time limits on bringing the motion, not who
may bring it. (Ibid.)

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black letter rule in these terms: ‘One who has undertaken to indemnify another against
loss arising out of a certain claim and has notice and opportunity to defend an action
brought upon such a claim is bound by the judgment entered in such action, and is not
entitled, in an action against him for breach of his agreement to indemnify, to secure a
retrial of the material facts which have been established by the judgment against the
person indemnified.’ ” (Executive Risk Indemnity, Inc. v. Jones (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th
319, 329 (Executive Risk).)
If the insured cannot or is not defending the action, an insurer has the opportunity
to contest liability and damages by intervening. While “ ‘ “[g]enerally . . . an insurer may
not be joined as a party-defendant in the underlying action against the insured by the
injured third party,” an insurer may intervene “if its insured is not defending an action, to
avoid harm to the insurer.” (Royal Indemnity Co. v. United Enterprises, Inc. (2008) 162
Cal.App.4th 194, 205, 206.) “ ‘[I]ntervention by an insurer is permitted where the insurer
remains liable for any default judgment against the insured, and it has no means other
than intervention to litigate liability or damage issues.’ ” (Western Heritage, supra, 199
Cal.App.4th at p. 1205.)
However, if an insurer with notice of the claim refuses to defend or intervene, it
will be bound by the judgment. “It is now considered ‘well-settled’ that ‘an insurer who
is on notice of an action against its insured and refuses to defend on the ground the
alleged claim is not within the policy coverage is bound by a judgment in the action,
absent fraud or collusion, “as to all material findings of fact essential to the judgment of
liability [and damages] of the insured.” ’ ” (Executive Risk, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at
p. 330.) Similarly, where an insurer “made a calculated decision not to intervene or
otherwise protect its interest in [the underlying] proceedings, it is not unfair to preclude
[the insurer] from relitigating the court-approved judgment’s determination of [its
insured’s] liability and damages.” (Id. at p. 333.) Indeed, “[a] contrary holding would
encourage an insurer who receives notice of a third-party claim against its insured to wait
and see whether the outcome will be in its insured’s favor while not running the risk of
being bound by an adverse judgment. If the insured loses, and seeks insurance coverage

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for its loss, the insurer could then demand relitigation of the identical issues of the
insured’s liability and extent of damages—a manifestly unfair prospect when the
insurance company could easily have participated in the initial lawsuit to protect its own
interests.” (Id. at p. 334.)
Although an insurer who has refused to defend or intervene in the underlying
action cannot relitigate liability or damages, it retains the opportunity to argue in a
subsequent action that the claim was not within the policy coverage. (Garamendi v.
Golden Eagle Ins. Co. (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 694, 717–718 [an insurer that refuses to
defend “ ‘is not bound . . . as to issues not necessarily adjudicated in the prior action and
can still present any defenses not inconsistent with the judgment against the insured’ ”].)
Moreover, insurers do not lose the opportunity to defend on noncoverage grounds in a
later action by providing a defense or intervening in the underlying action, as long as they
reserve the right to present this defense. (Id. at p. 719.) Thus, if an insurer with notice of
an action against its insured wants to challenge liability, damages, and coverage, despite
an entry of default against its insured, the insurer can do so by intervening in the
underlying action to contest liability and damages while reserving its right to contest
coverage in a subsequent action. If it fails to intervene, it may still contest coverage, but
it loses the opportunity to litigate liability and damages.
We now apply these principles to the instant case. Alliance represented to
plaintiff, without explanation, that its policy does not cover plaintiff’s claim. Alliance
could not locate defendant so it had no opportunity to provide him with a defense with a
reservation of rights. However, because defendant could not be found, Alliance had the
opportunity to intervene on its own behalf to litigate defendant’s liability and/or damages,
while reserving its right to defend on lack of coverage. It declined to do so. Our question
is whether, under these circumstances, Alliance has a sufficient interest in the judgment
to enable it to make a section 473(d) motion.
Tomassi, supra, is instructive. In Tomassi, a liability insurer refused to defend its
insured. (Tomassi, supra, 85 Cal.App.4th at p. 1055.) Its insured entered into an
agreement with the plaintiffs limiting damages but guaranteeing plaintiffs a certain

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minimum recovery. (Ibid.) At a bench trial, the insured did not submit a trial brief,
cross-examine the plaintiffs’ witnesses, or object to certain offers of proof. (Id. at
p. 1056.) The trial court issued a statement of decision finding the insured liable. (Ibid.)
The insured subsequently filed a complaint against the insurer. (Ibid.) Following the
filing of this complaint, the insurer moved in the underlying action to vacate the
judgment pursuant to section 663, arguing the court’s decision was not supported by the
facts. (Id. at pp. 1056–1057.) The trial court denied the motion on the ground the insurer
“lacked standing as an ‘aggrieved’ party within the meaning of . . . section 663.” (Id. at
p. 1055.)
The Court of Appeal affirmed, holding a liability insurer that refuses to defend its
insured “is not aggrieved” by the judgment against its insured sufficient to confer
nonparty standing to vacate the judgment because “[t]he effect of the . . . judgment on
[the insurer] is only indirect and contingent, not direct and immediate.” (Tomassi, supra,
85 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1058–1059.) The court reasoned the insurer “will not necessarily
be bound by the finding that [its insured] was liable” because the insurer “will have the
opportunity to assert not only that no coverage existed but also that the liability judgment
was a product of collusion” between the insured and the plaintiffs. (Id. at p. 1058.) The
court distinguished an earlier case permitting an insurer to intervene in the underlying
action because in Tomassi the insurer “made no attempt to intervene in the action, but
instead refused to become involved until an unfavorable judgment had been reached
against” the insured. (Id. at pp. 1058–1059, fn. 5.)
We see no meaningful distinction between Tomassi and the case before us.3
Alliance—despite being aware of every step of the litigation below—made no attempt to

3
While Tomassi involved a claim that the insured colluded with the plaintiff (Tomassi,
supra, 85 Cal.App.4th at p. 1058 & fn. 4), this is not meaningful because Alliance makes
no such claim here. In addition, although Tomassi involved a motion brought under
section 663 rather than section 473(d), the nonparty standing analysis appears to be
substantially the same. (Compare § 663 [motion may be made by “the party aggrieved”],
with Ryerson, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d at p. 795 [“[a] stranger to an action who is
aggrieved by a void judgment may move to vacate the judgment”].)

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intervene or set aside the default judgment until well over two years had passed since the
judgment issued. Shortly after the default judgment issued, knowing everything it knows
now, Alliance chose to deny coverage rather than challenge the judgment.4 Our decision
does not prevent Alliance from continuing to deny coverage in plaintiff’s Insurance Code
section 11580 action; if successful, Alliance, like the insurer in Tomassi, will not be
bound by the judgment in this case.
Alliance protests that unless it has standing to file a section 473(d) motion, it will
be “deprived of a right to . . . litigate the validity of the judgment.” We disagree.
Alliance had ample opportunity to litigate the validity of the judgment at the time it
issued. It chose to not do so and instead rest on its coverage denial. Clemmer v. Hartford
Insurance Co. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 865, relied on by Alliance, does not stand for the
proposition that insurance companies always have standing to vacate default judgments.5
We conclude Alliance’s interest in the judgment is not sufficient to permit it to
move to vacate the judgment under section 473(d).6

4
Alliance records obtained by plaintiff during discovery in the Insurance Code section
11580 action suggest Alliance might have provided a defense if defendant had appeared.
Nonetheless, when defendant could not be located, Alliance failed to intervene or attempt
in any way to protect its interests in this action until well over two years after the default
judgment issued. (See Tomassi, supra, 85 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1058–1059, fn. 5 [insurer
“made no attempt to intervene in the action, but instead refused to become involved until
an unfavorable judgment had been reached against” the insured].) Alliance’s contention
in its supplemental briefs that “[a]n insurer cannot ask a lawyer to enter an appearance for
a party without prior consent” is of no moment, in light of its ability to intervene on its
own behalf as discussed above. Alliance also argues its coverage defense “is not an
ordinary one” because it is based on defendant’s breach of cooperation. However,
Alliance fails to explain why the basis for its coverage defense is relevant here.
5
Because we conclude appellant lacks standing, we need not address the merits of its
argument that the judgment it challenges is void.
6
Although this was not the ground the trial court relied on in denying Alliance’s motion,
we may affirm on any ground supported by the record. (Muller v. Fresno Community
Hosp. & Medical Center (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 887, 906–907 [“It is the ruling, and not
the reason for the ruling, that is reviewed on appeal.”].) Because we affirm the trial
court’s section 473(d) ruling on this ground, any error in denying Alliance’s motions for
reconsideration or for section 473, subdivision (b) relief is harmless.

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 DISPOSITION
The trial court’s orders are affirmed. Respondent shall recover her costs on
appeal.

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 SIMONS, J.

We concur.

JONES, P.J.

BRUINIERS, J.

(A142050)

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