NUMBER 13-14-00300-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
JOSE ANGEL PEREZ, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 24th District Court
of Jackson County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justice Benavides and Perkes
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides
By one issue, appellant Jose Angel Perez appeals the trial court’s judgment
revoking his community supervision for driving while intoxicated—third offense, a third-
degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 49.04, 49.09(b) (West, Westlaw through
ch. 2, 2015 R.S.). Perez asserts that the trial court reversibly erred by admitting testimony
related to the results of his urinalysis specimen in violation of his rights under the Sixth
Amendment’s Confrontation Clause. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On January 8, 2004, Perez pleaded guilty to driving while intoxicated—third
offense, a third degree felony. The trial court found Perez guilty and assessed his
punishment at ten years’ imprisonment with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice—
Institutional Division (TDCJ-ID) and fined him $3,000. The trial court suspended Perez’s
sentence, however, and placed Perez on community supervision for a period of ten years
and imposed various terms and conditions of the community supervision.
On December 12, 2013, the State filed a motion to revoke Perez’s community
supervision and alleged that Perez violated various conditions of his community
supervision order, including that: (1) on November 21, 2013, Perez intentionally or
knowingly possessed cocaine; (2) on November 21, 2013, Perez tested positive for
cocaine, after a sample was collected and analyzed; (3) Perez failed to report to the Dallas
County Community Supervision and Corrections Department1 for the month of October
2013; (4) Perez failed to pay community supervision fees and owes a past-due balance
of $1,755; (5) Perez failed to make payments on his $3,000 fine balance and owes $1,961
in past-due payments; and (6) Perez failed to perform a minimum number of community
service hours. Perez pleaded “not true” to the State’s first, second, third, and sixth
allegation and “true” to the State’s fourth and fifth allegation.
1 Although this case originates from Jackson County, the record shows that prior to the present
revocation proceedings, Perez resided in Dallas County, where Dallas County provided what is known as
“courtesy supervision” of Perez for Jackson County.
2
After receiving evidence at the contested revocation hearing, including testimony
from several witnesses and various exhibits, the trial court found that all six of the
allegations in the State’s motion to revoke were true and revoked Perez’s community
supervision. The trial court assessed Perez’s punishment at ten years’ imprisonment in
the TDCJ-ID. This appeal followed.
II. CONFRONTATION CLAUSE
By his sole issue, Perez asserts that his confrontation rights were violated when
the trial court admitted the testimony of Ken Kodama, who testified about the positive
findings of Perez’s urinalysis.2
A. Relevant Facts
On November 21, 2013, Perez submitted to a urinalysis drug-screen exam, which
was collected and sent to Phamatech Laboratories (“Phamatech”), a San Diego,
California-based company that conducts urinalysis drug screenings for various entities
throughout the country. The results of Perez’s urinalysis test results indicated a positive
result for cocaine. The State introduced, and the trial court admitted, the complete lab
report, including the test results and chain of custody of the urine sample, through the
2 This Court has previously held that “the [C]onfrontation [C]lause is only applicable in criminal
trials” and that because a community supervision revocation proceeding is an administrative hearing and
not a criminal trial, the right to confront one’s accuser does not apply. See Norman v. State, 2011 WL
2732673, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
However, since our Norman decision, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that “aside from the
burden of proof required to prove a community-supervision violation (preponderance of the evidence, which
is lower than the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt that is required to prove a new criminal
offense), there are few procedural differences between a Texas criminal trial and a Texas community-
supervision revocation proceeding.” Ex parte Doan, 369 S.W.3d 205, 210 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Further,
the court of criminal appeals noted that the Rules of Evidence, as well as the exclusionary rule to bar illegally
seized evidence “apply fully in a Texas probation revocation hearing.”
Therefore, if the Rules of Evidence and exclusionary rule apply to community supervision
proceedings, so should the United States Constitution. With this in mind, we will fully analyze the merits of
Perez’s Confrontation Clause argument as applied to his revocation proceeding. See id.
3
State’s sponsoring witness, Ken Kodama. Kodama is the director of Phamatech’s
laboratory.
Kodama testified that Perez’s urine sample was handled in “an assembly line
process” with “many hands touching the urine sample” during the testing process. The
first test that Phamatech conducted on Perez’s urine, known as the immunoassay test,
checked for “the different classes of drugs” without identifying the exact drug that was
present in the system, if any. If a urine sample tests positive for a class of drugs, then
the next test identifies the specific drug in the positive-tested drug class through a process
known as gas chromatography mass spectrometry, or “GCMS.” According to Kodama,
Perez’s urine tested positive for cocaine after these two tests were conducted.
Kodama admitted that he did not receive the urine at Phamatech. Furthermore,
Kodama neither conducted the immunoassay or GCMS testing on Perez’s urine, nor
specifically supervised the two tests. Instead, Kodama testified that an individual by the
name of “L. Mercado” received the sample at the Phamatech Laboratory in San Diego,
while an individual named “C. Pangco,” conducted the first test and an individual by the
name of “L. Ngo” conducted the GCMS test. The trial court overruled Perez’s objections
to the admissibility of the urine sample results.
B. Applicable Law
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees the accused the
right to confront the witnesses against him. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403 (1965).
This right has been applied in the context of testimonial statements, and the United States
Supreme Court has held that “[t]estimonial statements of witnesses absent from trial have
been admitted only where the declarant is unavailable, and only where the defendant has
4
had a prior opportunity to cross-examine.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59
(2004). The Crawford decision described the class of testimonial statements that are
covered by the Confrontation Clause. See id. at 51–52.
Five years later, the United States Supreme Court used the Crawford framework
and held that “certificates of analysis” showing the results of a forensic analysis performed
on seized substances were testimonial statements because they were “functionally
identical to live, in-court testimony, doing precisely what a witness does on direct
examination” to prove the factual question of whether the substance found was, as the
prosecution claimed, contraband. Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 310–
11 (2009) (internal quotations omitted).
Three years after the Melendez-Diaz decision, the United States Supreme Court
addressed the issue of whether the Confrontation Clause permitted the prosecution to
introduce a forensic laboratory report containing testimonial certification, made in order
to prove a fact at a criminal trial, through the in-court testimony of an analyst who did not
sign the certification or personally perform or observe the performance of the test reported
in the certification. See Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 131 S.Ct. 2705, 2713 (2011). In
answering the question, the United States Supreme Court held that such a statement may
not be introduced against the accused at trial, unless the witness who made the statement
is unavailable and the accused has had a prior opportunity to confront that witness. Id.
Stated another way, the Bullcoming court held that the “surrogate testimony” of a scientist
who did not sign the certification or perform or observe the test reported in the certification
of the forensic laboratory report violates the Constitution because “the accused’s right is
to be confronted with the analyst who made the certification, unless that analyst is
5
unavailable at trial, and the accused had an opportunity, pretrial, to cross-examine that
particular scientist.” Id. at 2710. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals analyzed the
holding in Bullcoming and noted that “even if the results in question involved no
interpretation or discretion, the testifying reviewer could not verify that the results were
properly generated.” Burch v. State, 401 S.W.3d 634, 637 (applying the Bullcoming
holding to facts in which a testifying reviewing analyst did not have personal knowledge
of the testimonial facts being submitted in a forensic lab report); but see Paredes v. State,
__ S.W.3d __, 2015 WL 3486472, at *1–8 (Tex. Crim. App. June 3, 2015) (distinguishing
Bullcoming and holding that a DNA analyst’s opinion regarding a DNA match did not
violate the Confrontation Clause because the opinion was based upon computer-
generated data obtained through batch DNA testing).3
C. Discussion
The analysis in this case is controlled by Bullcoming. The State introduced
testimonial laboratory test results that helped prove the State’s allegation that Perez
possessed cocaine in his system in violation of his community supervision terms and
conditions. The record shows that two tests were performed on Perez’s urine to establish
a positive finding of cocaine: (1) an immunoassay test to establish the class of drugs, if
any, found in Perez’s urine; and (2) the GCMS test that confirmed the exact drug (cocaine)
found in Perez’s urine. The record further shows that these two tests were conducted by
two separate analysts, who did not testify. Instead, the State introduced this report
3 The Paredes court held that because the testifying witness “did not introduce or testify regarding
a formal report or assertion from a non-testifying analyst,” and instead “used non-testimonial information—
computer-generated DNA data—to form an independent, testimonial opinion” and Paredes was given the
opportunity to cross-examine her about her analysis, no Confrontation Clause violation existed. Paredes
v. State, __ S.W.3d __, 2015 WL 3486472, at *8 (Tex. Crim. App. June 3, 2015).
6
through Kodama, the director of the laboratory. Kodama did not, however, sign off on the
lab report, perform the testing, or personally observe the testing performed on Perez’s
urine.4 See Bullcoming, 131 S.Ct. at 2713. As a result, Kodama’s “surrogate testimony”
falls squarely in the type of testimony that the United States Supreme Court and Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals have expressly disapproved under the Sixth Amendment.
We hold that the trial court erred by allowing Kodama to testify about the
testimonial facts being submitted. See Burch, 401 S.W.3d at 640. Having found error,
we will now analyze it for harm. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a) (“If the appellate record in a
criminal case reveals constitutional error that is subject to harmless error review, the court
of appeals must reverse a judgment of conviction or punishment unless the court
determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction
or punishment.”).
D. Harm Analysis
Appellate review of an order revoking probation is limited to abuse of the trial
court’s discretion. Rickels v. State, 202 S.W.3d 759, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In
determining questions regarding sufficiency of the evidence in probation revocation
cases, the burden of proof is by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. Thus, the order
revoking probation must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence—that is, the
greater weight of the credible evidence which would create a reasonable belief that the
defendant has violated a condition of his community supervision. Id. at 763–64. Texas
4 The fact that the actual testing process is performed by machines, and not people, as Kodama
asserted in his testimony, is of no consequence because the Supreme Court explicitly rejected that a
Confrontation Clause violation cannot occur if an analyst was “only interpreting machine-generated data”
because the “testimonial statements were therefore those of the machine.” Burch v. State, 401 S.W.3d
634, 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
7
law is clear that “one sufficient ground for revocation would support the trial court’s order
revoking community supervision.” Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 342 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009).
The trial court found sufficient grounds to revoke Perez’s probation on all six of the
State’s allegations presented in its motion to revoke. In this case, however, we held that
the trial court erred by allowing Kodama to testify regarding the results of Perez’s
urinalysis. Therefore, we will not consider the first two grounds for revocation and analyze
the remaining grounds to determine whether sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s
revocation order.
We turn first to the allegation that Perez failed to perform a minimum number of
community service hours. Brannon Baxley, a supervisor with the probation office in
Jackson County, testified that the Dallas County probation office indicated that Perez had
completed only 70 hours of community service since his probation started, despite being
required to complete a total of 240 community service hours with a minimum of seventeen
hours per month. Furthermore, Baxley advised Perez that if community service hours
were not completed by December, he would face a motion to revoke. Baxley testified
that his records showed that Perez advised him that he had completed all of the
necessary hours, but did not have the supporting paperwork. Stephanie Loftin of the
Dallas County Probation Office also testified. Loftin noted that on November 21, 2013,
Perez “admitted to falsely reporting he is working toward [community service] hours each
month and now would rather wait for his court date to determine the outcome of his
termination [sic].” Perez testified in his defense, and claimed to have completed his
requisite 240 community service hours at the Goodwill in Dallas, but he did not have proof
8
that it was completed. Based on this record, we conclude that the greater weight of the
credible evidence creates a reasonable belief that Perez did not complete his requisite
community service hours. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding
this allegation true. See Rickels, 202 S.W.3d at 763–64.
Therefore, because one sufficient ground for revocation exists to support the trial
court’s revocation order, we cannot determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the
erroneous admission of Kodama’s testimony contributed to the trial court’s judgment
revoking Perez’s community supervision to find such error harmful. See Smith, 286
S.W.3d at 342; see also TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a). Perez’s sole issue is overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
GINA BENAVIDES,
Justice
Concurring Memorandum Opinion
By Justice Gregory T. Perkes.
Do Not Publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the
9th day of July, 2015.
9