Ex Parte Jose E. Duque

Opinion issued September 15, 2015

In The

Court of Appeals
For The

First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-15-00014-CR
———————————
EX PARTE JOSE E. DUQUE, Appellant

On Appeal from the 184th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1363049-A

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant, Jose E. Duque (“Duque”), appeals from the denial of his post-

conviction application for a writ of habeas corpus. Duque, in his sole issue,

contends that his plea counsel’s failure to provide accurate immigration advice,

required under Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010), resulted

in ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment and, as a
result, rendered his 2012 guilty plea involuntary. We hold that the trial court acted

within its discretion in denying the application and affirm.

BACKGROUND
Duque, a native of Honduras, entered the United States in 1997 and obtained

lawful permanent resident status on March 19, 2011. On October 1, 2012, Duque

was charged with the third-degree felony offense of assault of a family member—

impeding breathing. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2)(B) (West

Supp. 2014). On October 8, 2012, Duque, through his plea counsel, Raul

Rodriguez, pleaded guilty pursuant to an agreement that the prosecutor would

recommend that Duque receive two years deferred adjudication and be assessed a

$200.00 fine. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.34 (West Supp. 2014).

On October 8, 2012, the trial court deferred making any finding on Duque’s

guilt, ordered Duque be placed on deferred adjudication community supervision

for two years, and assessed a $200.00 fine. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

42.12, §§ 3(b), 5(a) (West Supp. 2014). The record shows that Duque waived his

right to have a court reporter record the plea hearing.1

On April 22, 2013, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security initiated

removal proceedings against Duque by issuing a Notice to Appear before an
1
Because the clerk’s record did not contain the guilty plea or plea admonishment
papers, the trial clerk filed a supplemental clerk’s record on June 25, 2015, after
the Clerk of this Court requested those documents. One of the Statement and
Waivers of Defendant, initialed by Duque, states that he waived the right to have
the court reporter record his plea.
2
immigration judge. The Notice to Appear stated that Duque was recently adjusted

to lawful permanent resident status, but that his October 8, 2012 conviction for the

felony crime of assault of family/house member—impeding breathing, which was

committed against the complainant, a person protected from domestic violence by

the laws of any state, rendered him removable. Soon afterwards, U.S.

Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) apprehended Duque, placed him

on an immigration hold, and instituted deportation/removal proceedings.

ICE charged that Duque was subject to removal from the United States,

apparently under sections 237(a)(2)(A)(i) and 237(a)(2)(E)(i) of the Immigration

and Nationality Act (“INA”). Section 237(a)(2)(A)(i) provides that:

Any alien who—

(I) is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude
committed within five years (or 10 years in the case of
an alien provided lawful permanent resident status under
section 1255(j) of this title) after the date of admission,
and

(II) is convicted of a crime for which a sentence of one year
or longer may be imposed,

is deportable.

8 U.S.C.S. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) (LexisNexis 2007 and Supp. 2014). Also, Section

237(a)(2)(E)(i) provides that:

Any alien who at any time after admission is convicted of a crime of
domestic violence, . . . is deportable. For purposes of this clause, the

3
 term “crime of domestic violence” means any crime of violence . . .
by any other individual against a person who is protected from that
individual’s acts under the domestic or family violence laws of the
United States or any State, Indian tribal government, or unit of local
government.

8 U.S.C.S. § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i) (LexisNexis 2007 and Supp. 2014).

The Attorney General of the United States “may cancel removal in the case

of an alien who is inadmissible or deportable from the United States if the alien (1)

has been an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence for not less than 5

years, (2) has resided in the United States continuously for 7 years after having

been admitted in any status, and (3) has not been convicted of any aggravated

felony.” 8 U.S.C.S. § 1229b(a) (LexisNexis 2007 and Supp. 2014). On March 24,

2014, Duque claimed that the immigration judge denied his application to cancel

removal and ordered him removed.

On May 19, 2014, Duque, through habeas counsel Octavio M. Rivera, filed

an application for a writ of habeas corpus, under Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure article 11.072. Duque claimed that his plea counsel, Rodriguez,

provided ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to advise him about the

immigration consequences of his plea, as required under Padilla, 559 U.S. at 374,

130 S. Ct. at 1486, and thus, rendered his plea involuntary. Duque submitted an

affidavit stating that Rodriguez did not advise him that his removal was “virtually

mandatory” as a result of his conviction. Duque stated that he was put in removal

4
proceedings as a result of his conviction, he found out during removal proceedings

that he was not eligible to apply for any discretionary relief, and he was ordered to

be removed on March 24, 2014. Duque’s affidavit further alleged that if he had

known that his guilty plea would have made his deportation virtually mandatory or

that he would not qualify for discretionary relief, he would not have pleaded guilty

and would have gone to trial.

Duque also submitted an affidavit from his plea counsel, Raul Rodriguez.

Rodriguez’s affidavit stated that, because he was unaware that assault of a family

member—impeding breathing was considered a crime involving moral turpitude or

domestic violence for immigration purposes such that it would make Duque

subject to automatic deportation, he “did not inform Mr. Duque of it.” Rodriguez’s

affidavit further stated that, because he was unaware that a crime involving moral

turpitude within the seven-year period after admission would prevent a legal

permanent resident from applying for cancellation of removal during removal

proceedings, he “did not inform Mr. Duque of it.”

The Habeas Court’s Hearing and Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
Before denying appellant’s habeas application on November 21, 2014, the

trial judge stated that she had reviewed the affidavits attached to Duque’s habeas

application, the evidence presented at the writ hearing, and official court records in

the underlying proceeding. The court held a writ hearing on September 23 and

5
October 2, 2014, in which Duque’s immigration law expert, Mayda Gil de

Lamadrid, his plea counsel, Raul Rodriguez, and Duque testified.

Although Rodriguez testified that he had informed Duque that he could be

deported because of his guilty plea, Rodriguez was unaware that because the crime

involved moral turpitude that Duque was automatically going to be put into

removal proceedings. The trial judge noted during Rodriguez’s testimony at the

writ hearing that she recalled asking Rodriguez at the 2012plea hearing whether

Duque was a permanent resident and informing Duque he could be deported, both

of which Rodriguez confirmed. The trial judge noted that it was her handwriting

on one of Duque’s plea papers, filed on October 8, 2012, and attached as an exhibit

to the findings and conclusions, that stated, “Per attorney, [defendant] is permanent

resident. Defendant understands he could be deported.”

Duque, via a Spanish interpreter, testified that Rodriguez told him that he

could be removed following his guilty plea, but not that the immigration authorities

were going to arrest him and seek to deport him automatically. The trial court did

not permit the State to cross-examine Duque regarding whether he thought there

was a strong case against him or not. Duque further testified on cross-examination

that he was taken into immigration custody immediately after he pleaded guilty in

October 2012.

6
 The responding Houston Police Department Officer Kevin Truong and Tim

Ballengee, the assistant district attorney (ADA) at Duque’s 2012 plea hearing,

testified for the State. At the end of the writ hearing, although stating that she

“th[ought] it [was] a close call,” the trial court recommended denying the writ on

the record and requested the State and Duque’s writ hearing counsel, Mr. Rivera,

to prepare proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law.

On November 21, 2014, the trial court signed the State’s proposed findings

of fact and conclusions of law, and order. The court made the following findings

of fact and conclusions of law:

FINDINGS OF FACT
1. The Court finds that the applicant was convicted on October
8, 2012, out of the 184th District Court, Harris County,
Texas, in cause number 1363049, where the applicant entered a
plea of guilty to the third degree felony offense of Assault-
Family Member/Impeding Breath. However, the Court
withheld a finding of guilt and the applicant was sentenced to a
2 year Deferred Adjudication and a $200.00 fine. . . .

2. The applicant did not directly appeal his conviction.
3. On March 8, 2013, the Court filed a Motion to Adjudicate
on the applicant due to his admission to probation staff that
he had consumed alcohol on February 17, 2013. . . .

4. On April 2, 1013, the Court amended the applicant’s Deferred
Adjudication conditions by giving the applicant 25 days jail
therapy and adding 2 Alcohol Anonymous meetings a week.

5. The State dismissed the Motion to Adjudicate on April 2,
2013, after additional conditions were added to the
applicant’s Deferred Adjudication. . . .
7
 6. On April 2, 2014, the Court filed a second Motion to
Adjudicate due to the applicant not reporting to his
Community Supervision Officer as ordered. . . .

7. The Court finds that the applicant is currently on deferred
adjudication.

8. The Court finds, based on the application, that the applicant
is a legal permanent resident in the United States.

9. The Court finds based on the court reporter’s record that the
applicant was properly admonished and informed of the
potential immigration consequences of his plea consistent
with TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 26.13.

10. The Court finds, based on the clerk’s record, that on the face
of the applicant’s plea agreement with the State that he was
admonished:
“by the Court and the defense attorney that if he is in
the USA illegally or is not a US citizen, he/she may be
deported back to his/her country. The defendant also
acknowledged in open court that neither their attorney2
nor anyone else has indicated or promised otherwise.”
11. The Court finds that the applicant was represented by Mr.
Raul Rodriguez (“Rodriguez”) in his primary case.
12. The Court finds that the testimony offered by the applicant’s
previous attorney, Raul Rodriguez, was credible.

13. The Court finds based on the credible testimony of
Rodriguez, that Rodriguez was aware that the applicant was
not a United States citizen.

14. The Court finds based on the Court reporter’s record of
Rodriguez [sic] that Rodriguez informed the applicant that a

2
The general admonishments state, in pertinent part, with Duque’s initials
indicating that he understood them, that “if you are not a citizen of the United
States of America, a plea of guilty or nolo contendere for the offense with which
you are charged in this case may result in your deportation, or your exclusion from
admission to this country, or your denial of naturalization under Federal law.”
8
 conviction could result in the applicant’s potential deportation
from the country.

15. The Court finds based on the Court reporter’s record of
Rodriguez [ s i c ] that while taking the applicant’s plea the
Court confirmed that Rodriguez had informed 3the applicant
that he could be deported based upon the plea. . . .

16. The Court finds that the testimony from Harris County
Assistant District Attorney, Tim Ballengee, [is] credible.

17. The Court finds, based on the Court reporter’s record, that the
testimony of Tim Ballengee referring to admonishments and
immigration consequences given at the time the applicant took
his plea [is] credible.

18. The Court finds that the testimony given by Officer K.
Truong, referring to the strength of the State’s case against the
applicant [is] credible.

19. The Court finds, based on the totality of the evidence
presented, assertions made, and the testimony given that the
applicant was not credible.

20. The Court finds the applicant’s assertion that he would not
have pled guilty but for the alleged deficient conduct but
would have insisted on going to trial is not credible.

21. The Court finds that the applicant’s plea was voluntary.

22. The Court finds that the assertion made by applicant that he
was automatically deported following his voluntary plea, [is]
not credible.

23. The Court finds that the applicant entered his plea agreement
on October 8, 2012.

3
The trial judge was referring to the writ hearing record when she confirmed that
Rodriguez had told her that Duque was a permanent resident and that Duque was
informed that he could be deported. As noted above, the trial judge confirmed that
it was her handwriting on one of Duque’s plea papers, attached as an exhibit to the
findings and conclusions, that stated, “Per attorney, [defendant] is permanent
resident. Defendant understands he could be deported.”
9
24. The Court finds that deportation proceedings were not
initiated until April 22, 2013. . . .

25. The Court finds based on the Court reporter’s record, and
consistent with the Court’s previous ruling, the applicant’s writ
is denied.

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The applicant fails to show that counsel’s conduct fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness and that, but for trial
counsel’s alleged deficient conduct, there is a reasonable
probability that the result of the proceeding would have been
different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686
(1984); Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1986) (adopting the Strickland standard in Texas); and
Narvaiz v. State, 840 S.W.2d 415, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)
(defining the two-part Strickland standard).

2. The totality of the representation afforded the applicant was
sufficient to protect his right to reasonably effective assistance
of counsel in the primary case.

3. The applicant fails to show that his initial guilty plea was
unlawfully induced, made involuntarily, or made without an
understanding of the nature of the charge against him and the
consequences of his plea.

4. The applicant fails to overcome the presumption that his
initial guilty plea was knowingly and voluntarily made.
Wilson v. State, 716 S.W.2d 953, 956 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986); Fuentes v. State, 688 S.W.2d 542, 544 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1985).

5. In all things, the applicant has failed to demonstrate that his
conviction was improperly obtained.

10
 Duque filed his notice of appeal from the denial of his habeas application in

the trial court on November 24, 2014.4 After this Court abated the appeal because

the clerk’s record did not contain the trial court’s certification of the right of

appeal, the trial clerk filed a supplemental clerk’s record on May 29, 2015,

containing the trial court’s certification that Duque has the right of appeal from the

denial of his habeas application.

DISCUSSION
In his sole issue, Duque asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in

denying his habeas application because he received ineffective assistance of

counsel. He claims that, because his plea counsel failed to advise him of the

immigration consequences of his 2012 guilty plea, in violation of Padilla, 559 U.S.

at 374, his guilty plea was rendered involuntary.

A. Standard of Review
“An applicant seeking habeas corpus relief on the basis of an involuntary

guilty plea must prove his claim by a preponderance of the evidence.” Kniatt v.

State, 206 S.W.3d 657, 664 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also Ex parte Mandujano,

No. 01-12-00922-CR, 2013 WL 4007801, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

Aug. 6, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). The applicant

4
On January 8, 2015, the trial clerk filed an affidavit in this Court stating that there
had been a delay in forwarding and processing Duque’s notice of appeal which, in
turn, delayed the forwarding of the appeal to this Court. The Clerk of this Court
did not receive Duque’s notice of appeal until January 7, 2015.
11
bears the burden to establish that a reasonable probability exists that, but for

counsel’s advice, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on

going to trial. See Ex parte Ali, 368 S.W.3d 827, 835 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012,

pet. ref’d). Further, the applicant must show that a decision to reject the plea

bargain would have been rational under the circumstances. See id. (citing Padilla,

559 U.S. at 372, 130 S. Ct. at 1485).

When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a habeas corpus application, we

view the evidence presented in the light most favorable to that ruling, and we must

uphold that ruling absent an abuse of discretion. See Ex parte Mandujano, 2013

WL 4007801, at *3 (citing Ex parte Ali, 368 S.W.3d at 831). We “afford almost

total deference to a trial court’s fact findings in habeas proceedings, especially

when those findings are based upon credibility and demeanor.” Ex parte

Amezquita, 223 S.W.3d 363, 367 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (quoting Ex parte White,

160 S.W.3d 46, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)). We similarly defer to the trial court’s

application of the law to the facts if that resolution turns upon credibility and

demeanor determinations. See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997). If the resolution of the ultimate question turns on an application of

law, we review the determination de novo. See Ex parte Mandujano, 2013 WL

4007801, at *3 (citing Ex parte Peterson, 117 S.W.3d 804, 819 (Tex. Crim. App.

12
App. 2003), overruled in part on other grounds by Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d

335, 371 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).

In an article 11.072 habeas case, the trial judge is the sole finder of fact. See

Ex parte Obi, 446 S.W.3d 590, 596 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet.

ref’d) (citing Ex parte Garcia, 353 S.W.3d 785, 788 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). An

appellate court reviews the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the

trial court’s ruling, regardless of whether the court’s findings are implied or

explicit, or based on affidavits or live testimony, provided they are supported by

the record. See Ex parte Murillo, 389 S.W.3d 922, 926 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.).

Nevertheless, while we give deference to any underlying historical fact

determinations made by the habeas court, we review the ultimate question of

prejudice under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984),

de novo. See Johnson v. State, 169 S.W.3d 223, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Ex

parte Murillo, 389 S.W.3d at 927. We will uphold the habeas court’s judgment as

long as it is correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. See Ex parte

Taylor, 36 S.W.3d 883, 886 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (per curiam); Ex parte

Murillo, 389 S.W.3d at 926.

13
B. Applicable Law
In Padilla, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment requires an

attorney for a criminal defendant to provide advice about the risk of deportation

arising from a guilty plea. 559 U.S. at 374, 130 S. Ct. at 1486. Counsel’s

performance is deficient if counsel fails to advise a noncitizen client about

deportation consequences that are “truly clear.” Padilla, 559 U.S. at 369, 130

S.Ct. at 1483; see also Ex parte Altobji, No. 01-14-01008-CR, 2015 WL 505202, at

*2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 5, 2015, no pet.) (per curiam) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication). “When the law is not succinct and

straightforward,” however, counsel “need do no more than advise a noncitizen

client that pending criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration

consequences.” Padilla, 559 U.S. at 369, 130 S.Ct. at 1483; see also Ex parte Pho

Ri Ma, No. 01-14-00462-CR, 2014 WL 4783007, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] Sept. 25, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

Because Duque entered his plea in 2012 after Padilla was decided, Padilla applies

here. See Chaidez v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 1103, 1113 (2013); see also Ibarra

v. State, 445 S.W.3d 285, 287 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d);

Ex parte Mandujano, 2013 WL 4007801, at *2.

The two-pronged Strickland test applies to challenges to guilty pleas, such as

the one in the present case, premised on ineffective assistance of counsel. See Ex

14
parte Obi, 446 S.W.3d at 596 (citing Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58, 106 S. Ct.

366, 370 (1985)). Thus, to be entitled to relief, appellant was required to show by

a preponderance of the evidence that (1) trial counsel’s performance fell below the

objective standard of reasonableness and (2) there is a reasonable probability that,

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have

been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88, 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2064, 2068.

“‘In the Padilla context, when the prejudice prong of the Strickland test is

dispositive, we need address only that prong on appeal.’” Ex parte Obi, 446

S.W.3d at 596 (quoting Ex parte Murillo, 389 S.W.3d at 927). We make the

prejudice inquiry on a case-by-case basis, considering the circumstances

surrounding the plea and the gravity of the alleged failure. Id. (citation omitted).

“‘[I]t is not necessary to determine whether trial counsel’s representation was

deficient if appellant cannot satisfy the second Strickland prong.’” Id. (quoting Ex

parte Murillo, 389 S.W.3d at 927).

C. Analysis
Duque contends that the habeas court erred in denying him relief because

Rodriguez failed to advise Duque that his deportation was virtually mandatory, as

required by Padilla, 559 U.S. at 369, and he asserts that he would have insisted on

going to trial had he known that he faced mandatory deportation following his

guilty plea. The State contends that Rodriguez provided adequate assistance by
15
informing Duque that he may be deported after his guilty plea and that, in any

event, he failed to establish prejudice.

As noted above, there is no need to analyze the first Strickland prong if the

second prong, prejudice, is dispositive. See Ex parte Obi, 446 S.W.3d at 596

(citation omitted). “The central question under the second [Strickland] prong is

whether it would have been rational under the circumstances for the applicant to

reject the plea bargain.” Id. (citations omitted). We examine whether Duque’s

insistence on a trial would have been rational under the circumstances in light of

the following four factors: (1) whether there is evidence of the applicant’s guilt,

(2) whether the applicant had any factual or legal defenses, (3) whether

immigration status was his primary concern, and (4) how the plea deal compared to

the penalties risked at trial. Id. at 597 (citation omitted).

With respect to the first factor, evidence of guilt, the trial court found Officer

Truong’s testimony, referring to the strength of the State’s case against Duque,

credible. We defer to the trial court’s credibility findings on this issue. See Ex

parte Amezquita, 223 S.W.3d at 367. The evidence developed at the writ hearing

supported the trial court’s finding No. 18 that the State had strong evidence,

because Officer Truong testified that he spoke with the complainant, and the

complainant’s son who witnessed the altercation, and Officer Truong observed

visible marks on the complainant’s neck, all of which would likely have secured a
16
conviction. Thus, the first factor weighs strongly in favor against a finding of

prejudice because there was substantial evidence of Duque’s guilt.

As for the second factor, we consider whether Duque had a defense to the

charged offense. See Ex parte Obi, 446 S.W.3d at 598 (citations omitted). Duque

did not raise any allegations in his affidavit regarding whether he thought he had a

defense, other than to state that his family had hired Rodriguez to represent him

because he wanted to go to trial. The trial court, at the writ hearing, did not permit

the State to cross-examine Duque regarding whether he thought there was a strong

case against him or not. However, the trial court found that Duque’s plea was

voluntary and that he failed to show that it was unlawfully induced or made

without an understanding of the nature of the charge against him and the

consequences of the plea. As noted above, we must defer to the trial court’s

factual findings. See Ex parte Amezquita, 223 S.W.3d at 367. Thus, this second

factor weighs against a finding of prejudice. See Ex parte Obi, 446 S.W.3d at 598.

With respect to the third factor—immigration status as primary concern—

courts consider whether the applicant presented evidence indicating that the

immigration consequences of his plea were his paramount concern. See Ex parte

Obi, 446 S.W.3d at 598. “‘An applicant’s failure to express concerns about

immigration consequences after receiving repeated warnings weighs against

finding prejudice.’” Id. (quoting Ex parte Murillo, 389 S.W.3d at 930). Duque’s
17
statements, in his affidavit and at the writ hearing, that he would have insisted on

going to trial if he knew that the guilty plea would have made his deportation

virtually mandatory, were made after-the-fact. There was no evidence that Duque

expressed these concerns before pleading guilty, despite receiving multiple

warnings about possible immigration consequences from both Rodriguez and the

trial judge. See Ex parte Obi, 446 S.W.3d at 598 (citation omitted).

Moreover, at the writ hearing, Duque and his plea counsel, Rodriguez,

disputed whether Rodriguez had properly advised Duque about the effect of a

guilty plea on his immigration status. The trial court found that, based on the

clerk’s record, on the face of the plea agreement, Duque was admonished by the

court and the defense attorney at the time of his plea that if he was not a U.S.

citizen, that he may be deported back to his country. Similarly, the trial court

found that the testimony offered by Rodriguez was credible, that Rodriguez was

aware that Duque was not a U.S. citizen, and that both Rodriguez and the court had

informed Duque that a conviction could result in his deportation.

Furthermore, the trial court found ADA Ballengee’s testimony, referring to

the admonishments and immigration consequences that were given at the time of

Duque’s plea, credible. The trial court found that Duque’s assertion that he would

not have pleaded guilty, but for the alleged deficient conduct by his plea counsel

and would have insisted on going to trial, was not credible. Finally, the trial court
18
found that Duque’s other assertion, that he was automatically deported following

his voluntary plea, was not credible because he entered his plea agreement on

October 8, 2012, and deportation proceedings were not initiated until April 22,

2013. The trial court did not credit Duque’s self-serving testimony and, given the

conflicting evidence, was free to disregard it. See Ex parte Obi, 446 S.W.3d at 599

(citation omitted). As noted above, we must defer to the trial court’s finding on

these issues, as their resolution turns on an evaluation of the witnesses’ credibility

and demeanor. See Ex parte Amezquita, 223 S.W.3d at 367. Therefore, this third

factor weighs against a finding of prejudice.

Finally, with respect to the fourth factor—how the plea deal compared to the

penalties risked at trial—we consider three additional subfactors: (1) evidence

concerning the likelihood of success at trial, (2) evidence presented by the

applicant that some other plea deal would have helped him avoid negative

immigration consequences, and (3) evidence presented by the applicant regarding

the likelihood of obtaining probation if convicted at trial. See Ex parte Obi, 446

S.W.3d at 599 (citation omitted). As noted above, Duque was charged on October

1, 2012 with the third-degree felony offense of assault of a family member—

impeding breathing. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2)(B) (West

Supp. 2014). For the first risk subfactor, there was substantial evidence of

19
Duque’s guilt. Thus, the evidence concerning the likelihood of success at trial

favored the State. See Ex parte Obi, 446 S.W.3d at 600.

With respect to the second risk subfactor, Duque did not present any

evidence at the writ hearing or in his habeas application that some other plea deal

would have helped him avoid negative immigration consequences. If convicted

after trial of a third-degree felony, Duque faced a minimum of two years and a

maximum of ten years in prison and up to a $10,000.00 fine. See TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 12.34 (West Supp. 2014). The terms of Duque’s favorable plea

bargain included no jail time in exchange for the trial court placing him on two

years deferred adjudication and assessing a $200.00 fine.

Similarly, as for the third, and final, risk subfactor, the likelihood of

obtaining probation if convicted after trial, although Duque may have been eligible

for probation if convicted after trial, he failed to present any such evidence that

probation was likely. See Ex parte Obi, 446 S.W.3d at 600. More importantly, if

Duque were convicted at trial, he likely faced deportation regardless of whether he

received probation. See id. Thus, we conclude that the penalties risked at trial,

where Duque faced a significant likelihood of conviction with a minimum of two

years’ prison time, weigh against finding that Duque was prejudiced by his plea

deal. See id. (citations omitted).

20
 Consequently, after considering these four factors and giving appropriate

deference to the trial court’s findings of fact that Duque’s plea counsel, Rodriguez,

was credible and that Duque was not credible, we conclude that the trial court did

not err in (1) finding Duque’s testimony not credible and rejecting his assertion

that he would have insisted on going to trial had he known that he faced mandatory

deportation after pleading guilty; and (2) concluding that it would not have been

rational for Duque to reject a plea deal under the circumstances. See Ex parte Obi,

446 S.W.3d at 600. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err in concluding

that Duque failed to carry his burden of showing that, with respect to the second

prong of Strickland, but for the alleged deficient conduct by plea counsel, there

was a reasonable probability that he would have gone to trial. See id. (citing, inter

alia, Ex parte Murillo, 389 S.W.3d at 931–32) (“Aside from applicant’s own self-

serving statement that he would have insisted his counsel take his case to trial had

he known he would be deported, he presented no other evidence corroborating his

position that it would have been rational to reject a plea deal under the

circumstances.”); see also Ex parte Mandujano, 2013 WL 4007801, at *4 (holding

that, with respect to second prong of Strickland, record supports trial court’s

finding that applicant opted for plea because, among other reasons, he did not want

to risk going to jail, and failed to prove that he would have rejected plea and gone

21
to trial, but for any faulty advice). Accordingly, we hold that the trial court acted

within its discretion in denying Duque habeas relief and we overrule his sole issue.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the order of the trial court denying habeas relief.

PER CURIAM

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Brown.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

22